化工设备产品开发管理与远程故障诊断研究及应用
|
摘要
在设备寿命周期中，初期故障期和耗损故障期的故障率较高，对设备运行可靠性的影响最大。因此要降低设备寿命周期费用、提高设备的运行可靠性，一是要改进设计和制造，消除影响设备安全高效运行的因素，提升设备的先天性能。二是要加强对设备运行状态的监测和故障诊断，发现设备早期故障隐患，及时进行操作调整，避免故障进一步发展，保障设备安全运行。本文针对这两个影响化工设备可靠性的主要因素进行研究，取得了很好的效果。
首先，将质量功能配置(OFD)和设计结构矩阵(DSM)的思想和方法成功地引入到化工设备的设计和改造技术工作中。为了在尽量压缩设备设计和改造时间的同时，使设备设计和改造质量得到保证，本文巧妙地将质量功能配置和设计结构矩阵方法进行集成，通过引入“敏感度”和“进展度”两个指标将OFD与DSM有机的结合起来，充分发挥了两者的优势，在保证新产品开发质量的同时使开发时间压缩到最小。将该方法成功应用于某大型炼化企业烟气轮机改造设计工作中，较好地解决了机组原来运行中存在的问题，证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。
其次，设备状态预报技术是生产、维修决策的重要技术基础，对保障设备运行的可靠性具有重要作用。针对目前设备状态预报功能缺乏而现场迫切需要的现状，本文采用人工神经网络预报方法对设备状态预报技术进行研究，首次提出了设备状态预报性能的稳定性问题，分析了影响预报性能的主要因素，提出了一种新的预报优化方法，解决了预报的稳定性问题，大大提高了预报精度。经过试验论证和现场实用，预报误差在10％以内，完全达到了工程实用的要求。
第三，针对设备运行后期故障率上升的问题，本文对远程诊断系统的构架、监测分析方法库的建立、诊断流程的设计等方面进行了研究和实践，开发了一套实用的远程监测诊断系统平台，并在生产实际中得到了成功的应用。
(1)针对目前设备故障分析方法不多，一些最新的行之有效的诊断分析方法不能很快得到推广应用的情况，开发了诊断分析方法库。除具有波形分析、频谱分析、轴心轨迹分析、多种综合趋势分析等常规的分析方法外，还重点开发了局部投影降噪、神经网络滤波等信号提纯技术，以及分形理论、小波分解等非线性信号处理技术等最新的分析诊断方法，并基于分形理论提出了机组运行稳定性的定量评估方法，将它们集成应用于设备运行状态分析，取得了很好的应用效果。
(2)提出了基于CORBA组件模型(CCM)的分布式诊断系统构架，旨在隐藏系统底层实现细节，提高系统的可重用性和可移植性。通过对CCM软件组件思想的深入研究，给出了分布式诊断系统的CCM构架。针对系统的具体业务流程，将系统分为监测子系统和诊断子系统两部分，将监测对象、诊断方法和诊断策略抽象为CCM组件，构建了分布式诊断系统的整体框架。
(3)开发了一套实用化的设备远程监测与故障诊断系统。根据企业实际，提出了远程诊断的现场级、企业级、远程级三层框架体系结构，对远程诊断中用户、专家、管理员等角色的职能和工作流程进行了周密的分析和设计，集成应用视频、音频、电子白板、WAP、手机短信、EMAIL、BBS等多种信息交互方式，以诊断请求为核心，实现了基于用户角色驱动的远程交互式诊断及专家会诊平台。
(4)最后，简要介绍了本文开发的远程监测诊断系统的构成、功能及界面，并将该远程监测诊断系统应用于化工设备的监测诊断，大大提高了监测诊断的快捷性和准确性。现场应用情况表明，该系统监测数据准确、快捷，分析方法可靠，诊断功能强大，有利于充分发挥诊断专家的知识和经验，加快新技术的推广应用，及时发现设备运行中的早期故障隐患，提高设备运行的可靠性。
There are two important aspects to improve operation reliability and reduce life-cycle costs of equipments. One is to improve design and manufacture so as to eliminate factors affecting safe and efficient operation of equipments and advance nature of them. The other is to enhance the monitoring and fault diagnosis of equipment running states, find out early fault hidden danger, operate adjustment in time, avoid further development of fault, and ensure safe operation of equipments. In this paper, the two main factors affecting chemical equipment relaiblity are discussed and a fine result has been achieved.
At first, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Design Structure Matrix (DSM) are introduced to deisgn and improvement of chemical equipments. In order to compress equipment design and transformation time and to assure its design quality, the approach to integrating QFD and DSM is presented. Two factors named "sensibility" and "evolution" are introdcut to combine these two approaches so as to exert the superiorities of them and ensure product equlity and compress development time. Subsequently, a case study of gas turbine design of a certain large refinery and petrochemical enterprise is give and the result shows that the approach has preferably resovled problem existing in original aircrew, which is effective and feasible.
Then, this thesis focuses on the researchment of structure of remote diagnosis system, the setup of signal analysis method library, and the plan of diagnosis program. A remote monitoring and diagnosis system is developed.
(1) Firstly, aimming at the situation that new analysis technique can't be quickly popularized in practice, a diagnosis methods library is developed. It includes not only traditional methods, for examples, vibration wave analysis, spectrum analysis, orbit analysis and trend analysis, but also some new technique up to date, such as noise depressing technique, non-linear signal processing technique, condition forecasting technique based on artificial neural network, and so on.
(2) Secondly, applied forcatsting technique is demanded imminently in practice. This thesis introduces artificial neural network technique to predict machine-set's oprating condition. Main factors that affect forecasting accuracy are discusseded minutely,. The result demonstrates that the ANN's predictive accuracy is remarkably depended on the amplitude of noise in trained samples. Based on the conclusion above, a new optimizing approach is put forward. Experiments and applications prove that this method is applicable to all sorts of typical situation, and can meet the demand of production.
