固体矿产合理勘查开发与矿山可持续发展
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摘要
通常我们认为矿业发展主要依靠地质要素,但事实上存在许多因素影响着矿业的发展,多学科的交叉研究在矿业可持续发展起到重要作用,本文讨论如何减轻经济增长对资源供给的压力的途径,从两方面入手:第一是加强矿产合理勘查与开发,以矿产合理勘查的“双控论”、“合理域”为基础,提出固体矿产合理勘查开发的模型,应用合理勘查开发概念模型有利于加强勘查开发活动有效性和经济性;第二是重视可持续发展和矿产资源的合理利用,把可持续发展确定为国家战略,把保护资源作为可持续发展战略重要内容,大力发展矿业“5R”循环经济理论,促进资源的再发现、减量化、再利用、再循环、复垦等环节。
1.加强合理勘查与开发
本文根据固体矿产合理勘查“双控论”与“合理域”理论,提出了既简明科学又体现矿产资源合理勘查和开发内涵的矿产勘查指标体系,即地质条件指标和技术经济评价指标体系,为固体矿产资源勘查与开发过程提出了一系列更加科学的,易于操作的评价指标,以便更好地对矿产资源勘查开发水平进行综合评价。
地质条件指标主要有:岩浆岩、地质构造、地层、岩相、古地理、岩性,变质作用、地球化学、风化、地貌条件等。
建立合理的技术经济评价指标体系由六部分组成,包括:资源禀赋指标、开采选冶技术指标条件、地区配套指标、市场环境指标、经济效益指标和环境指标。
在以上两个指标体系建立的前提下,合理勘查模拟是建立在成矿体制研究保证程度和经济技术条件研究保证程度两项综合因素基础上的。将上述各项指标赋值,利用神经网络方法进行数字化处理,分别得出综合评价指标量化值。根据量化值的结果来评估研究区是否具有进行下一步工作的潜力。
在矿产合理勘查过程中,进一步讨论建立矿产勘查风险决策支持系统。地质勘查不同工作阶段、不同矿种和不同成因类型矿山的风险都不同,可以通过风险投资决策支持系统来控制勘查周期、投资大小和风险比例。
在矿山生产阶段,我们建立理论上的合理开采模型,将矿山生产阶段划分为七个阶段,按不同规模矿山及其合理生产年限,划分出试产,达产,稳产,萎缩,补偿,闭坑,复垦共7期,作为矿山合理开发和闭坑评定标准。
在合理开发过程中,我们采用泰勒的经验公式探讨合理生产能力和合理生产年限,分析矿山设计服务年限”、“矿山已经服务年限”、“矿山尚可服务年限”、“矿山实际服务年限”、“矿山超设计服务年限”、“矿山合理服务年限”和“矿山预期可延长服务年限”等。
2.重视可持续发展和矿产资源的合理利用
我们结合矿业特有的特点,在“3R”的基础上,发展矿业可持续发展理论“5R”矿业循环经济理论,给出每个阶段“5R”的具体内容,在研究矿山合理勘查开发的同时,矿业可持续发展也是矿业目前继续面临的关键问题,以“5R”循环经济理论为指导,以在再发现为核心,通过实例分析得出影响矿山企业的可持续发展能力的关键因素是:一企业控制矿产资源的能力是企业可持续发展的基础;二企业占有资金包括融资的能力是企业可持续发展的保证;三企业经营管理的能力是企业可持续发展的关键。
3.实例分析
本文是在“全国主要固体矿产大中型矿山资源潜力调查”项目基础上,通过对1010座矿山的调查汇总分析,开展有关可持续发展的研究,在综合分析全部矿山的情况的基础上,我们选择需求形势比较严峻的矿种——铁,开展进一步的深入调查,以第一批调查56座铁矿山为基础,建立以沉积变质型铁矿床和矽卡岩型铁矿床为主的品位模型、吨位模型、吨位—品位联合模型,分析比较各自的模型特征,发现沉积变质型铁矿的品位相对低,但是吨位大,普遍为大型以上,结合投入的钻探、坑探工作量与探明储量对比,计算出沉积变质型铁矿的投入产出值最大,得出沉积变质型铁矿较矽卡岩铁矿勘查风险小,投入产出大。验证了我们提出的矿产勘查风险决策支持系统的可靠性。
进一步将矿床的设计开采储量和实际开采储量进行对比,发现大部分矿山出现超设计服务年限,但是在这部分超设计服务年限的矿山中也出现实际生产能力达不到设计生产能力的情况,所以这里不能仅用是否超设计服务年限来对比勘查与开发效果。我们采用实际开采储量和设计开采储量对比,区分出超过设计储量和未达到设计储量的两类矿山,选取以上两类矿山中的大型矿山进一步分析,发现矿山未达到设计开采储量有多种原因,第一开采条件不佳,埋藏较深,矿石成分复杂无法选冶,比如鞍钢集团东鞍山铁矿;第二矿山经过30—40年开采,处于衰退期,生产能力下降,比如辽阳露天铁矿、大冶金山店铁矿;第三矿山设计开采范围和实际范围不符合,比如水厂铁矿:第三矿山还处在试产期,开采规模还没有达到设计规模,比如云南新平大红山铁矿。通过分析原因,应用矿山开采理论模型,得出矿山合理开发年限。
实地调查的浒坑钨矿,紫金山金铜矿等多处铜矿。通过对部分矿山的实际可持续发展能力调查,总结经验和不足,提出矿业可持续发展的对策:创新矿山企业管理模式和运行机制、“绿色矿山”模式、“开源节流”模式、“产业复位、税制改革、税费返还”模式。
