塔里木盆地阿克库勒凸起奥陶系岩溶型储层形成与保持研究
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摘要
阿克库勒凸起奥陶系碳酸盐岩经历了多期构造运动和古岩溶作用，储层主要为岩溶型储层，大型洞穴、裂缝和溶蚀孔洞是其主要的储集空间，储层非均质性强。通过岩心、钻井、分析化验数据、测井、地震等资料的综合对比分析，建立了塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩加里东中期、海西早期岩溶的识别标志，总结了岩溶储层时空分布特征，提出北部多期不整合叠加区厚层纯灰岩中优质岩溶储层发育受控于多期表生岩溶的“复合效应”，南部短期暴露地区有利储层形成受控于有利相带、古地貌、断裂-裂缝等多因素有效匹配的“联合效应”。总结了岩溶孔洞后期充填与保持的规律，建立了岩溶型储层复合-联合成因机理、地质模式与地质-地球物理综合预测模型。
证实塔北地区存在加里东期运动及该期岩溶作用，指出早期断裂及伴生裂缝发育程度是加里东中期岩溶作用的主控因素，该期岩溶具有层控性，断控性，较强非均质性。该期岩溶的存在与发现，对塔河油田外围乃至整个塔北地区的油气勘探具有重要意义。
海西早期岩溶作用对塔河主体区储层影响最大，在构造运动阶段性发生和地层脉动式隆升的影响下，区域上形成三套洞穴层，每个洞穴层发育期与盆地内沉积层序的高水位海平面稳定期对应，洞穴层序次为上老下新。塔河主体区发育岩溶壮年期的高幅度地貌非均质裂缝-洞穴储层，海西晚期岩溶对于奇中北部三叠系覆盖区内影响较大，由于多期次岩溶叠加，岩溶残丘夷平作用强，处于岩溶发育的老年期，岩溶储层不发育。
锶同位素在划分岩溶期次方面具有明显的优势。加里东中期岩溶形成的岩溶缝洞方解石，具有低~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值特征，~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值主要由围岩的重溶锶控制。海西早期岩溶形成的岩溶缝洞方解石具有高~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值特征，~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值受壳源锶和来自围岩的重溶锶控制；
塔河地区洞穴充填体系包括重力坍塌、机械搬运沉积和化学充填三类。北部以机械充填为主，南部以化学充填为主，主要受控于岩溶发育期次和古地貌特征。指出地表溶沟起源于密集落水洞的发育，地表河谷对应于近地表岩溶通道塌陷形成的表面凹坑，深埋阶段岩溶塌陷形成规模较大联合塌陷古洞穴系统，地震剖面上上显示为独特的圆形图案的断层（平面图）对应串珠状反射。利用、压力、产能流体资料对洞穴系统连通性法进行了分析。
“串珠状”反射代表了优质储层在地震剖面上的反射特征，振幅变化率属性能较好地表征上奥陶统覆盖区岩溶型储层发育展布。振幅变化率中的强振幅变化区或条带代表了储层发育区，地震测井联合反演表明岩溶型储层主要发育在风化面以下200m左右，具有低波阻抗、低层速度、高孔隙度特征。波阻抗反演和地震反射强度的方法预测洞穴系统的充填性质。
The Lower-mid Ordovician of the northern part of Tarim Basin is a shallow-marinecarbonate platform deposits which has experienced multi-stage erosions and karstificationproduced karstic reservoir as the mainly reservoir type between the Late Ordovician andLate Devonian , Part of lower-mid Ordovician of the Tahe Oilfield was sub-aerially exposedfor 100 millions of years . During this lengthy exposure period, an extensive karst systemdeveloped that is characterized by an irregular erosional surface, meters-size dissolutioncavities, collapse breccias, sinkholes, paleosols, and fractures. Large caves, corroded fissuresand vugular-solution caves are dominating storage spaces of karstified reservoirs withgreater heterogeneity. It is difficult to study the distribution laws and to prediction them. Theexploration and development of oil and gas in Ordovician have been restricted by thesefactors.
In this thesis, an integrated approach was applied that emphasized integration of seismicdata with available conventional core, wireline logs, and geochemical data to analyze theformation mechanism, the controlling factors and the distribution rules of Ordovicianreservoirs were studied by the integrated application of the theories and technologies ofpetroleum geology, tectonic geology, sedimentary petrology, inorganic geochemistry andgeophysics.