(3) Thirdly, architecture of DRDS founded on CORBA component model(CCM) is proposed to hide the detail of system implementation and enhance the ability of reuse of system. On studying on CCM,approach for DRDS based on CCM is presented. Considering businesses of DRDS,the system is divided into two parts,monitoring subsystem and diagnosis subsystemwhere monitored objects,diagnosis methods and diagnosis rules are abstracted as CCM component,which constitutes the whole architecture of DRDS.
(4) Fourthly, the remote monitoring and diagnosis system aims to commendably bring expert's diagnosis experience into play to resolve problems in practice. So the diagnosis process is required to be concision, the diagnosis function to be abundant. After advantages of some distributed system are taken into account, a distributed system framework integrating manifold communication protocol is put forward. This framework is a three-level structure that includes local level, enterprise level, and remote level. The remote level consists of monitoring center, diagnosis center, case library, and self-help diagnosing module.This thesis carefully designed the work procedure of the user, the diagnosis expert, and the system administrator. Based on these works, an alternant diagnosis system is achieved. The system regards the user's the diagnosis ask as the core. The user, the diagnosis expert, and the system administrator can conveniently communicate each other by means of video, audio, WAP, electrical mail, BBS, mobile message, etc.
(5) Finally, the system's composing, function and software interface are introduced in brief.This system's monitoring data is veracious and in real time, it's anlysis method is applied and advanced,and it's diagnosis fuction is powerful. It is shown in pratice that the system can greatly improve the veracity and speediness of fault diagnisis.
首先，将质量功能配置(OFD)和设计结构矩阵(DSM)的思想和方法成功地引入到化工设备的设计和改造技术工作中。为了在尽量压缩设备设计和改造时间的同时，使设备设计和改造质量得到保证，本文巧妙地将质量功能配置和设计结构矩阵方法进行集成，通过引入“敏感度”和“进展度”两个指标将OFD与DSM有机的结合起来，充分发挥了两者的优势，在保证新产品开发质量的同时使开发时间压缩到最小。将该方法成功应用于某大型炼化企业烟气轮机改造设计工作中，较好地解决了机组原来运行中存在的问题，证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。
其次，设备状态预报技术是生产、维修决策的重要技术基础，对保障设备运行的可靠性具有重要作用。针对目前设备状态预报功能缺乏而现场迫切需要的现状，本文采用人工神经网络预报方法对设备状态预报技术进行研究，首次提出了设备状态预报性能的稳定性问题，分析了影响预报性能的主要因素，提出了一种新的预报优化方法，解决了预报的稳定性问题，大大提高了预报精度。经过试验论证和现场实用，预报误差在10％以内，完全达到了工程实用的要求。
第三，针对设备运行后期故障率上升的问题，本文对远程诊断系统的构架、监测分析方法库的建立、诊断流程的设计等方面进行了研究和实践，开发了一套实用的远程监测诊断系统平台，并在生产实际中得到了成功的应用。
(1)针对目前设备故障分析方法不多，一些最新的行之有效的诊断分析方法不能很快得到推广应用的情况，开发了诊断分析方法库。除具有波形分析、频谱分析、轴心轨迹分析、多种综合趋势分析等常规的分析方法外，还重点开发了局部投影降噪、神经网络滤波等信号提纯技术，以及分形理论、小波分解等非线性信号处理技术等最新的分析诊断方法，并基于分形理论提出了机组运行稳定性的定量评估方法，将它们集成应用于设备运行状态分析，取得了很好的应用效果。
(2)提出了基于CORBA组件模型(CCM)的分布式诊断系统构架，旨在隐藏系统底层实现细节，提高系统的可重用性和可移植性。通过对CCM软件组件思想的深入研究，给出了分布式诊断系统的CCM构架。针对系统的具体业务流程，将系统分为监测子系统和诊断子系统两部分，将监测对象、诊断方法和诊断策略抽象为CCM组件，构建了分布式诊断系统的整体框架。
(3)开发了一套实用化的设备远程监测与故障诊断系统。根据企业实际，提出了远程诊断的现场级、企业级、远程级三层框架体系结构，对远程诊断中用户、专家、管理员等角色的职能和工作流程进行了周密的分析和设计，集成应用视频、音频、电子白板、WAP、手机短信、EMAIL、BBS等多种信息交互方式，以诊断请求为核心，实现了基于用户角色驱动的远程交互式诊断及专家会诊平台。
(4)最后，简要介绍了本文开发的远程监测诊断系统的构成、功能及界面，并将该远程监测诊断系统应用于化工设备的监测诊断，大大提高了监测诊断的快捷性和准确性。现场应用情况表明，该系统监测数据准确、快捷，分析方法可靠，诊断功能强大，有利于充分发挥诊断专家的知识和经验，加快新技术的推广应用，及时发现设备运行中的早期故障隐患，提高设备运行的可靠性。
There are two important aspects to improve operation reliability and reduce life-cycle costs of equipments. One is to improve design and manufacture so as to eliminate factors affecting safe and efficient operation of equipments and advance nature of them. The other is to enhance the monitoring and fault diagnosis of equipment running states, find out early fault hidden danger, operate adjustment in time, avoid further development of fault, and ensure safe operation of equipments. In this paper, the two main factors affecting chemical equipment relaiblity are discussed and a fine result has been achieved.
