劳动力迁入对澳门经济发展影响
|
摘要
澳门经济快速发展与转型离不开迁入劳动力的人力资本贡献,本文立足于开放经济体的迁入劳动力要素,构建微型经济体的宏观经济学分析框架,即从多视角探寻不同于大国模式的劳动力要素贡献研究。本文总体上由理论部分和实证检验的相互结合来展开研究,从澳门经济发展和劳动力市场的结构特征与就业规律等方面入手,考察澳门劳动力和人力资本短缺的现状以及迁入劳动力的规模和趋势,并以此为基础,从迁入劳动力的微观动因模型,实证研究澳门1996-2006年澳门的样本数据,发现迁入劳动力除了具有一般性收入—成本权衡的规律外(如就业机会和相对收入的作用),软环境的“社会网络”效应是成为迁入劳动力的推动要素,地理因素的国家(和地区)边界效应则构成了两个层面的迁入壁垒因素,即自然壁垒和体制壁垒。
澳门经济转型过程伴随着就业结构的变迁。以迁入劳动力与本土劳动力的职业匹配为分析切入点,本研究认为“迁入”与“本土”劳动力的配置效率的提高有利地促进了澳门的经济转型,而迁入劳动力的人力资本“红利”通过补贴本土劳动力有效地提升了整个社会福利,进而带动了澳门本地经济快速发展,对澳门产业结构升级产生了积极正面影响。在实证研究中,以人力资本理论、新增长理论的“干中学”和“知识溢出”效应等为基础,通过确立人力资本形成理论基础和实证模式,测算了1990-2007年间澳门各层次迁入劳动力的人力资本累积程度,OLS估计发现澳门迁入劳动力人力资本结构优化与产业结构升级呈正相关。
迁入劳动力的人力资本影响经济增长具有多机制,也存在多均衡。通过实证检验了1980~2006年的时间序列,Granger因果检验研究发现,迁入劳动力与经济增长具有双向因果链,即肯定了澳门经济增长的迁入劳动力累积效应,也确立了迁入人力资本的增长贡献。
最后部分为政策研究,通过审视澳门对外来劳动力的迁入政策,提出有利于澳门产业结构升级和经济发展的调整策略,进而研究如何改善迁入劳动力的人力资本结构,在政策层面进一步提高迁入劳动力对澳门经济整体的贡献。
After its handover to the People’s Republic of China, Macao Special Administrative Region (MASR) has witnessed phenomenal changes in its politics, economy, and people’s livelihood. However, along with its rapid economic expansion, labor shortage has become a serious problem affecting Macao’s further economic development. The MSAR Government has implemented a policy of introducing foreign labor to ease the human resources bottleneck. Statistics at the end of December, 2008 showed that there were 92,161 non-local workers in Macao, or 28.5% of the total employed population. This figure highlights the importance of foreign labor in Macao's economy. This dissertation attempts to use the theories of labor migration, human capital and economic growth to explore the pattern of labor migration to Macao and its impact on Macao’s mini-economy, with the aim to examine the role of external factors in Macao’s economy from the perspective of human capital; theoretical models are put forward and empirically tested and tentative conclusions are arrived at for the analysis of migrant labor’s role in Macao’s economic and social life.
In the 400-odd year history since its opening as a free port in 1557, Macao’handover to the motherland on December 20, 1999 certainly marked a new era. The MSAR Government took economic growth as its top priority and liberalized the gaming industry in 2002, a truly ingenious political action. An unprecedented outburst of economic and social vitality swept Macao and from 1999 to 2008, Macao’s GDP grew from 47.287 billion patacas to 1,718.67 billion patacas, an average yearly growth rate of 13.3%; its per capita GDP increased from 110,000 patacas to 310,000 patacas, second only to Japan in Asia; unemployment rate dropped from 7% to 3%; total gaming revenue in 2007 exceeded that of Las Vegas, enabling Macao to become the world's largest casino city.
An analysis is first conducted from the perspectives of the demand and supply of labor in Macao. The increase of Macao's labor force has been rather slow due to the small size of its population. For example, out of the 6,617 high school graduates in Academic Year 2007/2008, 5,211 went on to college and 822 joined the workforce; in the same period, the number of local students graduating from tertiary education institutions were 3,171. However, vacancies in the job market have increased significantly and by the end of 2007, there were 20,160 vacancies in Macao. It showed that the local labor force is not able to meet the human resources needs for its economic growth both in structure and aggregate number.
The total working population of Macao in 2007 was 322,800, with 313,300 employed population, thus the overall labor force participation rate is 70.5%. Macao’s labor force is generally characterized by low-level education, with 54.5% only completing junior high school or lower. Most jobs are found in a few economic sectors, and there is structural imbalance in its labor force. About 49% of the employed population are concentrated in three sectors, namely, "community, social and personal services" in the gaming industry (23.4%), "construction" (13.0%), and "Hotel and restaurants management" (12.8). The predominance of one single industry, i.e., the gaming industry, has been the most striking feature of Macao’s employment labor market. Furthermore, because the gaming industry offers higher pay and lower educational requirement, the labor shortage and low quality of Macao’s population has been exacerbated; meanwhile, structural unemployment remains a salient issue in Macao’s labor market. Although unemployment rate fell to 3.1% in 2007, the number of unemployed workers remains fairly constant year by year since the handover at 10,000 to 140, 000 people, with no obvious decrease of the total unemployed population.
In the 1980s, to address the shortage of manufacturing labor in Macao, the Portuguese Government of Macao established the legal basis for foreign labor migration to Macao by publication of the relevant legislation in the Government Gazette. Since the handover, with the introduction of competition mechanism into the gaming industry, Macao’s economy took off and the demand for labor becomes ever larger. According to statistics, between 2003 and 2007 the employed population of Macau grew by an annual rate of 10%, which is mainly attributed to the rapid growth of foreign labor. From 2003 to 2007, the average growth rate of foreign labor reached 37%, and the total number of foreign labor rose from 1999's 322, 000 to 852,000 by the end of 2007. The ratio of foreign labor in the total employed population was 28.4%; With regard to the sources of migrant labor, labor from mainland China, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia accounted for 60% of the total workforce, mainly in manufacturing, hotel and catering, and construction; In terms of wage levels, foreign workers generally receives a lower pay than the native-born workers, and some foreign workers have to accept longer working hours and unequal treatment.
From the perspective of motivations of the migrant foreign labor, the present study examines labor migration to Macao from its neighboring regions by means of establishing the individual decision-making model and extending it to the empirical equation. Relevant statistical data of Macao’s economy in 1996-2006 and samples are used for the regression of the migrant foreign labor in Macao. The findings: income, employment opportunities and social network are the motivations of labor migration to Macao, whereas geography and national/ regional border constitutes the two major types of barriers, namely, the natural barrier and institutional barrier.
In view of the decisive role of human resources in economic development, whether migrant labor has helped to improve the human resources situation of Macao is of great concern. Both the Romer endogenous growth theory and the Lucas human capital specialization model show that investment in human capital can generate incremental returns of scale. These theoretical models have been used for showing the correlation between the different rates of returns and the different educational levels of migrant workers in Macao and human capital of the migrant labor in various industries are measured and empirically verified. The results showed that from a long-term point of view migrant labor has generally contributed to positive human capital accumulation in Macao; with the expansion of its scale and improvement of its structure, foreign labor has greatly eased the shortage of manpower in the local labor market, providing a huge demographic dividend for Macao.