As geologists, usually we thought mining only depends on geological factor, but actually there are several factors influencing the mining development. Interdiscipline research plays an important role in sustainable development of the mining industry. We put forward a solid mineral resource model about 'double control' and '5R economy' theory for mining. The concept of 'double control' theory and reasonable area in mineral exploration and exploitation modeling is presented. 'Double control' includes two controlling factors, namely the degree of geological study and the economic study. Geological research combined with economic analyses is crucial to the evaluation of mineral resources. The application of this model is tested in mineral exploration and exploitation, which would make the exploration and exploitation smoothly and economically. Based on 3R Recycling Economy Theory, We developed the '5R' Recycling Economy Theory which is composed of Rediscovery, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Reclamation. These theories will promote the development of mining industry.
Efficient exploration and exploitation of mineral resources plays an important role in sustainable development of the mining industry. With the objective of improving living standards world-wide, demand for solid mineral resources probably will continue to increase for the foreseeable future. Many of the large-super large, high grade, close to surface and close to market mineral deposits have been depleted or are currently in production. More and larger deposits have to be discovered to meet increased demand for mineral commodities. Over the past several years, the demand of base-metals increased significantly in China. The output also increased. According to data, there is an emergent need for iron ore and aluminum in China. Mining plays a backbone role in China's national economy. At present, the mining sector is providing 93% of energy, 80% of raw materials for industry and 70% of means of production for agriculture. The sustainable development of the mining industry is an increasingly important problem facing the sector. Our ability to meet the continuing and growing demand for minerals is greatly affected by concerns about reasonable exploration and exploitation of mineral resources. The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual model about reasonable exploration and exploitation of solid mineral resources.