At first, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Design Structure Matrix (DSM) are introduced to deisgn and improvement of chemical equipments. In order to compress equipment design and transformation time and to assure its design quality, the approach to integrating QFD and DSM is presented. Two factors named "sensibility" and "evolution" are introdcut to combine these two approaches so as to exert the superiorities of them and ensure product equlity and compress development time. Subsequently, a case study of gas turbine design of a certain large refinery and petrochemical enterprise is give and the result shows that the approach has preferably resovled problem existing in original aircrew, which is effective and feasible.
Then, this thesis focuses on the researchment of structure of remote diagnosis system, the setup of signal analysis method library, and the plan of diagnosis program. A remote monitoring and diagnosis system is developed.
(1) Firstly, aimming at the situation that new analysis technique can't be quickly popularized in practice, a diagnosis methods library is developed. It includes not only traditional methods, for examples, vibration wave analysis, spectrum analysis, orbit analysis and trend analysis, but also some new technique up to date, such as noise depressing technique, non-linear signal processing technique, condition forecasting technique based on artificial neural network, and so on.
(2) Secondly, applied forcatsting technique is demanded imminently in practice. This thesis introduces artificial neural network technique to predict machine-set's oprating condition. Main factors that affect forecasting accuracy are discusseded minutely,. The result demonstrates that the ANN's predictive accuracy is remarkably depended on the amplitude of noise in trained samples. Based on the conclusion above, a new optimizing approach is put forward. Experiments and applications prove that this method is applicable to all sorts of typical situation, and can meet the demand of production.
(3) Thirdly, architecture of DRDS founded on CORBA component model(CCM) is proposed to hide the detail of system implementation and enhance the ability of reuse of system. On studying on CCM,approach for DRDS based on CCM is presented. Considering businesses of DRDS,the system is divided into two parts,monitoring subsystem and diagnosis subsystemwhere monitored objects,diagnosis methods and diagnosis rules are abstracted as CCM component,which constitutes the whole architecture of DRDS.
(4) Fourthly, the remote monitoring and diagnosis system aims to commendably bring expert's diagnosis experience into play to resolve problems in practice. So the diagnosis process is required to be concision, the diagnosis function to be abundant. After advantages of some distributed system are taken into account, a distributed system framework integrating manifold communication protocol is put forward. This framework is a three-level structure that includes local level, enterprise level, and remote level. The remote level consists of monitoring center, diagnosis center, case library, and self-help diagnosing module.This thesis carefully designed the work procedure of the user, the diagnosis expert, and the system administrator. Based on these works, an alternant diagnosis system is achieved. The system regards the user's the diagnosis ask as the core. The user, the diagnosis expert, and the system administrator can conveniently communicate each other by means of video, audio, WAP, electrical mail, BBS, mobile message, etc.
(5) Finally, the system's composing, function and software interface are introduced in brief.This system's monitoring data is veracious and in real time, it's anlysis method is applied and advanced,and it's diagnosis fuction is powerful. It is shown in pratice that the system can greatly improve the veracity and speediness of fault diagnisis.
引文
[1] 虞和济，韩庆大，李沈等．设备故障诊断工程．北京：冶金工业出版社，2001
[2] Pourbabai B., Pecht M. Management of design activities in a concurrent engineering environment. International Journal of Production Research, 1994, 32(4): 821-832
[3] Chen Yuh-Min, Liang Ming-Wu. Design and implementation of a collaborative engineering information system for allied concurrent engineering. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2000, 13 (1): 11-30
[4] Denker S., Steward D. V., Browning T. R. Planning concurrency and managing iteration in projects. Project Management Journal, 2001, 32(3): 31-38
[5] 王计斌．并行工程环境下产品开发过程研究[博士学位论文]．北京：清华大学，1999
[6] Smith P., Morrow A. Product development process modeling. Design Studies, 1999, 22(3): 237-261
[7] Yassine A., Falkenburg D., Chelst K. Engineering design management: an information structure approach. International Journal of Production Research, 1999, 37(13): 2957-2975
[8] Avraham S., Jonathan F. Project management: engineering, technology and implementation. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1994
[9] 江景波，葛震明，何治．网络技术原理及应用．上海：同济大学出版社，1997
[10] 陈禹六．IDEF建模分析和设计方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[11] Kusiak A., Letsche T., Zakarian. Data modeling with IDEF1x. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 1997, 10(6): 470-486
[12] Steward D. V. The design structure system: a method for managing the design of complex system. IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, 1981, 28(3): 71-78
[13] Eppinger S., Whitney D., Smith R., et al. A Model-Based Method for Organizing Tasks in Product Development. Research in Engineering Design, 1994, 6(1): 1-13
[14] Steward D. V. Partitioning and Tearing Systems of Equations. SIAM Journal of Numerical Analysis Series B, 1965, 2, (2): 345-365
[15] Ledet W., Himmelblau D. Decomposition Procedures for the Solving of Large Scale Systems. Advances in Chemical Engineering, 1970, 8(4): 185-224
[16] Warfield J. Binary Matrices in System Modeling. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1973, 3(5)
[17] Rogers J. Tools and Techniques for Decomposing and Managing Complex Design Projects. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, 1999, 36(1): 266-274
[18] Austin, S., Baldwin, A., Li, B., Waskett, P. Application of the analytical design planning technique to construction project management. Project Management Journal, 2000, 31(2): 48-59
[19] Austin, S., Baldwin, A., Newton, A. A data flow model to plan and manage the building design process. Journal of Engineering Design, 1996, 7(1): 3-25
[20] 杨劲，吴子燕，孙树栋．建筑工程设计过程规划研究．系统工程理论与实践．2005，25(10)：125-130
[21] 柳玲，李百战，杨明宇．建筑协同设计中冲突模型的研究．工程图学学报．2006，27(1)：55-60
[22] 万小兵．白思俊．郭云涛．大型建筑施工企业的设备管理模式研究．建筑机械化．2006，27(4)：53-55
[23] Eppinger, S. D. Innovation at the speed of information. Harvard Business Review, 2001, 79(1): 149-158
[24] Osborne, S. M. Product development cycle time characterization through modeling of process iteration. M.S. thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1993.