Five-element model which control the development of karst reservoirs through theanalysis of the structure and dynamic conditions of deposition, burial history and fluidevolution were proposed, the five elements are the structure (basin, tectonic deformation),sequence (structure, style), fluid (surface, ground, deep source), rocks (sedimentary faciesand diagenetic phase) and environmental control. Using the analysis results ofCathodoluminescence and plane- light petrograph, stable carbon and oxygen isotopiccomposition analyses, Sr isotopic composition, trace elements fluid-inclusionhomogenization temperature analyses, as well as Devonian palynological data, Karst geneticmodel is proposed. Ordovician karstification mainly occur in the surface or near-surfacemeteoric conditions, and was affected by the mid-Caledonian and early Hercynian tectonicmovements.
The first and secondary episodes of mid-Caledonian karstification were controlled bylithology, exposure time of the erosion and later alteration, thus，the karst of mid-Caledonianperiod is mainly distributed in southern part of Tahe Oilfield where there is the thick upperOrdovician sediments coverage. the principal factor of paleo-karstification duringCaledonian movement was the development degree of early faults and its associated fracture.the main characteristics of paleo-karstification during Caledonian were summarized, that isdistribution controlled by strata, distribution controlled by fault and available reservoir withgreater heterogeneitities. The existence and discovery of Caledonian paleo-karstification hasgreat significance in the process of exploration in peripheral area of Tahe Oil Field.
Early Hercynian is the main period of karst formation and preservation of work area.three paleokarst cave horizons were formed due to early Hercynian cycling tectonic uplift，inan order of the lower the newer. Cave distribution is mainly controlled by the lithology,paleogeomorphology, extension fracture and faults, phreatic surface-water discharge karstmode of peninsula type was established.
Cave–fractured reservoir with heterogeneities were well developed in Tahe main areawhere the karst development was in the mature stage with high amplitude landscape andabundant geomorphologic elements, including fluvial channels，canyons, fluvial valleys,sinkholes, tower karsts and hills. In YuQi area, late hercynian karstification had moreinfluence on the karstified reservoir, because the superimposition of multi-stageskarstification caused serious strata denudation and deplanation of pimple plain, Large high residual and dissolve ditch were not well developed, in peneplain state and old age of karstdevelopment, karst reservoir are not developed.
Tahe Oilfield Ordovician karstification genetic model is proposed on basis ofrecognition of the karst, restoration of the palaeogeomorphology, karst cycles analysis,controlling factors on karst, and the karstification mechanism in this area and its implicationsfor carbonate reservoir are well understood with the use of adjacent interference well testdata ,the inter-well connectivity are analyzed ,then we can distinguish Connected-cavesystems and disconnected caves, which laid a geological foundation for the implementationof different strategies for the production of technology. Multi-phase karsts developmentformed multi-storey cave-style oil storage space with excellent reservoir conditions, andcreated a good oil conduit system and thereby controlled the distribution of the reservoirs.
Strontium isotope have better ability of provenance，and have distinct advantages in thedivision of paleokarst stages. Lower~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios is the character of calcites formed in thekarst of Middle Caledonian, and~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios of calcites are controlled by the~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr8r7atios from host rocks. However, the calcites of Early Herlynian paleokarst have higher
Sr/~(86)Sr ratios, and controlled by the terrestrial strontium and the dissolved strontium fromthe wall rocks. Furthermore, the north areas have higher~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios than the areascovered with O3s Formation, the increased proportion of strontium isotope from host rocks isthe main reason.
The interaction between the surface karst-drainage system and the shallow-subsurfacecave-passage system is evidenced by the observation that surface canyons appear to initiatein areas associated with intense sinkhole development. Surface river valleys tend tocorrespond to dip-oriented surface depressions partly related to near-surface cave collapse.During burial into the deeper subsurface, the combination of intrastratal collapse (karstifiedstrata) and suprastratal collapse (postkarst-deposited strata) created large damage zoneshundreds of meters thick and kilometers wide. Coalescedcollapsed paleocave systems can beinterpreted from the unique circular pattern of faults (observed in map view) that areassociated with seismic bright spots. On the basis of static karstification model，theconnectivity of cave system was identified by integration with pressure production and fluidsdata，
Beaded reflections on the seismic profile represent high quality reservoir, and theattribute of amplitude variation rate can well depict the distribution of karstified reservoir inareas covered with Upper Ordovician. well log-seismic joint inversion shows that karsticreservoirs were well developed at the 0 to 200m interval beneath the unconformity withcharacteristics of low impedance and lower speed, high porosity.