Investigation is made into Macao's overall wage rate and the wage rates of a given industry, as well as the impact of migrant labor on the wage level of local workers. The results show that the import of foreign workers does not necessarily affect the local workers’wage level adversely. In most sectors foreign workers are paid less than local workers, and that on the whole the increase of foreign workers has not brought about obvious negative impact on the local workers’wage level. (Chen Naij & Zhang Feiyan, 2007). The wage discrepancies across industries in Macao are primarily the outcome of the expansion on the scale of the liberalized gambling sector under the market mechanism, without obvious driving effect on other industries. In line with Zhong Xiaohan (2006)’s view, the author has analyzed the migrant labor’s impact on Macao’s employment and wage rates in the context of international division of labor. Using the micro- labor "moving-in" and "local" job matching model, and on the basis of relevant data from the 1989-2008 period, an empirical study has been conducted into the employment structure of migrant labor in Macao. The findings: the complementariness between the migrant labor and local labor in terms of employment is conducive to efficient human resources allocation and the human capital "dividend" provided by the migrant labor has raised the local community’s welfare by means of subsidizing local workers, and has promoted local economic development.
The statistical and survey data of Macao’s industries from 1990 to 2007 have been analyzed. The empirical study shows that the development of high-tech industry in Macao is not fully matched by its human resource structure and consequently the proportion of high-tech industry in Macao’s economy is rather insignificant. In fact, many scholars believe that Macau's economic strength and resources at this stage do not provide fertile soil for the development of hi-tech industry; given the small size of Macau and the lack of high-tech personnel, it is difficult for Macao to acquire top-end hi-tech through R & D and have access to hi-tech market. The future pattern of development of Macao’s industrial structure will be largely determined by its existing resources, i.e., gradually from labor-intensive industry to semi-skilled, semi-capital-intensive industry, with the tertiary industry continuing to grow. This means that Macao will need to introduce foreign labor on a substantial scale; in addition, Macao should continue to invest substantial resources in local human resources development for future industrial upgrading, enhancing its competitive advantage, and providing services support. Yet many experts also believe that the introduction of high-end human resources for industrial restructuring and diversification is undoubtedly a short-term expedient. In the long term, Macao’s high-level human resources should be home-grown and Macao should spare no efforts to achieve this goal, while the introduction of foreign labor is only auxiliary.
The sample data from 1980 to 2006 have been studied using the software EVIEWS to conduct Granger causality test of the two variables, with focus on the theoretical model and empirical verification of the migrant labor’s impact on Macao’s economic growth. Multi-theoretical study proved that migrant labor into the equation of economic growth will affect the dynamic equilibrium; empirical verification includes Granger test of the causal relationship between labor migration to Macao and local economic growth. The results showed that a two-way causal chain exists between the two variables, an adequate testimony of the driving effect of Macao’s economic expansion on the introduction of foreign labor, and at the same time, affirming foreign labor’s contribution to the growth of Macao’s GDP.
Migrant labor has played an important role in the economic and social development of Macao; however, it also give rise to some social problems. For instance, foreign labor has been blamed for being the source of intensified social conflicts, mounting environmental pressures and overburdening urban facilities, as well as soaring real estate prices.
From the above analysis, we may draw some tentative conclusions: the human capital accumulation offered by migrant labor to Macao promotes industry upgrading, and the contradiction between the upgraded industrial system and the lagging-behind local human capital can not be solved by introduction of matching foreign labor; industries with heavy concentration of foreign labor are facing fierce competition and difficulty in raising the wage level. Through utilizing the human capital "dividend" provided by the cheap foreign labor to subsidize local labor, Macao’s mini-economy has achieved rapid economic growth and improved the overall welfare of society; due to the complementariness of elements in the division of labor, the "spillover effect" and the "learning by doing" capacity building of migrant workers, foreign labor is indispensible for Macao's economic development.
Policy recommendations:
1. Strengthen the theoretical and policy study on human resources in Macao, with a view to providing strong support for public administration.
2. Enact and improve legislations aimed at ensuring the priority of local workers in employment, with a sound supervision and safeguard system duly established.
3. Develop and implement scientific medium- and long-term plans on human resources, in order to ensure harmonious relationships between the population, environment, and the various social resources for sustainable development.
4. Strengthen the coordination mechanisms between the Government, job intermediaries, capital and labor.
5. Improve the labor market information network by building the labor and employment service databases as soon as possible.
6. Strengthen the training of non-local labor with the objective of promoting Macao's economic growth and investment and development in human capital.
7. Protect the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers, promote relations between local and non-local workers and build a harmonious society.
澳门经济转型过程伴随着就业结构的变迁。以迁入劳动力与本土劳动力的职业匹配为分析切入点,本研究认为“迁入”与“本土”劳动力的配置效率的提高有利地促进了澳门的经济转型,而迁入劳动力的人力资本“红利”通过补贴本土劳动力有效地提升了整个社会福利,进而带动了澳门本地经济快速发展,对澳门产业结构升级产生了积极正面影响。在实证研究中,以人力资本理论、新增长理论的“干中学”和“知识溢出”效应等为基础,通过确立人力资本形成理论基础和实证模式,测算了1990-2007年间澳门各层次迁入劳动力的人力资本累积程度,OLS估计发现澳门迁入劳动力人力资本结构优化与产业结构升级呈正相关。
迁入劳动力的人力资本影响经济增长具有多机制,也存在多均衡。通过实证检验了1980~2006年的时间序列,Granger因果检验研究发现,迁入劳动力与经济增长具有双向因果链,即肯定了澳门经济增长的迁入劳动力累积效应,也确立了迁入人力资本的增长贡献。
最后部分为政策研究,通过审视澳门对外来劳动力的迁入政策,提出有利于澳门产业结构升级和经济发展的调整策略,进而研究如何改善迁入劳动力的人力资本结构,在政策层面进一步提高迁入劳动力对澳门经济整体的贡献。
After its handover to the People’s Republic of China, Macao Special Administrative Region (MASR) has witnessed phenomenal changes in its politics, economy, and people’s livelihood. However, along with its rapid economic expansion, labor shortage has become a serious problem affecting Macao’s further economic development. The MSAR Government has implemented a policy of introducing foreign labor to ease the human resources bottleneck. Statistics at the end of December, 2008 showed that there were 92,161 non-local workers in Macao, or 28.5% of the total employed population. This figure highlights the importance of foreign labor in Macao's economy. This dissertation attempts to use the theories of labor migration, human capital and economic growth to explore the pattern of labor migration to Macao and its impact on Macao’s mini-economy, with the aim to examine the role of external factors in Macao’s economy from the perspective of human capital; theoretical models are put forward and empirically tested and tentative conclusions are arrived at for the analysis of migrant labor’s role in Macao’s economic and social life.
In the 400-odd year history since its opening as a free port in 1557, Macao’handover to the motherland on December 20, 1999 certainly marked a new era. The MSAR Government took economic growth as its top priority and liberalized the gaming industry in 2002, a truly ingenious political action. An unprecedented outburst of economic and social vitality swept Macao and from 1999 to 2008, Macao’s GDP grew from 47.287 billion patacas to 1,718.67 billion patacas, an average yearly growth rate of 13.3%; its per capita GDP increased from 110,000 patacas to 310,000 patacas, second only to Japan in Asia; unemployment rate dropped from 7% to 3%; total gaming revenue in 2007 exceeded that of Las Vegas, enabling Macao to become the world's largest casino city.
An analysis is first conducted from the perspectives of the demand and supply of labor in Macao. The increase of Macao's labor force has been rather slow due to the small size of its population. For example, out of the 6,617 high school graduates in Academic Year 2007/2008, 5,211 went on to college and 822 joined the workforce; in the same period, the number of local students graduating from tertiary education institutions were 3,171. However, vacancies in the job market have increased significantly and by the end of 2007, there were 20,160 vacancies in Macao. It showed that the local labor force is not able to meet the human resources needs for its economic growth both in structure and aggregate number.