[25] Malmstr(o|¨)m, J., Pikosz, P., Malmqvist, J. The complementary roles of IDEFO and DSM for the modeling of information management processes. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application, 1999, 7(2): 95-103
[26] Sequeira, M. W. Use of the design structure matrix in the improvement of an automobile development process. M.S. thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1991.
[27] Smith R. P., Eppinger, S. D. A predictive model of sequential iteration in engineering design. Manage Science, 1997, 43(8): 1104-1120
[28] Smith R. P., Eppinger, S. D. Deciding between sequential and parallel tasks in engineering design. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application. 1998, 6(1): 15-25, 1998.
[29] Ahmadi, R. H., Roemer, T. A., Wang, R. H. Structuring product development processes. European Journal of Operation Research, 2001,130(3): 539-558
[30] Andersson, J. On engineering systems design: A simulation and optimization approach. M.E. thesis, Link(o|¨)pings Universitet, Link(o|¨)ping, Sweden, 1999.
[31] Browning, T. R. Systematic IPT integration in lean development programs. M.S. thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1996.
[32] Browning, T. R. Modeling and analyzing cost, schedule, and performance in complex system product development. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1998.
[33] Clarkson P. J, Hamilton, J. R. 'Signposting': A parameter-driven task-based model of the design process. Research in Engineering Design, 2000, 12(1): 18-38
[34] Danilovic, M. L. Leadership and organization of integration in product development. Ph.D. dissertation, Link(o|¨)pings Universitet, Link(o|¨)ping, Sweden, 1999.
[35] Browning T. R. Applying the design structure matrix to system decomposition and integration problems: A review and new directions. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2001, 48(3): 292-306
[36] Krishnan V., Eppinger S. D., Whitney D. E. Simplifying iterations in cross-functional design decision making. ASME Journal Mechanical Design, 1997, 119(4): 485-493
[37] Akao Yoji. Quality Function Deployment: integrating customer requirements into product design. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Productivity Press, 1990
[38] Steward D. V. Re-engineering the Design Process. Proceedings of the IEEE Second Workshop on Enable Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, 1993:94-98
[39] 徐晓刚．设计结构矩阵研究及其在设计管理中的应用[博士学位论文]．重庆：重庆大学，2002
[40] Krishnan V., Eppinger S. D., Whiney D. S. A Model-Based Framework to Overlap Product Development Activities. Management Science, 1997, 43 (4): 437-451
[41] Krishnan V. Managing the simultaneous execution of coupled phases in concurrent product development. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1996, 43(2): 210-217
[42] Su J. C., Chen S. J., Lin L. A structured approach to measuring functional dependency and sequencing of coupled tasks in engineering design[J]. Computer & Industrial Engineering, 2003, 45(1): 195-214
[43] 梅成刚，肖人彬．复杂设计过程的信息建模及重组．机械科学与技术，2004， 24(1)：105-109
[44] 屈梁生，何正嘉．机械故障诊断学．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1986
[45] 陈克兴，李川奇．设备状态监测与故障诊断技术．北京：科学技术文献出版社， 1991
[46] 屈梁生，陈岳东．计算机辅助检测与故障诊断技术．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1989
[47] 黎洪生，史铁林，杨叔子．基于Internet的远程设备故障诊断系统结构研究．武汉：第一届全国诊断工程技术学术会议，1998．10：294-299
[48] 张晓彤．设备远程诊断方法与应用：[博士学位论文]．北京：北京科技大学，2000
[49] 徐科，杨德斌，徐金梧．小波变换在齿轮局部缺陷诊断中的应用．机械工程学报，1999，35(3)：105-107
[50] 徐金梧，张晓彤．基于神经网络的多传感器自适应滤波．北京科技大学学报， 1999，21(3)：273-277
[51] 张晓彤，徐金梧，杨德斌．大型连轧机传动齿轮在线故障诊断方法研究．北京：钢铁，2001，36(3)：59-63
[52] Stephen Albin. The art of software architecture: design methods and techniques. Indiana: Wiley Pub, 2003
[53] Mary Shaw, David Garlan. Software Architecture: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline. Indiana: Prentice-Hall International, Inc., 1996
[54] Len Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman. Software architecture in practice. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2003
[55] Christine Hofmeister, Robert Nord, Dilip Soni. Applied software architecture. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2000
[56] Thai Thuan L., Lain Hoang Q. NET framework essentials. CA: O'Reilly, 2001
[57] Crawford, William. J2EE Design Patterns. CA: O'Reilly & Assoc., 2003
[58] (美)Deepak Alur等著．J2EE核心模式．牛志奇等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[59] (美)Michi Henning，Stephen Vinoski著．基于C++CORBA高级编程．徐金梧，徐科，吕志民等译．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[60] Ron Zahavi. Enterprise application integration with CORBA: component and Web-based solutions. New York: Wiley, 2000
[61] Booch G. Unified Modeling language User Guide. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1998
[62] (美)Leroy N．，Solomon M．K．，Basu J．著．Oracle8i Java组件编程--EJB、CORBA和JSP．武欣，王文瑜，罗云峰等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
[63] (美)Stephen Walther著．ASP．NET技术内幕．马朝晖等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[64] (美)Ali Akbar，(美)Keyur Shah著．BEA Weblogic Server管理指南．邱仲潘等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
[65] (美)Ueli Wahli等著．WebSphere环境下的Web服务开发技术．瞿裕忠等编译．北京：世界图书出版公司北京公司，2002
[66] Object Management Group. The Common Object Request Broker Architecture: Core Specification, Version 3.0. USA: OMG, 2002
[67] (美)James Snell等著．SOAP Web服务开发．胡军译．北京：中国电力出版社， 2002