The simplified model is divided into a series of stages. Efficient exploration and exploitation of mineral resources is highly dependent on the quality control exercised at each stage of the process. At each step in the resource modeling process it is necessary to define the specific objectives, the methodology proposed to achieve those objectives and to establish a set of validation tools to assess the outcome. Resource estimation is a complex process involving different specialists with relevant experience using a multidisciplinary approach. We propose that the double control theory, which comprises geological and economic factors, is an effective management tool. Geological quality is a function of deposit grade, deposit size, and 'other' geological factors. Mineral deposits of the same deposit type have similar geological quality attributes. Economic quality is measured relative to a benchmark. As geologists we must understand the economic impact of our plays and prospects. Geological analyses and economic analyses are crucial to the evaluation of resource. The resource classifications are directly related to the appraisal stages of the project. For an inferred resource, geological and grade continuity are assumed, but not established. At the inferred category, scoping-stage evaluations can be carried out to determine if further exploration or technical investigations are warranted. At the indicated category, geological and grade continuity have been reasonably established, but short-range grade variability is not well known. The information is sufficient to carry out pre-feasibility stage assessments and assess the economic viability of the deposit. At the measured category, the geological continuity of the deposit and the local grade continuity including short-range variability have been established with a high degree of confidence.
Models of the process of reasonable exploitation of mineral resources are illustrated. We divide exploitation process into seven stages. These comprise trial-production stage, development stage, production steady stage, production decline stage, supplementary exploration stage, closure of mine stage, and reclamation stage.
In order to test the model, a total of 52 iron deposits, both economic and uneconomic, were studied According to data of 52 iron mines, we contrast mine design capacity with actual mine capacity and design mine life with actual mine life.
Through contrasting mine design data with actual data we get the result of exploration with the result of exploitation and reflect it graphically. On the graph a "blue" point represents a good-quality deposit, while a "red" point falls short of that quality. Based on the above analysis, we get 24 good quality deposits (including 8 large size, 14 medium size, and 2 small size), we will input the geological factors and economic factors into assessment software as study sample then we input factors about the rest of the deposits into assessment software to obtain results.