The total working population of Macao in 2007 was 322,800, with 313,300 employed population, thus the overall labor force participation rate is 70.5%. Macao’s labor force is generally characterized by low-level education, with 54.5% only completing junior high school or lower. Most jobs are found in a few economic sectors, and there is structural imbalance in its labor force. About 49% of the employed population are concentrated in three sectors, namely, "community, social and personal services" in the gaming industry (23.4%), "construction" (13.0%), and "Hotel and restaurants management" (12.8). The predominance of one single industry, i.e., the gaming industry, has been the most striking feature of Macao’s employment labor market. Furthermore, because the gaming industry offers higher pay and lower educational requirement, the labor shortage and low quality of Macao’s population has been exacerbated; meanwhile, structural unemployment remains a salient issue in Macao’s labor market. Although unemployment rate fell to 3.1% in 2007, the number of unemployed workers remains fairly constant year by year since the handover at 10,000 to 140, 000 people, with no obvious decrease of the total unemployed population.
In the 1980s, to address the shortage of manufacturing labor in Macao, the Portuguese Government of Macao established the legal basis for foreign labor migration to Macao by publication of the relevant legislation in the Government Gazette. Since the handover, with the introduction of competition mechanism into the gaming industry, Macao’s economy took off and the demand for labor becomes ever larger. According to statistics, between 2003 and 2007 the employed population of Macau grew by an annual rate of 10%, which is mainly attributed to the rapid growth of foreign labor. From 2003 to 2007, the average growth rate of foreign labor reached 37%, and the total number of foreign labor rose from 1999's 322, 000 to 852,000 by the end of 2007. The ratio of foreign labor in the total employed population was 28.4%; With regard to the sources of migrant labor, labor from mainland China, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia accounted for 60% of the total workforce, mainly in manufacturing, hotel and catering, and construction; In terms of wage levels, foreign workers generally receives a lower pay than the native-born workers, and some foreign workers have to accept longer working hours and unequal treatment.
From the perspective of motivations of the migrant foreign labor, the present study examines labor migration to Macao from its neighboring regions by means of establishing the individual decision-making model and extending it to the empirical equation. Relevant statistical data of Macao’s economy in 1996-2006 and samples are used for the regression of the migrant foreign labor in Macao. The findings: income, employment opportunities and social network are the motivations of labor migration to Macao, whereas geography and national/ regional border constitutes the two major types of barriers, namely, the natural barrier and institutional barrier.
In view of the decisive role of human resources in economic development, whether migrant labor has helped to improve the human resources situation of Macao is of great concern. Both the Romer endogenous growth theory and the Lucas human capital specialization model show that investment in human capital can generate incremental returns of scale. These theoretical models have been used for showing the correlation between the different rates of returns and the different educational levels of migrant workers in Macao and human capital of the migrant labor in various industries are measured and empirically verified. The results showed that from a long-term point of view migrant labor has generally contributed to positive human capital accumulation in Macao; with the expansion of its scale and improvement of its structure, foreign labor has greatly eased the shortage of manpower in the local labor market, providing a huge demographic dividend for Macao.
Investigation is made into Macao's overall wage rate and the wage rates of a given industry, as well as the impact of migrant labor on the wage level of local workers. The results show that the import of foreign workers does not necessarily affect the local workers’wage level adversely. In most sectors foreign workers are paid less than local workers, and that on the whole the increase of foreign workers has not brought about obvious negative impact on the local workers’wage level. (Chen Naij & Zhang Feiyan, 2007). The wage discrepancies across industries in Macao are primarily the outcome of the expansion on the scale of the liberalized gambling sector under the market mechanism, without obvious driving effect on other industries. In line with Zhong Xiaohan (2006)’s view, the author has analyzed the migrant labor’s impact on Macao’s employment and wage rates in the context of international division of labor. Using the micro- labor "moving-in" and "local" job matching model, and on the basis of relevant data from the 1989-2008 period, an empirical study has been conducted into the employment structure of migrant labor in Macao. The findings: the complementariness between the migrant labor and local labor in terms of employment is conducive to efficient human resources allocation and the human capital "dividend" provided by the migrant labor has raised the local community’s welfare by means of subsidizing local workers, and has promoted local economic development.
The statistical and survey data of Macao’s industries from 1990 to 2007 have been analyzed. The empirical study shows that the development of high-tech industry in Macao is not fully matched by its human resource structure and consequently the proportion of high-tech industry in Macao’s economy is rather insignificant. In fact, many scholars believe that Macau's economic strength and resources at this stage do not provide fertile soil for the development of hi-tech industry; given the small size of Macau and the lack of high-tech personnel, it is difficult for Macao to acquire top-end hi-tech through R & D and have access to hi-tech market. The future pattern of development of Macao’s industrial structure will be largely determined by its existing resources, i.e., gradually from labor-intensive industry to semi-skilled, semi-capital-intensive industry, with the tertiary industry continuing to grow. This means that Macao will need to introduce foreign labor on a substantial scale; in addition, Macao should continue to invest substantial resources in local human resources development for future industrial upgrading, enhancing its competitive advantage, and providing services support. Yet many experts also believe that the introduction of high-end human resources for industrial restructuring and diversification is undoubtedly a short-term expedient. In the long term, Macao’s high-level human resources should be home-grown and Macao should spare no efforts to achieve this goal, while the introduction of foreign labor is only auxiliary.
The sample data from 1980 to 2006 have been studied using the software EVIEWS to conduct Granger causality test of the two variables, with focus on the theoretical model and empirical verification of the migrant labor’s impact on Macao’s economic growth. Multi-theoretical study proved that migrant labor into the equation of economic growth will affect the dynamic equilibrium; empirical verification includes Granger test of the causal relationship between labor migration to Macao and local economic growth. The results showed that a two-way causal chain exists between the two variables, an adequate testimony of the driving effect of Macao’s economic expansion on the introduction of foreign labor, and at the same time, affirming foreign labor’s contribution to the growth of Macao’s GDP.
Migrant labor has played an important role in the economic and social development of Macao; however, it also give rise to some social problems. For instance, foreign labor has been blamed for being the source of intensified social conflicts, mounting environmental pressures and overburdening urban facilities, as well as soaring real estate prices.
From the above analysis, we may draw some tentative conclusions: the human capital accumulation offered by migrant labor to Macao promotes industry upgrading, and the contradiction between the upgraded industrial system and the lagging-behind local human capital can not be solved by introduction of matching foreign labor; industries with heavy concentration of foreign labor are facing fierce competition and difficulty in raising the wage level. Through utilizing the human capital "dividend" provided by the cheap foreign labor to subsidize local labor, Macao’s mini-economy has achieved rapid economic growth and improved the overall welfare of society; due to the complementariness of elements in the division of labor, the "spillover effect" and the "learning by doing" capacity building of migrant workers, foreign labor is indispensible for Macao's economic development.
Policy recommendations:
1. Strengthen the theoretical and policy study on human resources in Macao, with a view to providing strong support for public administration.
2. Enact and improve legislations aimed at ensuring the priority of local workers in employment, with a sound supervision and safeguard system duly established.
3. Develop and implement scientific medium- and long-term plans on human resources, in order to ensure harmonious relationships between the population, environment, and the various social resources for sustainable development.
4. Strengthen the coordination mechanisms between the Government, job intermediaries, capital and labor.
5. Improve the labor market information network by building the labor and employment service databases as soon as possible.
6. Strengthen the training of non-local labor with the objective of promoting Macao's economic growth and investment and development in human capital.
7. Protect the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers, promote relations between local and non-local workers and build a harmonious society.