[68] Scott Seely. SOAP: cross platform Web service development using XML. NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 2002
[69] 申瑞民，李文彬，严健．Web Testing--一个基于WWW的远程测试系统．计算机工程及应用，1997．12
[70] (澳)Jarrod Hollingworth著．C++Builder 5程序设计大全．康向东等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[71] Borland／Inprise公司著．C++Builder 5开发人员指南．梁志刚等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．
[72] Li C., Li L. A Java-based multi-tier distributed object enterprise computing model. Journal of Syst. Eng. and Electroc, 2001, 12(4): 85-90
[73] Li C., Lu Z., Li L. A distributed computing model and its application, IEEE ICCNMC 2001, IEEE Computer Society Press, USA, 2001:341-346
[74] Li M., Walker D., Rana O., et al. Williams P T. Engineering high-performance legacy codes as CORBA components for problem-solving environments. Journal of Parallel Distributed. Computing, 2003 (63): 1152-1163
[75] Martin Verwijmeren. Software component architecture in supply chain management. Computers in Industry, 2004 (53): 165-178
[76] Scott Hissam, Gabriel Moreno, Judith Stafford, Kurt Wallnau. Enabling predictable assembly. The Journal of Systems and Software, 2003(65): 185-198
[77] 丁玉兰，石来德．机械设备故障诊断技术．上海：上海科学技术文献出版社， 1994
[78] 黄文虎，夏松波，刘瑞岩等．设备故障论断原理、技术及应用．北京：科学出版社，1996
[79] 赵林度．大型机电系统故障诊断技术．北京：中国石化出版社，2001
[80] 吕志民．非线性理论、方法在设备故障诊断中的应用研究：[博士学位论文]．北京：北京科技大学，1998
[81] 褚福磊，冯冠平，张正松．碰摩转子系统中的阵发性及混沌现象．航空动力学报，1996，11(3)：261-26
[82] 张宇，陈予恕．转子碰摩非线性动力学特征分析．天津大学学报，1998，31(3)：321-324
[83] 胡建中．基于多智能体技术的故障诊断理论与方法研究：[博士学位论文]．东南大学，2003
[84] 李维．C++Builder6 SOAP／WEB Service 开发．武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2002
[85] M. Ali, V. Gupta. An Expert System for Fault Diagnosis in a Space Shuttle Main Engine. AIAA-90-1990
[86] J.M. Davis. Augmenting Experience-Based Diagnosis With Casual Reasoning. Int. Journal of Intelligent Systems, 1989(4): 155-165
[87] P.D. Kapp. An Analysis of the Distinction between Deep and Shallow Expert Systems. Int. Journal of Expert System. 1989, 2(1): 1-32
[88] Y. Peng, J. Reggia. A Probabilistic Causal Model for Diagnostic Problem solving-Part Ⅰ: Integrating Symbolic Casual Inference with Numeric Probabilistic Inference. IEEE Trans. On System, Man and Cybernetics. 1987, 17(2): 146-162
[89] Y. Peng, J. Reggia. A probabilistic Causal Model for Diagnostic Problem solving-Part Ⅱ: Diagnositic Strategy. IEEE Trans. On System, Man and Cybernetics, 1987, 17(3): 395-406
[90] J. de Kleer, B. C. Williams. Diagnosis with Behavioral Models. Proc. of IJCAI-89: 1324
[91] M. gallanti, L. gilardoni. Integrating Shallow and Deep Knowledge in the Design of Online Process Monitoring System. Int. Journal of Man-Manchine Studies. 1987, 27(4): 641-664
[92] Len Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman. Software architecture in practice. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2003
[93] Christine Hofmeister, Robert Nord, Dilip Soni. Applied software architecture. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2000
[94] Thai, Thuan L, Lam, Hoang Q..NET framework essentials. CA: O'Reilly, 2001
[95] Crawford, William. J2EE Design Patterns. CA: O'Reilly & Assoc., 2003
[96] (美)Deepak Alur等著．J2EE核心模式．牛志奇等译．北京： 机械工业出版社，2002
[97] (美)Joseph J．Bambara等著．J2EE技术内幕．刘堃等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[98] (美)Vlada Matena，(美)Beth Stearns著．J2EE平台上的EJB组件开发．瞿裕忠等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
[99] (美)Michi Henning，Stephen Vinoski著．基于C++CORBA高级编程．徐金梧，徐科，吕志民等译．北京： 清华大学出版社，2000
[100] Object Management Group. The Common Object Request Broker:
[101] Architecture and Specification. Revision 2.3. USA: OMG, 1998
[102] [27] Object Management Group. CORBAservices: Common Object Services Specification. USA: OMG, 1997
[103] Dirk Slama, Jason Garbis, Perry Russel. Enterprise CORBA. Indiana: Prentice hall PTR, 1999
[104] Andreas Eberhart, Stefan Fischer. Java tools: using XML, EJB, CORBA, Servlets and SOAP. West Sussex: Wiley, 2002
[105] 徐金梧，杨德斌，徐科．Turbo C实用大全．北京：机械工业出版社，1996
[106] 谢希仁．计算机网络．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1997
[107] Ron Zahavi. Enterprise application integration with CORBA: component and Web-based solutions. New York: Wiley, 2000
[108] Booch G.Unified Modeling language User Guide. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1998
[109] (美)Williams M．著．Windows 2000编程技术内幕．前导工作室译．北京：机械工业出版社，1999
[110] 刘锦德，苏森．CORBA技术的新发展．成都：计算机应用，1999，19(5)：1-3
[111] Vlada Matena, Beth Steams: Applying Enterprise JavaBeans: Component-Based Development for the J2EE Platform. USA: Sun Microsystem, 2001
[112] Feldmann K, Gohringer J. Multimedia system for remote diagnosis of complex placement machines. International Journal of Advance Manufacturing Technology, 1999, 15(5): 1712-1731
[113] Foster C, Kesselman. The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, USA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1999
[114] Kon F, Yamane T. Dynamic resource management and automatic configuration of the distributed component system, 6 Usenix Conference on Object-Oriented Technologies and Systems, 2001
[115] Li C, Lu Z, Li L, Zhang S. A Mobile Agent Platform Based on Tuple Space Coordination, Journal of Advances in Engineering Software, 2002, 33(4): 215-225
[116] Li C, Li L. An Agent-oriented and Service-oriented Environment for Deploying Dynamic Distributed Systems. Journal Computer Standard and Interface, 2002, 24(4): 321-334.
