3X04铝合金的制备工艺及性能研究
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摘要
3X04系列铝合金是目前产量最大的单一薄板合金,也是国内外铝罐罐身生产的常用材料。我国目前制罐铝材生产中存在的主要问题一是轧制加工工艺落后(尤其是热轧),二是材质的纯洁度低、内部组织差。近年来研究的注意力多集中在前者,而忽视了对改善铝材内在纯净度、铸造组织等的研究。铝合金激光焊接技术发展很快,对不同铝合金材料,激光焊接性存在很大不同,而对3X04铝合金的激光焊接性一直没有专门报道。
本文利用正交试验对合金成分进行了设计,研究了合金元素对3X04铝合金组织及性能的影响,得出了合金元素的较佳含量。探讨了铝合金晶粒细化机理及其动力学,并在此基础上研究了国产Al5Ti1B中间合金对3X04铝合金细化效果的影响,结果表明当细化剂含量为1.2%,760℃加入时细化效果最好,且“液态细化”工艺优于“固态细化”工艺,细化后晶粒由树枝晶变为细小等轴晶,晶间化合物由枝晶网状变为细小分散状。运用扫描电镜、能谱分析、力学性能测试等手段研究了微量稀土元素在3X04铝合金中的作用,结果表明适量稀土元素的加入不但明显降低了3X04铝合金铸件的孔隙率,还对第二相存在变质作用,使第二相粒子由原来的骨骼状变为细条状。同时稀土元素还能够明显延缓细化剂的衰退时间。腐蚀试验表明,添加微量稀土元素可增强抗点腐蚀敏感性。
对3X04铝合金铸锭进行了均匀化处理和力学性能测试,得出了较佳的热处理规范。激光焊接试验表明,焊缝狭窄,为单相细晶α(Al)组织,无明显裂纹和大气孔存在,焊缝的强度和硬度显著优于母材。
3X04 aluminum alloy is the most productive sheet alloy at the present time, widely used in can body alloys for its high strength and high ductility. The main problem in production of can bodies in our country is that the backward mill processing technology (especially the hot rolling), the other is the lower purity and unadapted microstructure. In recent years, the researches mostly concentrate on the former but ignore the ways to increase the interior percentage of purity and improve the ingot structure. Also with the rapidly development of laser welding, the laser weldability has big differences for different aluminum alloy. No references report specially for the 3X04 aluminum alloy.In this paper, orthogonal experimental design was used to design the component of the alloy, through fusion metallurgy and mechanical property test, the effect of alloying agents on the structure properties was studied, and finally the optimum agents component was obtained. The mechanism of grain refinement and kinetics were discussed, on the basis of which the effect of domestic A15TilB master alloy on the refinement of 3X04 alloy was studied. The experiments show that: the best refine result can be got with 1.2% A15TilB at 760°C, and the technology of liquid refinement is better than solid refinement. After grain refinement, the dentritic grains become small exquiaxed grains and the netshaped second-phase become dispersive. The further study concentrate on the effect of rare earth in 3X04 alloy, through the analysis of scanning electronic microscope (SEM), energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) and mechanical properties test, the results shows that proper quantities not only can decrease the porosity, can change the morphology and distribution of the second-phase, but also can delay the fading of refinement. Corrosion test shows that proper rare earth addition enhance the general corrosion sensitivity.The better heat treatment parameters obtained through uniform heat treatment and
mechanical property experiments. Laser welding experiment shows that the morphology of weld seam is single-phase fine grain a-Al, no apparent crack and gas porosity, the hardness and strength of the welding seam is higher than base metal.
本文利用正交试验对合金成分进行了设计,研究了合金元素对3X04铝合金组织及性能的影响,得出了合金元素的较佳含量。探讨了铝合金晶粒细化机理及其动力学,并在此基础上研究了国产Al5Ti1B中间合金对3X04铝合金细化效果的影响,结果表明当细化剂含量为1.2%,760℃加入时细化效果最好,且“液态细化”工艺优于“固态细化”工艺,细化后晶粒由树枝晶变为细小等轴晶,晶间化合物由枝晶网状变为细小分散状。运用扫描电镜、能谱分析、力学性能测试等手段研究了微量稀土元素在3X04铝合金中的作用,结果表明适量稀土元素的加入不但明显降低了3X04铝合金铸件的孔隙率,还对第二相存在变质作用,使第二相粒子由原来的骨骼状变为细条状。同时稀土元素还能够明显延缓细化剂的衰退时间。腐蚀试验表明,添加微量稀土元素可增强抗点腐蚀敏感性。
对3X04铝合金铸锭进行了均匀化处理和力学性能测试,得出了较佳的热处理规范。激光焊接试验表明,焊缝狭窄,为单相细晶α(Al)组织,无明显裂纹和大气孔存在,焊缝的强度和硬度显著优于母材。
3X04 aluminum alloy is the most productive sheet alloy at the present time, widely used in can body alloys for its high strength and high ductility. The main problem in production of can bodies in our country is that the backward mill processing technology (especially the hot rolling), the other is the lower purity and unadapted microstructure. In recent years, the researches mostly concentrate on the former but ignore the ways to increase the interior percentage of purity and improve the ingot structure. Also with the rapidly development of laser welding, the laser weldability has big differences for different aluminum alloy. No references report specially for the 3X04 aluminum alloy.In this paper, orthogonal experimental design was used to design the component of the alloy, through fusion metallurgy and mechanical property test, the effect of alloying agents on the structure properties was studied, and finally the optimum agents component was obtained. The mechanism of grain refinement and kinetics were discussed, on the basis of which the effect of domestic A15TilB master alloy on the refinement of 3X04 alloy was studied. The experiments show that: the best refine result can be got with 1.2% A15TilB at 760°C, and the technology of liquid refinement is better than solid refinement. After grain refinement, the dentritic grains become small exquiaxed grains and the netshaped second-phase become dispersive. The further study concentrate on the effect of rare earth in 3X04 alloy, through the analysis of scanning electronic microscope (SEM), energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) and mechanical properties test, the results shows that proper quantities not only can decrease the porosity, can change the morphology and distribution of the second-phase, but also can delay the fading of refinement. Corrosion test shows that proper rare earth addition enhance the general corrosion sensitivity.The better heat treatment parameters obtained through uniform heat treatment and
mechanical property experiments. Laser welding experiment shows that the morphology of weld seam is single-phase fine grain a-Al, no apparent crack and gas porosity, the hardness and strength of the welding seam is higher than base metal.
引文
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[30] 傅高升,钱匡武等.提高罐用铝材冶金质量的重要性及途径[J].材料导报,2000,14(1):25-27
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[35] 佟长清,3004合金铸锭锰偏析及均匀化处理[J].轻合金加工技术,1997,25(1):35
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