引文
①吴丽燕.澳门经济发展及其供需平衡的统计研究.厦门大学博士学位论文,2004
①参见澳门经济学会:《澳门产业结构优化与适度多元研究》第17页,2006年
①参见澳门经济学会:《澳门产业结构优化与适度多元研究》第19页,2006年
①参见澳门教育暨青年局:《2007/2008学年》澳门高中教育毕业生升学与救业调查简报
②参见澳门高等教育辅助办公室《澳门高等教育资料2008/2009年度教职员及学生人数》
①参见澳门劳工事务局:《澳门劳动力市场演变》2007年第四季度。
②参见澳门经济学会、澳门旅游博彩技术培训中心:《澳门酒店业发展研究》第68页。
①参见澳门统计暨普查局:《人力资源需求及薪酬调查——博彩业2006年第2季》,2006年
①参见澳门统计暨普查局:《就业调查——2007年第二季》
②参见澳门教育暨青年局:《教育数字2004-2005(非高等教育)》
③参见澳门统计暨普查局《:澳门高等教育资料2005/2006年度教职员及学生人数》
①参见澳门统计暨普查局:《人力资源需求及薪酬调查——博彩业2006年第四季》
①郭永利.澳门外劳问题研究综述.管理探索.2009年1月
①唐家龙论迁移是人力资本投资的伪形式《人口研究》.第2008年9月32卷第5期
①胡继妹.农民工流动类型的分析及政策建议.《理论前沿》.2005年
②魏伟澳门经济社会协调发展研究青岛科技大学(社会科学版),2006年第3期
①参见澳门政府统计暨普查局:澳门产业结构(2008)
①参见澳门政府统计暨普查局:统计年鉴(2008),第387页
②参见澳门政府统计暨普查局:统计年鉴(2008),第239页
③参照澳门经济学会《澳门博彩旅游业垂直多元化研究》(第31页)对澳门博彩旅游业的分类,目前澳门博彩旅游业应由博彩业、酒店娱乐业、餐饮业和批发零售业,以及部分运输、仓储及通讯业等构成。如按照WTO对综合性旅游业定义分类,澳门博彩旅游业所涵盖范围会更广,对本地生产总值贡献则更大。
④参见澳门经济学会:澳门博彩旅游业垂直多元化研究,第32-33页
①参见澳门劳工事务局:《澳门劳动市场状况》2004年第一季度,《澳门劳动力市场》2009年第二季度
①参见澳门劳工事务局:《澳门劳动市场演变》2007年第四季度
②参见2010年2月16日《澳门日报》:“输劳机制漏洞百出惹争议”
①参见《澳门博彩专营权放开后社会经济发展状况评估与展望》第53-54页
①段亚枫加拿大的移民及其对经济的影响人口与经济2008年4月徐丹论加拿大人力市场的结构障碍与个体障碍对移民的影响兰州大学学报2008年4月
①綦建红鞠磊对外贸易与国际移民:以中国为例山东大学学报2006
①参见《澳门特别行政区城市发展初步研究终期报告书》,2005年3月,第12页
①参见澳门经济学会、澳门理工学院《粤澳互动促进澳门人力资源开发专题研究》,2006年10月,第24页
①参见《澳门日报》:“外雇聘费”,2010年4月14日A1版
[1]吴丽燕.澳门经济发展及其供需平衡的统计研究〔D〕厦门:厦门大学博士学位论文,2004.
[2]郭永利.澳门外劳问题研究综述.管理探索〔J〕,2009年1月.
[3]黄安余.澳门劳动力市场运行与特征〔J〕.现代经济,2007(5).
[4]胡继妹.农民工流动类型的分析及政策建议〔J〕.《理论前沿》〔J〕,2008(14)
[5]魏伟.澳门经济社会协调发展研究〔J〕.青岛科技大学(社会科学版),2006(3).
[6]褚俊虹.澳门产业结构调整:第二产业发展的一些观点〔J〕.学术论坛, 2008(8).
[7]欧阳贞诚.美国学者关于当代外来移民对经济和劳动力市场影响的研究述评〔J〕.世界历史, 2008(6).
[8]段亚枫.加拿大的移民及其对经济的影响〔J〕,人口与经济,2008(4).
[9]徐丹.论加拿大人力市场的结构障碍与个体障碍对移民的影响〔J〕.兰州大学学报,2008(4).
[10]綦建红,鞠磊.对外贸易与国际移民:以中国为例〔J〕,山东大学学报2006.
[11]赵达薇,李非非.罗默、卢卡斯人力资本理论对经济增长作用的理论分析〔J〕.管理现代化,2008(1).
[12]唐家龙.论迁移是人力资本投资的伪形式〔J〕.人口研究,2008年9月32卷第5期.
[13]王维、钱江.移民网络、社会资源配置与中国东北新移民〔J〕.华侨华人历史研究2006(6).
[14]郑一省.水客与近代中国侨乡的金融网络及移民网络———以闽粤侨乡为例〔J〕.东南亚研究,2006(5).
[15]耿新,张体勤.国外创业者社会网络研究述评〔J〕.山东社会科学,2008(4).
[16]卢进勇.当代国际劳务市场与国际移民的特征与发展趋势〔J〕.国际经贸探索,1994(4).
[17]傅义强.当代西方国际移民理论述略〔J〕.世界民族,2007(3).
[18]黄苹.地区人力资本溢出与经济增长分析〔J〕.经济经纬,2008(3).
[19]吴红宇.基于人力资本投资的劳动力迁移模型〔J〕南方人口,2004(4).
[20]张国芳,刘楠.基于人力资本外流的经济增长模型〔J〕.统计与决策,2009(2).
[21]宋晓梅.经济增长理论发展中的人力资本研究的方法论探析经济增长的分析〔J〕.经济问题,2008(1).
[22]陈应鹤.人力资本与经济增长〔J〕.社会科学,1991(6).
[23]冉茂盛,毛战宾.人力资本对经济增长的作用机理分析〔J〕.重庆大学学报(社会科学版), 2008年第14卷第1期.
[24]李杰.中国人力资本投资的内生增长研究〔J〕.世界经济,2001(4).
[25]李炳康.澳门作为中国与葡语国家的经贸合作服务平台研究〔D〕北京:清华大学博士学位论文,2006年5月.
[26]欧阳妍.博彩旅游业与澳门经济发展关系研究〔D〕.上海:华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2008年5月.
[27]钱雪亚,等.度量人力资本的三类统计方法〔J〕.统计与决策, 2003(10).
[28]王鹏.台湾地区人力资本指标的度量研究〔J〕.亚太经济,2005(1).
[29]叶桂平.现阶段澳门经济运行中的问题及对策〔J〕.当代亚太,2005(12):38-44.
[30]澳门大学人力资源研究小组.失业人士特征及劳动力市场研究〔C〕.澳门:澳门特别行政区政府人力资源发展委员会,2004年11月:62.
[31]澳门特别行政区政府社会工作局:《澳门特别行政区新来澳定居人士之生活状况及需求调查》[M].2004.
[32]澳门经济学会:澳门产业结构优化与过渡多元化研究〔M〕.2006年5月.
[33]杨允中.澳门与现代经济增长〔M〕.澳门经济学会,1992.
[34]杨允中.微型经济定位与发展〔M〕.澳门经济学会,1999.
[35]杨允中.微型经济体与微型经济学〔M〕.澳门大学研究中心2006.
[36]陈卓华.澳门经济发展、人力资源与政府政策〔M〕.澳门理工学院, 2007.
[37]陈守信.澳门结构性失业问题与解决方案〔〔M〕.澳门经济学会,2006.
[38]封小云、杨道匡.《CEPA:澳门在大珠三角区域经济合作中的机遇与角色》〔M〕.澳门:澳门理工学院,2004.
[39]冯邦彦.《香港产业结构研究》〔M〕.北京:经济管理出版社,2002.
[40]港澳经济年鉴编辑部:《港澳经济年鉴》〔M〕.北京:港澳经济年鉴社,1996-2007.