[117] John H, Gennari, Heyning Cheng, Russ B, Altman, Mark A, Musen. Reuse, CORBA, and knowledge-based systems. Int. J. Human Computer Studies, 1998 (49): 523-546
[118] Antonopoulos N, Shafarenko A. An active organization system for customized, secure agent discovery, Journal of Supercomputing 2001 (20): 5-35
[119] Object Management Group. Persistent State Service Specification Version 2.0. USA: OMG, 2002
[2] Pourbabai B., Pecht M. Management of design activities in a concurrent engineering environment. International Journal of Production Research, 1994, 32(4): 821-832
[3] Chen Yuh-Min, Liang Ming-Wu. Design and implementation of a collaborative engineering information system for allied concurrent engineering. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2000, 13 (1): 11-30
[4] Denker S., Steward D. V., Browning T. R. Planning concurrency and managing iteration in projects. Project Management Journal, 2001, 32(3): 31-38
[5] 王计斌．并行工程环境下产品开发过程研究[博士学位论文]．北京：清华大学，1999
[6] Smith P., Morrow A. Product development process modeling. Design Studies, 1999, 22(3): 237-261
[7] Yassine A., Falkenburg D., Chelst K. Engineering design management: an information structure approach. International Journal of Production Research, 1999, 37(13): 2957-2975
[8] Avraham S., Jonathan F. Project management: engineering, technology and implementation. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1994
[9] 江景波，葛震明，何治．网络技术原理及应用．上海：同济大学出版社，1997
[10] 陈禹六．IDEF建模分析和设计方法．北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[11] Kusiak A., Letsche T., Zakarian. Data modeling with IDEF1x. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 1997, 10(6): 470-486
[12] Steward D. V. The design structure system: a method for managing the design of complex system. IEEE Transaction on Engineering Management, 1981, 28(3): 71-78
[13] Eppinger S., Whitney D., Smith R., et al. A Model-Based Method for Organizing Tasks in Product Development. Research in Engineering Design, 1994, 6(1): 1-13
[14] Steward D. V. Partitioning and Tearing Systems of Equations. SIAM Journal of Numerical Analysis Series B, 1965, 2, (2): 345-365
[15] Ledet W., Himmelblau D. Decomposition Procedures for the Solving of Large Scale Systems. Advances in Chemical Engineering, 1970, 8(4): 185-224
[16] Warfield J. Binary Matrices in System Modeling. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1973, 3(5)
[17] Rogers J. Tools and Techniques for Decomposing and Managing Complex Design Projects. AIAA Journal of Aircraft, 1999, 36(1): 266-274
[18] Austin, S., Baldwin, A., Li, B., Waskett, P. Application of the analytical design planning technique to construction project management. Project Management Journal, 2000, 31(2): 48-59
[19] Austin, S., Baldwin, A., Newton, A. A data flow model to plan and manage the building design process. Journal of Engineering Design, 1996, 7(1): 3-25
[20] 杨劲，吴子燕，孙树栋．建筑工程设计过程规划研究．系统工程理论与实践．2005，25(10)：125-130
[21] 柳玲，李百战，杨明宇．建筑协同设计中冲突模型的研究．工程图学学报．2006，27(1)：55-60
[22] 万小兵．白思俊．郭云涛．大型建筑施工企业的设备管理模式研究．建筑机械化．2006，27(4)：53-55
[23] Eppinger, S. D. Innovation at the speed of information. Harvard Business Review, 2001, 79(1): 149-158
[24] Osborne, S. M. Product development cycle time characterization through modeling of process iteration. M.S. thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1993.
[25] Malmstr(o|¨)m, J., Pikosz, P., Malmqvist, J. The complementary roles of IDEFO and DSM for the modeling of information management processes. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application, 1999, 7(2): 95-103
[26] Sequeira, M. W. Use of the design structure matrix in the improvement of an automobile development process. M.S. thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1991.
[27] Smith R. P., Eppinger, S. D. A predictive model of sequential iteration in engineering design. Manage Science, 1997, 43(8): 1104-1120
[28] Smith R. P., Eppinger, S. D. Deciding between sequential and parallel tasks in engineering design. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application. 1998, 6(1): 15-25, 1998.
[29] Ahmadi, R. H., Roemer, T. A., Wang, R. H. Structuring product development processes. European Journal of Operation Research, 2001,130(3): 539-558
[30] Andersson, J. On engineering systems design: A simulation and optimization approach. M.E. thesis, Link(o|¨)pings Universitet, Link(o|¨)ping, Sweden, 1999.
[31] Browning, T. R. Systematic IPT integration in lean development programs. M.S. thesis, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1996.
[32] Browning, T. R. Modeling and analyzing cost, schedule, and performance in complex system product development. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1998.