Mineral deposits are the products of various geological processes. The most common measure of geological quality is recoverable ore reserve tonnage and grade. Mineral deposits of the same deposit type have similar geological quality attributes. The key geological quality features of deposit types have been considered. Economic quality is a relative benchmark. The benchmark relevant to the present study is exploration success measured by the net present value. The higher the Net Present Value the better the quality of the deposit. Geological condition is complex in China, there are so many type of deposit. Part of those deposits cannot be exploited, due to their processing and metallurgy characteristics, exploitation technology and disadvantage traffic condition and climate condition ore carry cost too high or climate is too bad. In the above discussion, we obtain a curve about reasonable exploration & exploitation, our study is still going on. We need to research more commodities and more deposits. We will test this model further and revise it.
1.加强合理勘查与开发
本文根据固体矿产合理勘查“双控论”与“合理域”理论,提出了既简明科学又体现矿产资源合理勘查和开发内涵的矿产勘查指标体系,即地质条件指标和技术经济评价指标体系,为固体矿产资源勘查与开发过程提出了一系列更加科学的,易于操作的评价指标,以便更好地对矿产资源勘查开发水平进行综合评价。
地质条件指标主要有:岩浆岩、地质构造、地层、岩相、古地理、岩性,变质作用、地球化学、风化、地貌条件等。
建立合理的技术经济评价指标体系由六部分组成,包括:资源禀赋指标、开采选冶技术指标条件、地区配套指标、市场环境指标、经济效益指标和环境指标。
在以上两个指标体系建立的前提下,合理勘查模拟是建立在成矿体制研究保证程度和经济技术条件研究保证程度两项综合因素基础上的。将上述各项指标赋值,利用神经网络方法进行数字化处理,分别得出综合评价指标量化值。根据量化值的结果来评估研究区是否具有进行下一步工作的潜力。
在矿产合理勘查过程中,进一步讨论建立矿产勘查风险决策支持系统。地质勘查不同工作阶段、不同矿种和不同成因类型矿山的风险都不同,可以通过风险投资决策支持系统来控制勘查周期、投资大小和风险比例。
在矿山生产阶段,我们建立理论上的合理开采模型,将矿山生产阶段划分为七个阶段,按不同规模矿山及其合理生产年限,划分出试产,达产,稳产,萎缩,补偿,闭坑,复垦共7期,作为矿山合理开发和闭坑评定标准。
在合理开发过程中,我们采用泰勒的经验公式探讨合理生产能力和合理生产年限,分析矿山设计服务年限”、“矿山已经服务年限”、“矿山尚可服务年限”、“矿山实际服务年限”、“矿山超设计服务年限”、“矿山合理服务年限”和“矿山预期可延长服务年限”等。
2.重视可持续发展和矿产资源的合理利用
我们结合矿业特有的特点,在“3R”的基础上,发展矿业可持续发展理论“5R”矿业循环经济理论,给出每个阶段“5R”的具体内容,在研究矿山合理勘查开发的同时,矿业可持续发展也是矿业目前继续面临的关键问题,以“5R”循环经济理论为指导,以在再发现为核心,通过实例分析得出影响矿山企业的可持续发展能力的关键因素是:一企业控制矿产资源的能力是企业可持续发展的基础;二企业占有资金包括融资的能力是企业可持续发展的保证;三企业经营管理的能力是企业可持续发展的关键。
3.实例分析
本文是在“全国主要固体矿产大中型矿山资源潜力调查”项目基础上,通过对1010座矿山的调查汇总分析,开展有关可持续发展的研究,在综合分析全部矿山的情况的基础上,我们选择需求形势比较严峻的矿种——铁,开展进一步的深入调查,以第一批调查56座铁矿山为基础,建立以沉积变质型铁矿床和矽卡岩型铁矿床为主的品位模型、吨位模型、吨位—品位联合模型,分析比较各自的模型特征,发现沉积变质型铁矿的品位相对低,但是吨位大,普遍为大型以上,结合投入的钻探、坑探工作量与探明储量对比,计算出沉积变质型铁矿的投入产出值最大,得出沉积变质型铁矿较矽卡岩铁矿勘查风险小,投入产出大。验证了我们提出的矿产勘查风险决策支持系统的可靠性。
进一步将矿床的设计开采储量和实际开采储量进行对比,发现大部分矿山出现超设计服务年限,但是在这部分超设计服务年限的矿山中也出现实际生产能力达不到设计生产能力的情况,所以这里不能仅用是否超设计服务年限来对比勘查与开发效果。我们采用实际开采储量和设计开采储量对比,区分出超过设计储量和未达到设计储量的两类矿山,选取以上两类矿山中的大型矿山进一步分析,发现矿山未达到设计开采储量有多种原因,第一开采条件不佳,埋藏较深,矿石成分复杂无法选冶,比如鞍钢集团东鞍山铁矿;第二矿山经过30—40年开采,处于衰退期,生产能力下降,比如辽阳露天铁矿、大冶金山店铁矿;第三矿山设计开采范围和实际范围不符合,比如水厂铁矿:第三矿山还处在试产期,开采规模还没有达到设计规模,比如云南新平大红山铁矿。通过分析原因,应用矿山开采理论模型,得出矿山合理开发年限。
实地调查的浒坑钨矿,紫金山金铜矿等多处铜矿。通过对部分矿山的实际可持续发展能力调查,总结经验和不足,提出矿业可持续发展的对策:创新矿山企业管理模式和运行机制、“绿色矿山”模式、“开源节流”模式、“产业复位、税制改革、税费返还”模式。
As geologists, usually we thought mining only depends on geological factor, but actually there are several factors influencing the mining development. Interdiscipline research plays an important role in sustainable development of the mining industry. We put forward a solid mineral resource model about 'double control' and '5R economy' theory for mining. The concept of 'double control' theory and reasonable area in mineral exploration and exploitation modeling is presented. 'Double control' includes two controlling factors, namely the degree of geological study and the economic study. Geological research combined with economic analyses is crucial to the evaluation of mineral resources. The application of this model is tested in mineral exploration and exploitation, which would make the exploration and exploitation smoothly and economically. Based on 3R Recycling Economy Theory, We developed the '5R' Recycling Economy Theory which is composed of Rediscovery, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Reclamation. These theories will promote the development of mining industry.