证实塔北地区存在加里东期运动及该期岩溶作用，指出早期断裂及伴生裂缝发育程度是加里东中期岩溶作用的主控因素，该期岩溶具有层控性，断控性，较强非均质性。该期岩溶的存在与发现，对塔河油田外围乃至整个塔北地区的油气勘探具有重要意义。
海西早期岩溶作用对塔河主体区储层影响最大，在构造运动阶段性发生和地层脉动式隆升的影响下，区域上形成三套洞穴层，每个洞穴层发育期与盆地内沉积层序的高水位海平面稳定期对应，洞穴层序次为上老下新。塔河主体区发育岩溶壮年期的高幅度地貌非均质裂缝-洞穴储层，海西晚期岩溶对于奇中北部三叠系覆盖区内影响较大，由于多期次岩溶叠加，岩溶残丘夷平作用强，处于岩溶发育的老年期，岩溶储层不发育。
锶同位素在划分岩溶期次方面具有明显的优势。加里东中期岩溶形成的岩溶缝洞方解石，具有低~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值特征，~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值主要由围岩的重溶锶控制。海西早期岩溶形成的岩溶缝洞方解石具有高~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值特征，~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值受壳源锶和来自围岩的重溶锶控制；
塔河地区洞穴充填体系包括重力坍塌、机械搬运沉积和化学充填三类。北部以机械充填为主，南部以化学充填为主，主要受控于岩溶发育期次和古地貌特征。指出地表溶沟起源于密集落水洞的发育，地表河谷对应于近地表岩溶通道塌陷形成的表面凹坑，深埋阶段岩溶塌陷形成规模较大联合塌陷古洞穴系统，地震剖面上上显示为独特的圆形图案的断层（平面图）对应串珠状反射。利用、压力、产能流体资料对洞穴系统连通性法进行了分析。
“串珠状”反射代表了优质储层在地震剖面上的反射特征，振幅变化率属性能较好地表征上奥陶统覆盖区岩溶型储层发育展布。振幅变化率中的强振幅变化区或条带代表了储层发育区，地震测井联合反演表明岩溶型储层主要发育在风化面以下200m左右，具有低波阻抗、低层速度、高孔隙度特征。波阻抗反演和地震反射强度的方法预测洞穴系统的充填性质。
The Lower-mid Ordovician of the northern part of Tarim Basin is a shallow-marinecarbonate platform deposits which has experienced multi-stage erosions and karstificationproduced karstic reservoir as the mainly reservoir type between the Late Ordovician andLate Devonian , Part of lower-mid Ordovician of the Tahe Oilfield was sub-aerially exposedfor 100 millions of years . During this lengthy exposure period, an extensive karst systemdeveloped that is characterized by an irregular erosional surface, meters-size dissolutioncavities, collapse breccias, sinkholes, paleosols, and fractures. Large caves, corroded fissuresand vugular-solution caves are dominating storage spaces of karstified reservoirs withgreater heterogeneity. It is difficult to study the distribution laws and to prediction them. Theexploration and development of oil and gas in Ordovician have been restricted by thesefactors.
In this thesis, an integrated approach was applied that emphasized integration of seismicdata with available conventional core, wireline logs, and geochemical data to analyze theformation mechanism, the controlling factors and the distribution rules of Ordovicianreservoirs were studied by the integrated application of the theories and technologies ofpetroleum geology, tectonic geology, sedimentary petrology, inorganic geochemistry andgeophysics.
