大电机主绝缘局部放电测量及老化特征研究
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摘要
大型发电机是电力系统的关键设备，其运行的可靠性关系到电网的运行稳定性，历来受到人们的高度重视，其安全运行的威胁之一主要来自于绝缘体系。在电机运行过程中，定子绕组要受到电、热、机械、化学等多种因素的联合作用，绝缘性能要逐步劣化。在绝缘老化严重的情况下，会引起发电机的绝缘故障。因此，对定子进行绝缘状况诊断是评估电机特别是大电机绝缘系统非常重要的手段。研究多因子老化条件下定子绝缘特征参数的变化情况与绝缘的关系，局部放电信号的测量技术，信号处理技术对电机定子绝缘的评估具有重要的意义。
本文建立了多参量多功能局部放电测试系统。以电流传感器替代常规的检测阻抗检测局部放电信号，并提出了电流响应式电流传感器的取样方法，大大改善了电流传感器的幅频和相频特性，提高了信号响应灵敏度；首次提出基于复杂可编程逻辑器件的多通道变频大容量局部放电数据采集系统方案，利用先进的电子技术及软件实现了对局部放电有效信号的高速、高精度采集，对无效信号进行低速采集，达到提高采集数据有效性，提高存储器利用效率和延长局部放电连续采集时间的目的；利用同步动态存储器替代静态随机存储器作为缓冲存储器，提高了测试系统的存储容量，降低了硬件成本。
局部放电的测量结果中包含多种噪声信号，白噪声和周期性窄带干扰是两类重要的干扰。本论文在总结各类小波去除局放信号中白噪方法的基础上，根据白噪和局放信号的不同李氏指数以及在时间—尺度平面上的不同特征，提出了一种不需信号的先验知识和外部参数设定的适合局部放电信号处理的实用方法。该方法不仅能够很好的剔除白噪，而且把局部放电信号中较微弱的信号也能保存下来，去噪后的局部放电波形畸变小，适合局部放电信号的处理。由于小波包比小波具有更好的信号细化特性，能更有效的划分信号的频率空间，因此，本文采用小波包来剔除局放信号中的周期性窄带干扰。通过分析周期性干扰和局部放电信号的小波包分解特性，提出了以小波包分解非零系数个数最少为目标函数寻求到的最优小波包基来剔除周期性干扰的方法，实例证明不仅能够很好的剔除局部放电信号中的周期性干扰，并且也不需要外部参数设定。
本论文对200MW的汽轮发电机真机定子线棒进行电、热、冷热循环等多因子老化试验，研究了局部放电多个参数随老化时间的变化规律，局部放电老化参量的相位分布规律，局部放电统计因子的变化规律。得到一系列重要的结论：局部放电的最大放电量的放电梯度随绝缘老化时间的增大而增大，放电次数增加；放电相位可以部分反映定子绝缘老化程度，随着老化时间的延长，放电相位宽度逐
重庆大学博士学位论文
步增大。局部放电统计参数偏斜度和峭度与老化程度有密切的关系，老化程度越
严重，偏斜度越小，峭度越大。
关键词:发电机，定子绝缘，局部放电，数据采集，小波变换，去噪，
多因子老化
Large generator is the key apparatus in power system, which has been paid great attention for its operation reliability attributes to the stability of power grid. Insulation system is one of threats to its safe operation. Stator winding is often subjected to combined action of electrical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical factors which results in insulation performance deterioration. When the degradation becomes worse enough, insulation fault comes out. Therefore a diagnosis of insulation condition to stator winding is an extremely important means to the assessment of electrical machine, especially for large one's insulation system. Research on relationship between stator insulation characteristics variations under multi-factor aging condition with insulation, measurement technology of partial discharge (PD), assessment of stator insulation based on signal process technology are of great significance.This paper establishes multi-factor and function partial discharge measurement system. Detecting impedance is replaced by current transducer for PD measurement, and a current response transducer is put forward for signal sensing which largely improve the performances of amplitude and phase characteristics versus frequency respectively. Based on complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a scheme for PD data acquisition system with multi-channel, variable sampling frequency and large storage capacity is put forward for the first time. Advanced electric technology and software are introduced to acquire effective PD signals with a high speed and accuracy, and low speed for invalid signals. The validity of data acquisition is achieved, and the goals of improving efficiency of memory and prolonging continuous acquisition time are also fulfilled. Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) substitutes static random access memory (SRAM) for buffer memory, which enlarges capacity of data acquisition system and reduces the cost of hardware.The measured PD signal contains many noises. White noise and periodic narrowband noise are two important interferences. Based on existed wavelets method for white noise depression, the different Lipschitz exponent between white noise and PD signal, and their different characteristic in the time-scale plane, this dissertation bring forward a pragmatic method for PD signal processing by which there are no need to get transcendental knowledge about signal and proper external parameter setting. It is a good way to eliminate white noise and can preserve even the slight PD signal.
Distortion of PD after noise eliminating operation become small, and can be used in PD signal processing. Wavelet package has better decomposition characters than wavelet, and can demarcate signal frequency space more effectively. Thus, it is used for eliminate periodic narrowband interference. According to the analysis of its decomposed characters in PD signal processing and research on periodic interference, this paper put forward a periodic interference denosing method based on optimal wavelet package basis by choosing minimum non-zero coefficient in wavelet package decomposing as object function. Many examples indicate that it is a good way and has no need to set external parameters.This dissertation have done multi-factor aging experiment under electrical, thermal, hot and cool circular circumstance to 200MW generator stator bar, studied on the variation of PD parameters with aging time, the phase distribution of PD aging parameters, and the changing rules of PD statistical factors. A series of conclusion are achieved: Discharge gradient of largest discharge quantity and number of discharge increase as the insulation aging time prolonged; Discharge phase can partially reflect aging degree, whose width extend also with the prolongation of aging time. The skewness and kurtosis have close relation with aging process, which skewness decrease and kurtosis increase with the aging time.