[41]国世平主编.《迈向21世纪的澳门经济》〔M〕.北京:人民出版社,2000.
[42]孙敬水,丁忠明.《澳门回归后的经济定位及对策研究》〔J〕.《中国人民大学学报》,1999(4):26-27.
[43]李鸿阶.澳门经济增长的因素分析〔J〕.亚太经济,1996(2).
[44]陈广汉,李广众.澳门经济增长的总需求分析(1982~1997年)〔J〕.中山大学学报(社会科学版),1999(6).
[45]李国璋,魏梅,冯,等.鲍莫尔假说与中国劳动力流动———一个多部门的经济增长模型分析〔J〕.经济科学,20089(2).
[46]王洪光.产业集聚与经济增长:一个含有移民和中间产品革新的模型〔J〕.南方经济,2007(5).
[47]顾佳峰.经济发展与劳动力迁移的空间实证研究〔J〕.人口与经济,2007(6).
[48]田素华.劳动力流动、经济增长与失业关系研究〔J〕.财经研究,1998(10).
[49]孔有利,王荣.劳动力流动与江苏无锡市的经济增长〔J〕.南京农业大学学报,2004(4).
[50]谭永生.农村劳动力流动与中国经济增长—基于人力资本角度的实证研究〔J〕.《经济问题探索》,2007(4).
[51]彭连清.区际劳动力流动对东部地区经济增长贡献的实证分析〔J〕.宏观经济研究,2008(12).
[52]孙茂辉.服务贸易对澳门经济增长贡献的实证分析〔J〕《.世界经济研究》,2005(1).
[53]蔡昉,都阳,王美艳.劳动力流动的政治经济学[M].北京:上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2003.
[54]蔡新会.风险、不确定性与社会资本对促进农民工迁移的重要作用〔J〕.经济论坛, 2008(6).
[55]储中志.人力资本投资对中国经济增长作用的实证分析〔J〕.云南社会科学, 2005(8).
[56]单正丰,季文,陈如.广东农村劳动力迁移中的两级遴选机制与群体分化——农村劳动力迁移过程中的公共政策选择〔J〕.农业经济问题, 2009(7).
[57]董理.劳动力迁移的选择性与迁出地人力资本形成〔J〕.经济问题,2007(9)
[58]杜鹰:现阶段中国农村劳动力流动的基本特征与宏观背景分析;蔡昉,白南生:《中国转轨时期劳动力流动》〔M〕.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[59]费景汉,古斯塔夫·拉尼斯.《劳力剩余经济的发展》(中译本)〔M〕.北京:华夏出版社,1989.
[60]费景汉、古斯塔夫·拉尼斯《增长和发展:演进观点》(中译本)〔M〕.商务印书馆,2004.
[61]高岩辉,刘科伟,张晓露.劳动力转移的理论流派与地理学的视角〔J〕.人文地理, 2008.
[62]郭继强.人力资本投资的结构分析〔J〕.经济学(季刊), 2005(7).
[63]秦元芳,张亿钧.论人力资本投资对经济增长的作用〔J〕.经济问题探索, 2005(10).
[64]郭剑雄.人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛〔J〕.中国社会科学, 2005(5).
[65]郭剑雄.择优迁移、教育深化与农业发展方式的转变〔J〕.中国人民大学学报, 2008(9).
[66]侯风云,邹融冰.中国城乡人力资本投资收益非对称性特征及其后果〔J〕.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2005.
[67]侯风云,徐慧.城乡发展差距的人力资本解释[J].《理论学刊》,2004(2).
[68]侯风云,张凤林.从人力资本看中国二元经济中的城乡差距问题〔J〕.《山东大学学报》,2006(4).
[69]侯风云.中国农村人力资本收益率研究[J].经济研究,,2004(12):75-84.
[70]侯风云.中国城乡人力资本投资收益非对称性特征及其后果[J].《四川大学学报》,2005(4).
[71]胡永远.人力资本投资理论研究新进展[J].经济学动态, 2005(10).
[72]黄乾.中国农户人力资本投资及区域差距变化的实证分析[J].中国人口科学, 2005(7).
[73]黄翔,敖荣军.基于技能互补性的劳动力迁移与人力资本地区集中[J].经济地理, 2009(5).
[74]赖明勇,张新,彭水军,包群.经济增长的源泉:人力资本,研究开发与技术外溢[J].中国社会科学, 2005(6).
[75]李国平,范红忠.人口分布、生产集中与区域经济差异[J].经济研究,2003(11).
[76]李汉通.个人人力资本投资决策行为分析模型[J].系统工程,2006(3).
[77]李鹏基.基于人力资本投资的酒店业劳动力迁移研究——珠海、澳门酒店业实证分析[J].旅游学刊, 2009(5).
[78]刘强.中国经济增长的收敛性分析[J].经济研究,2001(6),70-77.
[79]潘景余.个人和社会富足的源泉——人力资本投资决策模型分析[J].经济与管理, 2005(3).
[80]申培轩.农村劳动力转移及其对高等教育的需求[J]《.武汉大学学报》,2004(5).
[81]宋丽娜,Simon Appleton .中国劳动力市场中有权益阶层与无权益阶层的抗衡[G]//《中国转轨时期劳动力流动》.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[82]蔡昉、白南生.寻求就业与政府干预[G]//《中国转轨时期劳动力流动》.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[83]孙景蔚,王焕祥.长三角经济区人力资本状况比较研究[J].经济地理, 2006(11).
[84]孙敬水,董亚娟.人力资本与农业经济增长;基于中国农村的Panel daa模型分析[J].农业经济问题, 2006(5).
[85]陶锦莉,季文宏.宏观社会网络与中国农村劳动力迁移的路径分析[J].福建论坛(人文社会科学版).2008(5).
[86]王娟.人力资本的投资风险研究[J].当代经济, 2008(3).
[87]王彦军,李丽静.人力资本投资中政府的作用——对我国人力资本投资的反思[J].人口学刊.2007(5).
[88]王兆萍.迁移与我国农村区域贫困人口的人力资本积累[J].《干旱区资源与环境》,2007(3).
[89]吴福象,刘志彪.城市化群落驱动经济增长的机制研究——来自长三角16个城市的经验证据[J].经济研究, 2008(2).
[90]许召元,李善同.区域间劳动力迁移对经济增长和地区差距的影响[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2008(3).
[91]姚先国,张海峰.《中国教育回报率估计及其城乡差异分析—以浙江、广东、湖南、安徽等省的调查数据为基础》[J].财经论丛,2004(6).
[92]姚先国,张海峰.教育、人力资本与地区经济差异[J].经济研究, 2008(5).
[93]余长林.人力资本投资结构与经济增长——基于包含教育资本、健康资本的内生增长模型理论研究[J].财经研究, 2006(6).
[94]袁霓.中国农村女性劳动力迁移的实证分析[J].南方人口, 2009(4).
[95]张卫国.作为人力资本、公共产品和制度的语言:语言经济学的一个基本分析框架[J].经济研究, 2008(3).
[96]赵耀辉.中国农村劳动力流动及教育在其中的作用——以四川省为基础的研究[J].《经济研究》,1997(2).
[97]顾佳峰,江若玫.竞争密度依赖与中国高新技术开发区企业群的发展[J].统计研究, 2003, (7):17-19.
[98]顾佳峰.中国教育支出与经济增长的空间实证分析[J].教育与经济, 2007 (1):29-33.
[99]谢高桥.都市人口迁移与社会适应———高雄市个案研究[M].台北:巨流, 1981: 214.
[100]邹薇,张芬.农村地区收入差异与人力资本积累[J].中国社会科学, 2006(10).
[101]冯斯毅,殷存毅.澳门社会经济发展问题探析[C].澳门发展策略研究中心成立十周年专辑(1997-2007).