Five-element model which control the development of karst reservoirs through theanalysis of the structure and dynamic conditions of deposition, burial history and fluidevolution were proposed, the five elements are the structure (basin, tectonic deformation),sequence (structure, style), fluid (surface, ground, deep source), rocks (sedimentary faciesand diagenetic phase) and environmental control. Using the analysis results ofCathodoluminescence and plane- light petrograph, stable carbon and oxygen isotopiccomposition analyses, Sr isotopic composition, trace elements fluid-inclusionhomogenization temperature analyses, as well as Devonian palynological data, Karst geneticmodel is proposed. Ordovician karstification mainly occur in the surface or near-surfacemeteoric conditions, and was affected by the mid-Caledonian and early Hercynian tectonicmovements.
The first and secondary episodes of mid-Caledonian karstification were controlled bylithology, exposure time of the erosion and later alteration, thus，the karst of mid-Caledonianperiod is mainly distributed in southern part of Tahe Oilfield where there is the thick upperOrdovician sediments coverage. the principal factor of paleo-karstification duringCaledonian movement was the development degree of early faults and its associated fracture.the main characteristics of paleo-karstification during Caledonian were summarized, that isdistribution controlled by strata, distribution controlled by fault and available reservoir withgreater heterogeneitities. The existence and discovery of Caledonian paleo-karstification hasgreat significance in the process of exploration in peripheral area of Tahe Oil Field.
Early Hercynian is the main period of karst formation and preservation of work area.three paleokarst cave horizons were formed due to early Hercynian cycling tectonic uplift，inan order of the lower the newer. Cave distribution is mainly controlled by the lithology,paleogeomorphology, extension fracture and faults, phreatic surface-water discharge karstmode of peninsula type was established.
Cave–fractured reservoir with heterogeneities were well developed in Tahe main areawhere the karst development was in the mature stage with high amplitude landscape andabundant geomorphologic elements, including fluvial channels，canyons, fluvial valleys,sinkholes, tower karsts and hills. In YuQi area, late hercynian karstification had moreinfluence on the karstified reservoir, because the superimposition of multi-stageskarstification caused serious strata denudation and deplanation of pimple plain, Large high residual and dissolve ditch were not well developed, in peneplain state and old age of karstdevelopment, karst reservoir are not developed.
Tahe Oilfield Ordovician karstification genetic model is proposed on basis ofrecognition of the karst, restoration of the palaeogeomorphology, karst cycles analysis,controlling factors on karst, and the karstification mechanism in this area and its implicationsfor carbonate reservoir are well understood with the use of adjacent interference well testdata ,the inter-well connectivity are analyzed ,then we can distinguish Connected-cavesystems and disconnected caves, which laid a geological foundation for the implementationof different strategies for the production of technology. Multi-phase karsts developmentformed multi-storey cave-style oil storage space with excellent reservoir conditions, andcreated a good oil conduit system and thereby controlled the distribution of the reservoirs.
Strontium isotope have better ability of provenance，and have distinct advantages in thedivision of paleokarst stages. Lower~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios is the character of calcites formed in thekarst of Middle Caledonian, and~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios of calcites are controlled by the~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr8r7atios from host rocks. However, the calcites of Early Herlynian paleokarst have higher
Sr/~(86)Sr ratios, and controlled by the terrestrial strontium and the dissolved strontium fromthe wall rocks. Furthermore, the north areas have higher~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios than the areascovered with O3s Formation, the increased proportion of strontium isotope from host rocks isthe main reason.
The interaction between the surface karst-drainage system and the shallow-subsurfacecave-passage system is evidenced by the observation that surface canyons appear to initiatein areas associated with intense sinkhole development. Surface river valleys tend tocorrespond to dip-oriented surface depressions partly related to near-surface cave collapse.During burial into the deeper subsurface, the combination of intrastratal collapse (karstifiedstrata) and suprastratal collapse (postkarst-deposited strata) created large damage zoneshundreds of meters thick and kilometers wide. Coalescedcollapsed paleocave systems can beinterpreted from the unique circular pattern of faults (observed in map view) that areassociated with seismic bright spots. On the basis of static karstification model，theconnectivity of cave system was identified by integration with pressure production and fluidsdata，
Beaded reflections on the seismic profile represent high quality reservoir, and theattribute of amplitude variation rate can well depict the distribution of karstified reservoir inareas covered with Upper Ordovician. well log-seismic joint inversion shows that karsticreservoirs were well developed at the 0 to 200m interval beneath the unconformity withcharacteristics of low impedance and lower speed, high porosity.
引文
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