本文建立了多参量多功能局部放电测试系统。以电流传感器替代常规的检测阻抗检测局部放电信号，并提出了电流响应式电流传感器的取样方法，大大改善了电流传感器的幅频和相频特性，提高了信号响应灵敏度；首次提出基于复杂可编程逻辑器件的多通道变频大容量局部放电数据采集系统方案，利用先进的电子技术及软件实现了对局部放电有效信号的高速、高精度采集，对无效信号进行低速采集，达到提高采集数据有效性，提高存储器利用效率和延长局部放电连续采集时间的目的；利用同步动态存储器替代静态随机存储器作为缓冲存储器，提高了测试系统的存储容量，降低了硬件成本。
局部放电的测量结果中包含多种噪声信号，白噪声和周期性窄带干扰是两类重要的干扰。本论文在总结各类小波去除局放信号中白噪方法的基础上，根据白噪和局放信号的不同李氏指数以及在时间—尺度平面上的不同特征，提出了一种不需信号的先验知识和外部参数设定的适合局部放电信号处理的实用方法。该方法不仅能够很好的剔除白噪，而且把局部放电信号中较微弱的信号也能保存下来，去噪后的局部放电波形畸变小，适合局部放电信号的处理。由于小波包比小波具有更好的信号细化特性，能更有效的划分信号的频率空间，因此，本文采用小波包来剔除局放信号中的周期性窄带干扰。通过分析周期性干扰和局部放电信号的小波包分解特性，提出了以小波包分解非零系数个数最少为目标函数寻求到的最优小波包基来剔除周期性干扰的方法，实例证明不仅能够很好的剔除局部放电信号中的周期性干扰，并且也不需要外部参数设定。
本论文对200MW的汽轮发电机真机定子线棒进行电、热、冷热循环等多因子老化试验，研究了局部放电多个参数随老化时间的变化规律，局部放电老化参量的相位分布规律，局部放电统计因子的变化规律。得到一系列重要的结论：局部放电的最大放电量的放电梯度随绝缘老化时间的增大而增大，放电次数增加；放电相位可以部分反映定子绝缘老化程度，随着老化时间的延长，放电相位宽度逐
重庆大学博士学位论文
步增大。局部放电统计参数偏斜度和峭度与老化程度有密切的关系，老化程度越
严重，偏斜度越小，峭度越大。
关键词:发电机，定子绝缘，局部放电，数据采集，小波变换，去噪，
多因子老化
Large generator is the key apparatus in power system, which has been paid great attention for its operation reliability attributes to the stability of power grid. Insulation system is one of threats to its safe operation. Stator winding is often subjected to combined action of electrical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical factors which results in insulation performance deterioration. When the degradation becomes worse enough, insulation fault comes out. Therefore a diagnosis of insulation condition to stator winding is an extremely important means to the assessment of electrical machine, especially for large one's insulation system. Research on relationship between stator insulation characteristics variations under multi-factor aging condition with insulation, measurement technology of partial discharge (PD), assessment of stator insulation based on signal process technology are of great significance.This paper establishes multi-factor and function partial discharge measurement system. Detecting impedance is replaced by current transducer for PD measurement, and a current response transducer is put forward for signal sensing which largely improve the performances of amplitude and phase characteristics versus frequency respectively. Based on complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a scheme for PD data acquisition system with multi-channel, variable sampling frequency and large storage capacity is put forward for the first time. Advanced electric technology and software are introduced to acquire effective PD signals with a high speed and accuracy, and low speed for invalid signals. The validity of data acquisition is achieved, and the goals of improving efficiency of memory and prolonging continuous acquisition time are also fulfilled. Synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) substitutes static random access memory (SRAM) for buffer memory, which enlarges capacity of data acquisition system and reduces the cost of hardware.The measured PD signal contains many noises. White noise and periodic narrowband noise are two important interferences. Based on existed wavelets method for white noise depression, the different Lipschitz exponent between white noise and PD signal, and their different characteristic in the time-scale plane, this dissertation bring forward a pragmatic method for PD signal processing by which there are no need to get transcendental knowledge about signal and proper external parameter setting. It is a good way to eliminate white noise and can preserve even the slight PD signal.
Distortion of PD after noise eliminating operation become small, and can be used in PD signal processing. Wavelet package has better decomposition characters than wavelet, and can demarcate signal frequency space more effectively. Thus, it is used for eliminate periodic narrowband interference. According to the analysis of its decomposed characters in PD signal processing and research on periodic interference, this paper put forward a periodic interference denosing method based on optimal wavelet package basis by choosing minimum non-zero coefficient in wavelet package decomposing as object function. Many examples indicate that it is a good way and has no need to set external parameters.This dissertation have done multi-factor aging experiment under electrical, thermal, hot and cool circular circumstance to 200MW generator stator bar, studied on the variation of PD parameters with aging time, the phase distribution of PD aging parameters, and the changing rules of PD statistical factors. A series of conclusion are achieved: Discharge gradient of largest discharge quantity and number of discharge increase as the insulation aging time prolonged; Discharge phase can partially reflect aging degree, whose width extend also with the prolongation of aging time. The skewness and kurtosis have close relation with aging process, which skewness decrease and kurtosis increase with the aging time.
引文
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