[102]澳门发展策略研究中心:澳门博彩专营权开放后社会经济发展状况评估与展望[M].2008. 105.澳门经济学会:澳门产业结构优化与适度多元化研究[M]. 2006
[103]郝雨凡,吴志良主编.澳门经济社会发展报告(2008-2009)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009.
[104]姜后凯主编.现代区域经济学[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2006.
[105]赵永亮.中国劳动力迁徙的边界效应:自然壁垒与制度障碍[J].当代经济科学,2009(1)
[106]澳门经济学会,澳门理工学院:粤澳互动促进澳门人力资源开发专题研究[M]. 2006
[107]澳门经济学会,澳门旅游博彩技术培训中心:澳门酒店业发展研究[M]. 2008
[108]曾忠禄.全球赌场扫描[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2010.
[109]文军.制度、资本与网络:上海城市劳动力新移民的系统分析[J].中国研究,2005秋季卷总第2期.
[110]黄平主编.挑战博彩:澳门博彩业开放及其影响[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008.
[111]陈丽君.澳门经济[M].北京:中国民主法制出版社,2010.
[112]蔡昉主编.刘易斯转折点及其政策挑战[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007.
[113]伊兰伯格(Ronald G.Ehrenberg),史密斯(Robert S. Smith).现代劳动经济学——理论与公共政策(中译本第六版)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.
[114]王勇.澳门迁入劳动力与经济增长关系的实证分析[J].澳门理工学报,2009(2)
[115]郝雨凡,吴志良主编.澳门经济社会发展报告(2009-2010)[M]. .北京:社会科学文献出版社,2010.
[116]倪鹏飞,姜雪梅等.澳门城市国际竞争力报告[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009.
[117] Barham, Bradford and Stephen Boucher (1998) Migration, remittances and inequality:estimating the net effect of migration on income distribution[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 55: 307-31.
[118] Bates, T. Financing Small Business Creation: The Case ofChinese and Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1997.
[119] Bauer, Thomas, Gil S. Epstein and Ira N. Gang (2002): Herd effects or migration networks? The location choice of Mexican immigrants in the US[J]. IZA Discussion Paper No 551, August.
[120] Bergstrand J. The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition and the Factor-Proportions Theory in International Trade [ J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics 71(February). 1989. 143-153.
[121] Borjas, George and Lawrence Katz (2005)“The Evolution of the Mexican-Born Workforce in the United States”, NBER W[J].orking Paper No. 11281.
[122] Borjas, George J. (1987) .Self-Selection and the Earnings of Immigrants[J]. American Economic Review 77(4): 531-553.
[123] Carrington, W.J., E. Detragiache and T. Vishwanath (1996).Migration with endogenous moving costs[J].,American Economic Review, 86 (4): 909-30.
[124] Chiquiar, Daniel and Gordon Hanson (2005) .International Migration, Self-Selection, and the Distribu-tion of Wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States[J]. Journal of Political Economy 113(2): 239-81.
[125] Docquier, Frédéric and Hillel Rapoport (2003).Remittances and Inequality: A Dynamic Migration Model[J].Stanford Center for International Development (SCID) Working Paper No.
[126] Finis Welch, 1970: Education in Production[J]. Journal of Political Economy, vol.78: 35—59.
[127] Adams, Richard H. (1989) Workers remittances and inequality in rural Egypt [J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1989(1): 45-71.
[128] Aldrich, H. E., Reese, P. R. Does Networking Pay off? A Panel Study of Entrepreneurs in the Research Triangle. In Churchil,l N. C., et a.l (eds) [M]. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College. 1993: 325-339.
[129] Anselin L. Local indicators of spatial association—LISA [J].Geographical Analysis. 1995, (27): 93-115.
①参见澳门经济学会:《澳门产业结构优化与适度多元研究》第17页,2006年
①参见澳门经济学会:《澳门产业结构优化与适度多元研究》第19页,2006年
①参见澳门教育暨青年局:《2007/2008学年》澳门高中教育毕业生升学与救业调查简报
②参见澳门高等教育辅助办公室《澳门高等教育资料2008/2009年度教职员及学生人数》
①参见澳门劳工事务局:《澳门劳动力市场演变》2007年第四季度。
②参见澳门经济学会、澳门旅游博彩技术培训中心:《澳门酒店业发展研究》第68页。
①参见澳门统计暨普查局:《人力资源需求及薪酬调查——博彩业2006年第2季》,2006年
①参见澳门统计暨普查局:《就业调查——2007年第二季》
②参见澳门教育暨青年局:《教育数字2004-2005(非高等教育)》
③参见澳门统计暨普查局《:澳门高等教育资料2005/2006年度教职员及学生人数》
①参见澳门统计暨普查局:《人力资源需求及薪酬调查——博彩业2006年第四季》
①郭永利.澳门外劳问题研究综述.管理探索.2009年1月
①唐家龙论迁移是人力资本投资的伪形式《人口研究》.第2008年9月32卷第5期
①胡继妹.农民工流动类型的分析及政策建议.《理论前沿》.2005年
②魏伟澳门经济社会协调发展研究青岛科技大学(社会科学版),2006年第3期
①参见澳门政府统计暨普查局:澳门产业结构(2008)
①参见澳门政府统计暨普查局:统计年鉴(2008),第387页
②参见澳门政府统计暨普查局:统计年鉴(2008),第239页
③参照澳门经济学会《澳门博彩旅游业垂直多元化研究》(第31页)对澳门博彩旅游业的分类,目前澳门博彩旅游业应由博彩业、酒店娱乐业、餐饮业和批发零售业,以及部分运输、仓储及通讯业等构成。如按照WTO对综合性旅游业定义分类,澳门博彩旅游业所涵盖范围会更广,对本地生产总值贡献则更大。
④参见澳门经济学会:澳门博彩旅游业垂直多元化研究,第32-33页
①参见澳门劳工事务局:《澳门劳动市场状况》2004年第一季度,《澳门劳动力市场》2009年第二季度
①参见澳门劳工事务局:《澳门劳动市场演变》2007年第四季度
②参见2010年2月16日《澳门日报》:“输劳机制漏洞百出惹争议”
①参见《澳门博彩专营权放开后社会经济发展状况评估与展望》第53-54页
①段亚枫加拿大的移民及其对经济的影响人口与经济2008年4月徐丹论加拿大人力市场的结构障碍与个体障碍对移民的影响兰州大学学报2008年4月
①綦建红鞠磊对外贸易与国际移民:以中国为例山东大学学报2006
①参见《澳门特别行政区城市发展初步研究终期报告书》,2005年3月,第12页
①参见澳门经济学会、澳门理工学院《粤澳互动促进澳门人力资源开发专题研究》,2006年10月,第24页
①参见《澳门日报》:“外雇聘费”,2010年4月14日A1版
[1]吴丽燕.澳门经济发展及其供需平衡的统计研究〔D〕厦门:厦门大学博士学位论文,2004.
[2]郭永利.澳门外劳问题研究综述.管理探索〔J〕,2009年1月.
[3]黄安余.澳门劳动力市场运行与特征〔J〕.现代经济,2007(5).
[4]胡继妹.农民工流动类型的分析及政策建议〔J〕.《理论前沿》〔J〕,2008(14)
[5]魏伟.澳门经济社会协调发展研究〔J〕.青岛科技大学(社会科学版),2006(3).
[6]褚俊虹.澳门产业结构调整:第二产业发展的一些观点〔J〕.学术论坛, 2008(8).
[7]欧阳贞诚.美国学者关于当代外来移民对经济和劳动力市场影响的研究述评〔J〕.世界历史, 2008(6).
[8]段亚枫.加拿大的移民及其对经济的影响〔J〕,人口与经济,2008(4).