[33] Clarkson P. J, Hamilton, J. R. 'Signposting': A parameter-driven task-based model of the design process. Research in Engineering Design, 2000, 12(1): 18-38
[34] Danilovic, M. L. Leadership and organization of integration in product development. Ph.D. dissertation, Link(o|¨)pings Universitet, Link(o|¨)ping, Sweden, 1999.
[35] Browning T. R. Applying the design structure matrix to system decomposition and integration problems: A review and new directions. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 2001, 48(3): 292-306
[36] Krishnan V., Eppinger S. D., Whitney D. E. Simplifying iterations in cross-functional design decision making. ASME Journal Mechanical Design, 1997, 119(4): 485-493
[37] Akao Yoji. Quality Function Deployment: integrating customer requirements into product design. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Productivity Press, 1990
[38] Steward D. V. Re-engineering the Design Process. Proceedings of the IEEE Second Workshop on Enable Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises, 1993:94-98
[39] 徐晓刚．设计结构矩阵研究及其在设计管理中的应用[博士学位论文]．重庆：重庆大学，2002
[40] Krishnan V., Eppinger S. D., Whiney D. S. A Model-Based Framework to Overlap Product Development Activities. Management Science, 1997, 43 (4): 437-451
[41] Krishnan V. Managing the simultaneous execution of coupled phases in concurrent product development. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1996, 43(2): 210-217
[42] Su J. C., Chen S. J., Lin L. A structured approach to measuring functional dependency and sequencing of coupled tasks in engineering design[J]. Computer & Industrial Engineering, 2003, 45(1): 195-214
[43] 梅成刚，肖人彬．复杂设计过程的信息建模及重组．机械科学与技术，2004， 24(1)：105-109
[44] 屈梁生，何正嘉．机械故障诊断学．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1986
[45] 陈克兴，李川奇．设备状态监测与故障诊断技术．北京：科学技术文献出版社， 1991
[46] 屈梁生，陈岳东．计算机辅助检测与故障诊断技术．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1989
[47] 黎洪生，史铁林，杨叔子．基于Internet的远程设备故障诊断系统结构研究．武汉：第一届全国诊断工程技术学术会议，1998．10：294-299
[48] 张晓彤．设备远程诊断方法与应用：[博士学位论文]．北京：北京科技大学，2000
[49] 徐科，杨德斌，徐金梧．小波变换在齿轮局部缺陷诊断中的应用．机械工程学报，1999，35(3)：105-107
[50] 徐金梧，张晓彤．基于神经网络的多传感器自适应滤波．北京科技大学学报， 1999，21(3)：273-277
[51] 张晓彤，徐金梧，杨德斌．大型连轧机传动齿轮在线故障诊断方法研究．北京：钢铁，2001，36(3)：59-63
[52] Stephen Albin. The art of software architecture: design methods and techniques. Indiana: Wiley Pub, 2003
[53] Mary Shaw, David Garlan. Software Architecture: Perspectives on an Emerging Discipline. Indiana: Prentice-Hall International, Inc., 1996
[54] Len Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman. Software architecture in practice. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2003
[55] Christine Hofmeister, Robert Nord, Dilip Soni. Applied software architecture. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2000
[56] Thai Thuan L., Lain Hoang Q. NET framework essentials. CA: O'Reilly, 2001
[57] Crawford, William. J2EE Design Patterns. CA: O'Reilly & Assoc., 2003
[58] (美)Deepak Alur等著．J2EE核心模式．牛志奇等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[59] (美)Michi Henning，Stephen Vinoski著．基于C++CORBA高级编程．徐金梧，徐科，吕志民等译．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
[60] Ron Zahavi. Enterprise application integration with CORBA: component and Web-based solutions. New York: Wiley, 2000
[61] Booch G. Unified Modeling language User Guide. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1998
[62] (美)Leroy N．，Solomon M．K．，Basu J．著．Oracle8i Java组件编程--EJB、CORBA和JSP．武欣，王文瑜，罗云峰等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
[63] (美)Stephen Walther著．ASP．NET技术内幕．马朝晖等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[64] (美)Ali Akbar，(美)Keyur Shah著．BEA Weblogic Server管理指南．邱仲潘等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
[65] (美)Ueli Wahli等著．WebSphere环境下的Web服务开发技术．瞿裕忠等编译．北京：世界图书出版公司北京公司，2002
[66] Object Management Group. The Common Object Request Broker Architecture: Core Specification, Version 3.0. USA: OMG, 2002
[67] (美)James Snell等著．SOAP Web服务开发．胡军译．北京：中国电力出版社， 2002
[68] Scott Seely. SOAP: cross platform Web service development using XML. NJ: Prentice Hall PTR, 2002
[69] 申瑞民，李文彬，严健．Web Testing--一个基于WWW的远程测试系统．计算机工程及应用，1997．12
[70] (澳)Jarrod Hollingworth著．C++Builder 5程序设计大全．康向东等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[71] Borland／Inprise公司著．C++Builder 5开发人员指南．梁志刚等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．
[72] Li C., Li L. A Java-based multi-tier distributed object enterprise computing model. Journal of Syst. Eng. and Electroc, 2001, 12(4): 85-90
[73] Li C., Lu Z., Li L. A distributed computing model and its application, IEEE ICCNMC 2001, IEEE Computer Society Press, USA, 2001:341-346
[74] Li M., Walker D., Rana O., et al. Williams P T. Engineering high-performance legacy codes as CORBA components for problem-solving environments. Journal of Parallel Distributed. Computing, 2003 (63): 1152-1163