Efficient exploration and exploitation of mineral resources plays an important role in sustainable development of the mining industry. With the objective of improving living standards world-wide, demand for solid mineral resources probably will continue to increase for the foreseeable future. Many of the large-super large, high grade, close to surface and close to market mineral deposits have been depleted or are currently in production. More and larger deposits have to be discovered to meet increased demand for mineral commodities. Over the past several years, the demand of base-metals increased significantly in China. The output also increased. According to data, there is an emergent need for iron ore and aluminum in China. Mining plays a backbone role in China's national economy. At present, the mining sector is providing 93% of energy, 80% of raw materials for industry and 70% of means of production for agriculture. The sustainable development of the mining industry is an increasingly important problem facing the sector. Our ability to meet the continuing and growing demand for minerals is greatly affected by concerns about reasonable exploration and exploitation of mineral resources. The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual model about reasonable exploration and exploitation of solid mineral resources.
The simplified model is divided into a series of stages. Efficient exploration and exploitation of mineral resources is highly dependent on the quality control exercised at each stage of the process. At each step in the resource modeling process it is necessary to define the specific objectives, the methodology proposed to achieve those objectives and to establish a set of validation tools to assess the outcome. Resource estimation is a complex process involving different specialists with relevant experience using a multidisciplinary approach. We propose that the double control theory, which comprises geological and economic factors, is an effective management tool. Geological quality is a function of deposit grade, deposit size, and 'other' geological factors. Mineral deposits of the same deposit type have similar geological quality attributes. Economic quality is measured relative to a benchmark. As geologists we must understand the economic impact of our plays and prospects. Geological analyses and economic analyses are crucial to the evaluation of resource. The resource classifications are directly related to the appraisal stages of the project. For an inferred resource, geological and grade continuity are assumed, but not established. At the inferred category, scoping-stage evaluations can be carried out to determine if further exploration or technical investigations are warranted. At the indicated category, geological and grade continuity have been reasonably established, but short-range grade variability is not well known. The information is sufficient to carry out pre-feasibility stage assessments and assess the economic viability of the deposit. At the measured category, the geological continuity of the deposit and the local grade continuity including short-range variability have been established with a high degree of confidence.
Models of the process of reasonable exploitation of mineral resources are illustrated. We divide exploitation process into seven stages. These comprise trial-production stage, development stage, production steady stage, production decline stage, supplementary exploration stage, closure of mine stage, and reclamation stage.
In order to test the model, a total of 52 iron deposits, both economic and uneconomic, were studied According to data of 52 iron mines, we contrast mine design capacity with actual mine capacity and design mine life with actual mine life.
Through contrasting mine design data with actual data we get the result of exploration with the result of exploitation and reflect it graphically. On the graph a "blue" point represents a good-quality deposit, while a "red" point falls short of that quality. Based on the above analysis, we get 24 good quality deposits (including 8 large size, 14 medium size, and 2 small size), we will input the geological factors and economic factors into assessment software as study sample then we input factors about the rest of the deposits into assessment software to obtain results.
Mineral deposits are the products of various geological processes. The most common measure of geological quality is recoverable ore reserve tonnage and grade. Mineral deposits of the same deposit type have similar geological quality attributes. The key geological quality features of deposit types have been considered. Economic quality is a relative benchmark. The benchmark relevant to the present study is exploration success measured by the net present value. The higher the Net Present Value the better the quality of the deposit. Geological condition is complex in China, there are so many type of deposit. Part of those deposits cannot be exploited, due to their processing and metallurgy characteristics, exploitation technology and disadvantage traffic condition and climate condition ore carry cost too high or climate is too bad. In the above discussion, we obtain a curve about reasonable exploration & exploitation, our study is still going on. We need to research more commodities and more deposits. We will test this model further and revise it.
引文
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