[9]徐丹.论加拿大人力市场的结构障碍与个体障碍对移民的影响〔J〕.兰州大学学报,2008(4).
[10]綦建红,鞠磊.对外贸易与国际移民:以中国为例〔J〕,山东大学学报2006.
[11]赵达薇,李非非.罗默、卢卡斯人力资本理论对经济增长作用的理论分析〔J〕.管理现代化,2008(1).
[12]唐家龙.论迁移是人力资本投资的伪形式〔J〕.人口研究,2008年9月32卷第5期.
[13]王维、钱江.移民网络、社会资源配置与中国东北新移民〔J〕.华侨华人历史研究2006(6).
[14]郑一省.水客与近代中国侨乡的金融网络及移民网络———以闽粤侨乡为例〔J〕.东南亚研究,2006(5).
[15]耿新,张体勤.国外创业者社会网络研究述评〔J〕.山东社会科学,2008(4).
[16]卢进勇.当代国际劳务市场与国际移民的特征与发展趋势〔J〕.国际经贸探索,1994(4).
[17]傅义强.当代西方国际移民理论述略〔J〕.世界民族,2007(3).
[18]黄苹.地区人力资本溢出与经济增长分析〔J〕.经济经纬,2008(3).
[19]吴红宇.基于人力资本投资的劳动力迁移模型〔J〕南方人口,2004(4).
[20]张国芳,刘楠.基于人力资本外流的经济增长模型〔J〕.统计与决策,2009(2).
[21]宋晓梅.经济增长理论发展中的人力资本研究的方法论探析经济增长的分析〔J〕.经济问题,2008(1).
[22]陈应鹤.人力资本与经济增长〔J〕.社会科学,1991(6).
[23]冉茂盛,毛战宾.人力资本对经济增长的作用机理分析〔J〕.重庆大学学报(社会科学版), 2008年第14卷第1期.
[24]李杰.中国人力资本投资的内生增长研究〔J〕.世界经济,2001(4).
[25]李炳康.澳门作为中国与葡语国家的经贸合作服务平台研究〔D〕北京:清华大学博士学位论文,2006年5月.
[26]欧阳妍.博彩旅游业与澳门经济发展关系研究〔D〕.上海:华东师范大学硕士学位论文,2008年5月.
[27]钱雪亚,等.度量人力资本的三类统计方法〔J〕.统计与决策, 2003(10).
[28]王鹏.台湾地区人力资本指标的度量研究〔J〕.亚太经济,2005(1).
[29]叶桂平.现阶段澳门经济运行中的问题及对策〔J〕.当代亚太,2005(12):38-44.
[30]澳门大学人力资源研究小组.失业人士特征及劳动力市场研究〔C〕.澳门:澳门特别行政区政府人力资源发展委员会,2004年11月:62.
[31]澳门特别行政区政府社会工作局:《澳门特别行政区新来澳定居人士之生活状况及需求调查》[M].2004.
[32]澳门经济学会:澳门产业结构优化与过渡多元化研究〔M〕.2006年5月.
[33]杨允中.澳门与现代经济增长〔M〕.澳门经济学会,1992.
[34]杨允中.微型经济定位与发展〔M〕.澳门经济学会,1999.
[35]杨允中.微型经济体与微型经济学〔M〕.澳门大学研究中心2006.
[36]陈卓华.澳门经济发展、人力资源与政府政策〔M〕.澳门理工学院, 2007.
[37]陈守信.澳门结构性失业问题与解决方案〔〔M〕.澳门经济学会,2006.
[38]封小云、杨道匡.《CEPA:澳门在大珠三角区域经济合作中的机遇与角色》〔M〕.澳门:澳门理工学院,2004.
[39]冯邦彦.《香港产业结构研究》〔M〕.北京:经济管理出版社,2002.
[40]港澳经济年鉴编辑部:《港澳经济年鉴》〔M〕.北京:港澳经济年鉴社,1996-2007.
[41]国世平主编.《迈向21世纪的澳门经济》〔M〕.北京:人民出版社,2000.
[42]孙敬水,丁忠明.《澳门回归后的经济定位及对策研究》〔J〕.《中国人民大学学报》,1999(4):26-27.
[43]李鸿阶.澳门经济增长的因素分析〔J〕.亚太经济,1996(2).
[44]陈广汉,李广众.澳门经济增长的总需求分析(1982~1997年)〔J〕.中山大学学报(社会科学版),1999(6).
[45]李国璋,魏梅,冯,等.鲍莫尔假说与中国劳动力流动———一个多部门的经济增长模型分析〔J〕.经济科学,20089(2).
[46]王洪光.产业集聚与经济增长:一个含有移民和中间产品革新的模型〔J〕.南方经济,2007(5).
[47]顾佳峰.经济发展与劳动力迁移的空间实证研究〔J〕.人口与经济,2007(6).
[48]田素华.劳动力流动、经济增长与失业关系研究〔J〕.财经研究,1998(10).
[49]孔有利,王荣.劳动力流动与江苏无锡市的经济增长〔J〕.南京农业大学学报,2004(4).
[50]谭永生.农村劳动力流动与中国经济增长—基于人力资本角度的实证研究〔J〕.《经济问题探索》,2007(4).
[51]彭连清.区际劳动力流动对东部地区经济增长贡献的实证分析〔J〕.宏观经济研究,2008(12).
[52]孙茂辉.服务贸易对澳门经济增长贡献的实证分析〔J〕《.世界经济研究》,2005(1).
[53]蔡昉,都阳,王美艳.劳动力流动的政治经济学[M].北京:上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,2003.
[54]蔡新会.风险、不确定性与社会资本对促进农民工迁移的重要作用〔J〕.经济论坛, 2008(6).
[55]储中志.人力资本投资对中国经济增长作用的实证分析〔J〕.云南社会科学, 2005(8).
[56]单正丰,季文,陈如.广东农村劳动力迁移中的两级遴选机制与群体分化——农村劳动力迁移过程中的公共政策选择〔J〕.农业经济问题, 2009(7).
[57]董理.劳动力迁移的选择性与迁出地人力资本形成〔J〕.经济问题,2007(9)
[58]杜鹰:现阶段中国农村劳动力流动的基本特征与宏观背景分析;蔡昉,白南生:《中国转轨时期劳动力流动》〔M〕.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[59]费景汉,古斯塔夫·拉尼斯.《劳力剩余经济的发展》(中译本)〔M〕.北京:华夏出版社,1989.
[60]费景汉、古斯塔夫·拉尼斯《增长和发展:演进观点》(中译本)〔M〕.商务印书馆,2004.
[61]高岩辉,刘科伟,张晓露.劳动力转移的理论流派与地理学的视角〔J〕.人文地理, 2008.
[62]郭继强.人力资本投资的结构分析〔J〕.经济学(季刊), 2005(7).
[63]秦元芳,张亿钧.论人力资本投资对经济增长的作用〔J〕.经济问题探索, 2005(10).
[64]郭剑雄.人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距的收敛〔J〕.中国社会科学, 2005(5).
[65]郭剑雄.择优迁移、教育深化与农业发展方式的转变〔J〕.中国人民大学学报, 2008(9).
[66]侯风云,邹融冰.中国城乡人力资本投资收益非对称性特征及其后果〔J〕.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2005.
[67]侯风云,徐慧.城乡发展差距的人力资本解释[J].《理论学刊》,2004(2).
[68]侯风云,张凤林.从人力资本看中国二元经济中的城乡差距问题〔J〕.《山东大学学报》,2006(4).
[69]侯风云.中国农村人力资本收益率研究[J].经济研究,,2004(12):75-84.
[70]侯风云.中国城乡人力资本投资收益非对称性特征及其后果[J].《四川大学学报》,2005(4).