[75] Martin Verwijmeren. Software component architecture in supply chain management. Computers in Industry, 2004 (53): 165-178
[76] Scott Hissam, Gabriel Moreno, Judith Stafford, Kurt Wallnau. Enabling predictable assembly. The Journal of Systems and Software, 2003(65): 185-198
[77] 丁玉兰，石来德．机械设备故障诊断技术．上海：上海科学技术文献出版社， 1994
[78] 黄文虎，夏松波，刘瑞岩等．设备故障论断原理、技术及应用．北京：科学出版社，1996
[79] 赵林度．大型机电系统故障诊断技术．北京：中国石化出版社，2001
[80] 吕志民．非线性理论、方法在设备故障诊断中的应用研究：[博士学位论文]．北京：北京科技大学，1998
[81] 褚福磊，冯冠平，张正松．碰摩转子系统中的阵发性及混沌现象．航空动力学报，1996，11(3)：261-26
[82] 张宇，陈予恕．转子碰摩非线性动力学特征分析．天津大学学报，1998，31(3)：321-324
[83] 胡建中．基于多智能体技术的故障诊断理论与方法研究：[博士学位论文]．东南大学，2003
[84] 李维．C++Builder6 SOAP／WEB Service 开发．武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2002
[85] M. Ali, V. Gupta. An Expert System for Fault Diagnosis in a Space Shuttle Main Engine. AIAA-90-1990
[86] J.M. Davis. Augmenting Experience-Based Diagnosis With Casual Reasoning. Int. Journal of Intelligent Systems, 1989(4): 155-165
[87] P.D. Kapp. An Analysis of the Distinction between Deep and Shallow Expert Systems. Int. Journal of Expert System. 1989, 2(1): 1-32
[88] Y. Peng, J. Reggia. A Probabilistic Causal Model for Diagnostic Problem solving-Part Ⅰ: Integrating Symbolic Casual Inference with Numeric Probabilistic Inference. IEEE Trans. On System, Man and Cybernetics. 1987, 17(2): 146-162
[89] Y. Peng, J. Reggia. A probabilistic Causal Model for Diagnostic Problem solving-Part Ⅱ: Diagnositic Strategy. IEEE Trans. On System, Man and Cybernetics, 1987, 17(3): 395-406
[90] J. de Kleer, B. C. Williams. Diagnosis with Behavioral Models. Proc. of IJCAI-89: 1324
[91] M. gallanti, L. gilardoni. Integrating Shallow and Deep Knowledge in the Design of Online Process Monitoring System. Int. Journal of Man-Manchine Studies. 1987, 27(4): 641-664
[92] Len Bass, Paul Clements, Rick Kazman. Software architecture in practice. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2003
[93] Christine Hofmeister, Robert Nord, Dilip Soni. Applied software architecture. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2000
[94] Thai, Thuan L, Lam, Hoang Q..NET framework essentials. CA: O'Reilly, 2001
[95] Crawford, William. J2EE Design Patterns. CA: O'Reilly & Assoc., 2003
[96] (美)Deepak Alur等著．J2EE核心模式．牛志奇等译．北京： 机械工业出版社，2002
[97] (美)Joseph J．Bambara等著．J2EE技术内幕．刘堃等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
[98] (美)Vlada Matena，(美)Beth Stearns著．J2EE平台上的EJB组件开发．瞿裕忠等译．北京：机械工业出版社，2001
[99] (美)Michi Henning，Stephen Vinoski著．基于C++CORBA高级编程．徐金梧，徐科，吕志民等译．北京： 清华大学出版社，2000
[100] Object Management Group. The Common Object Request Broker:
[101] Architecture and Specification. Revision 2.3. USA: OMG, 1998
[102] [27] Object Management Group. CORBAservices: Common Object Services Specification. USA: OMG, 1997
[103] Dirk Slama, Jason Garbis, Perry Russel. Enterprise CORBA. Indiana: Prentice hall PTR, 1999
[104] Andreas Eberhart, Stefan Fischer. Java tools: using XML, EJB, CORBA, Servlets and SOAP. West Sussex: Wiley, 2002
[105] 徐金梧，杨德斌，徐科．Turbo C实用大全．北京：机械工业出版社，1996
[106] 谢希仁．计算机网络．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1997
[107] Ron Zahavi. Enterprise application integration with CORBA: component and Web-based solutions. New York: Wiley, 2000
[108] Booch G.Unified Modeling language User Guide. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1998
[109] (美)Williams M．著．Windows 2000编程技术内幕．前导工作室译．北京：机械工业出版社，1999
[110] 刘锦德，苏森．CORBA技术的新发展．成都：计算机应用，1999，19(5)：1-3
[111] Vlada Matena, Beth Steams: Applying Enterprise JavaBeans: Component-Based Development for the J2EE Platform. USA: Sun Microsystem, 2001
[112] Feldmann K, Gohringer J. Multimedia system for remote diagnosis of complex placement machines. International Journal of Advance Manufacturing Technology, 1999, 15(5): 1712-1731
[113] Foster C, Kesselman. The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, USA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1999
[114] Kon F, Yamane T. Dynamic resource management and automatic configuration of the distributed component system, 6 Usenix Conference on Object-Oriented Technologies and Systems, 2001
[115] Li C, Lu Z, Li L, Zhang S. A Mobile Agent Platform Based on Tuple Space Coordination, Journal of Advances in Engineering Software, 2002, 33(4): 215-225
[116] Li C, Li L. An Agent-oriented and Service-oriented Environment for Deploying Dynamic Distributed Systems. Journal Computer Standard and Interface, 2002, 24(4): 321-334.
[117] John H, Gennari, Heyning Cheng, Russ B, Altman, Mark A, Musen. Reuse, CORBA, and knowledge-based systems. Int. J. Human Computer Studies, 1998 (49): 523-546
[118] Antonopoulos N, Shafarenko A. An active organization system for customized, secure agent discovery, Journal of Supercomputing 2001 (20): 5-35
[119] Object Management Group. Persistent State Service Specification Version 2.0. USA: OMG, 2002