[71]胡永远.人力资本投资理论研究新进展[J].经济学动态, 2005(10).
[72]黄乾.中国农户人力资本投资及区域差距变化的实证分析[J].中国人口科学, 2005(7).
[73]黄翔,敖荣军.基于技能互补性的劳动力迁移与人力资本地区集中[J].经济地理, 2009(5).
[74]赖明勇,张新,彭水军,包群.经济增长的源泉:人力资本,研究开发与技术外溢[J].中国社会科学, 2005(6).
[75]李国平,范红忠.人口分布、生产集中与区域经济差异[J].经济研究,2003(11).
[76]李汉通.个人人力资本投资决策行为分析模型[J].系统工程,2006(3).
[77]李鹏基.基于人力资本投资的酒店业劳动力迁移研究——珠海、澳门酒店业实证分析[J].旅游学刊, 2009(5).
[78]刘强.中国经济增长的收敛性分析[J].经济研究,2001(6),70-77.
[79]潘景余.个人和社会富足的源泉——人力资本投资决策模型分析[J].经济与管理, 2005(3).
[80]申培轩.农村劳动力转移及其对高等教育的需求[J]《.武汉大学学报》,2004(5).
[81]宋丽娜,Simon Appleton .中国劳动力市场中有权益阶层与无权益阶层的抗衡[G]//《中国转轨时期劳动力流动》.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[82]蔡昉、白南生.寻求就业与政府干预[G]//《中国转轨时期劳动力流动》.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
[83]孙景蔚,王焕祥.长三角经济区人力资本状况比较研究[J].经济地理, 2006(11).
[84]孙敬水,董亚娟.人力资本与农业经济增长;基于中国农村的Panel daa模型分析[J].农业经济问题, 2006(5).
[85]陶锦莉,季文宏.宏观社会网络与中国农村劳动力迁移的路径分析[J].福建论坛(人文社会科学版).2008(5).
[86]王娟.人力资本的投资风险研究[J].当代经济, 2008(3).
[87]王彦军,李丽静.人力资本投资中政府的作用——对我国人力资本投资的反思[J].人口学刊.2007(5).
[88]王兆萍.迁移与我国农村区域贫困人口的人力资本积累[J].《干旱区资源与环境》,2007(3).
[89]吴福象,刘志彪.城市化群落驱动经济增长的机制研究——来自长三角16个城市的经验证据[J].经济研究, 2008(2).
[90]许召元,李善同.区域间劳动力迁移对经济增长和地区差距的影响[J].数量经济技术经济研究, 2008(3).
[91]姚先国,张海峰.《中国教育回报率估计及其城乡差异分析—以浙江、广东、湖南、安徽等省的调查数据为基础》[J].财经论丛,2004(6).
[92]姚先国,张海峰.教育、人力资本与地区经济差异[J].经济研究, 2008(5).
[93]余长林.人力资本投资结构与经济增长——基于包含教育资本、健康资本的内生增长模型理论研究[J].财经研究, 2006(6).
[94]袁霓.中国农村女性劳动力迁移的实证分析[J].南方人口, 2009(4).
[95]张卫国.作为人力资本、公共产品和制度的语言:语言经济学的一个基本分析框架[J].经济研究, 2008(3).
[96]赵耀辉.中国农村劳动力流动及教育在其中的作用——以四川省为基础的研究[J].《经济研究》,1997(2).
[97]顾佳峰,江若玫.竞争密度依赖与中国高新技术开发区企业群的发展[J].统计研究, 2003, (7):17-19.
[98]顾佳峰.中国教育支出与经济增长的空间实证分析[J].教育与经济, 2007 (1):29-33.
[99]谢高桥.都市人口迁移与社会适应———高雄市个案研究[M].台北:巨流, 1981: 214.
[100]邹薇,张芬.农村地区收入差异与人力资本积累[J].中国社会科学, 2006(10).
[101]冯斯毅,殷存毅.澳门社会经济发展问题探析[C].澳门发展策略研究中心成立十周年专辑(1997-2007).
[102]澳门发展策略研究中心:澳门博彩专营权开放后社会经济发展状况评估与展望[M].2008. 105.澳门经济学会:澳门产业结构优化与适度多元化研究[M]. 2006
[103]郝雨凡,吴志良主编.澳门经济社会发展报告(2008-2009)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009.
[104]姜后凯主编.现代区域经济学[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2006.
[105]赵永亮.中国劳动力迁徙的边界效应:自然壁垒与制度障碍[J].当代经济科学,2009(1)
[106]澳门经济学会,澳门理工学院:粤澳互动促进澳门人力资源开发专题研究[M]. 2006
[107]澳门经济学会,澳门旅游博彩技术培训中心:澳门酒店业发展研究[M]. 2008
[108]曾忠禄.全球赌场扫描[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2010.
[109]文军.制度、资本与网络:上海城市劳动力新移民的系统分析[J].中国研究,2005秋季卷总第2期.
[110]黄平主编.挑战博彩:澳门博彩业开放及其影响[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008.
[111]陈丽君.澳门经济[M].北京:中国民主法制出版社,2010.
[112]蔡昉主编.刘易斯转折点及其政策挑战[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007.
[113]伊兰伯格(Ronald G.Ehrenberg),史密斯(Robert S. Smith).现代劳动经济学——理论与公共政策(中译本第六版)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.
[114]王勇.澳门迁入劳动力与经济增长关系的实证分析[J].澳门理工学报,2009(2)
[115]郝雨凡,吴志良主编.澳门经济社会发展报告(2009-2010)[M]. .北京:社会科学文献出版社,2010.
[116]倪鹏飞,姜雪梅等.澳门城市国际竞争力报告[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2009.
[117] Barham, Bradford and Stephen Boucher (1998) Migration, remittances and inequality:estimating the net effect of migration on income distribution[J]. Journal of Development Economics, 55: 307-31.
[118] Bates, T. Financing Small Business Creation: The Case ofChinese and Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs[J].Journal of Business Venturing,1997.
[119] Bauer, Thomas, Gil S. Epstein and Ira N. Gang (2002): Herd effects or migration networks? The location choice of Mexican immigrants in the US[J]. IZA Discussion Paper No 551, August.
[120] Bergstrand J. The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition and the Factor-Proportions Theory in International Trade [ J]. The Review of Economics and Statistics 71(February). 1989. 143-153.
[121] Borjas, George and Lawrence Katz (2005)“The Evolution of the Mexican-Born Workforce in the United States”, NBER W[J].orking Paper No. 11281.
[122] Borjas, George J. (1987) .Self-Selection and the Earnings of Immigrants[J]. American Economic Review 77(4): 531-553.
[123] Carrington, W.J., E. Detragiache and T. Vishwanath (1996).Migration with endogenous moving costs[J].,American Economic Review, 86 (4): 909-30.
[124] Chiquiar, Daniel and Gordon Hanson (2005) .International Migration, Self-Selection, and the Distribu-tion of Wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States[J]. Journal of Political Economy 113(2): 239-81.
[125] Docquier, Frédéric and Hillel Rapoport (2003).Remittances and Inequality: A Dynamic Migration Model[J].Stanford Center for International Development (SCID) Working Paper No.
[126] Finis Welch, 1970: Education in Production[J]. Journal of Political Economy, vol.78: 35—59.
[127] Adams, Richard H. (1989) Workers remittances and inequality in rural Egypt [J]. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1989(1): 45-71.
[128] Aldrich, H. E., Reese, P. R. Does Networking Pay off? A Panel Study of Entrepreneurs in the Research Triangle. In Churchil,l N. C., et a.l (eds) [M]. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College. 1993: 325-339.
[129] Anselin L. Local indicators of spatial association—LISA [J].Geographical Analysis. 1995, (27): 93-115.