带楔块装置的钢结构露出型柱脚抗震性能研究
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摘要
露出型钢柱脚在普通钢结构和轻型钢结构中得到广泛应用。本文针对传统普通露出型钢柱脚节点在反复加载条件下其恢复力特性表现为滑移型且柱脚耗能不足的特点,研究了一种带楔块的无滑移型露出型钢柱脚,其抗震性能明显改善。结合国家自然科学基金资助项目“汶川地震灾害分析和救灾措施的研究”(50848008)和国家高技术研究发展计划(863项目)“再生混凝土和新型钢结构建筑材料关键技术与应用”(2009AA032304),对这种新型钢结构柱脚节点的力学性能进行了理论分析、试验研究与数值模拟,并对新型柱脚钢框架的动力性能开展研究。本文的主要工作和成果如下：
考虑锚杆、钢柱底板、混凝土底座、垫圈及螺帽等变形的影响,推导了露出型钢柱脚的变形及转动刚度计算公式；研究了带楔块装置钢柱脚和普通钢柱脚的工作机理、力学性能,得出了带楔块装置柱脚恢复力模型表现为无滑移型,普通露出型柱脚恢复力模型表现为滑移型。对带楔块新型柱脚和普通柱脚试件分别进行了低周往复循环加载试验,并考虑不同螺栓数及柱轴压力等情况,得出了各自的恢复力特性；验证了本文所推导的柱脚计算公式和所得到的恢复力模型是实用有效的；带楔块露出型柱脚由于弹簧的推动,楔块的切入,消除了由于螺栓杆塑性变形产生的柱脚底板与基础的缝隙,柱脚始终不松动；与普通螺栓连接柱脚相比,新型柱脚刚度退化减慢,延性和耗能能力明显提高,表现出良好的抗震性能。
考虑材料非线性、接触非线性以及螺栓数量及排列对柱脚受力和抗震性能的影响,对各柱脚建立三维有限元模型进行了数值模拟。有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合较好,滞回曲线和骨架曲线的变化趋势与试验结果相同,在试件屈服前曲线基本为线性,屈服后出现明显的非线性,轴力的增加在一定范围内对柱脚弯矩承载力的提高是有益的,但同时柱脚的耗能能力也有所降低；节点域对柱有较强的约束作用,从而导致骨架曲线在塑性区的试验值较有限元分析值稍大；螺栓的增加对柱脚在承载力和刚度方面都较有利。
提出了用ANSYS的Link8单元和拉型Link10单元串联起来再与压型Link10单元并联模拟滑移型柱脚锚杆,用压型Link10单元来模拟滑移型柱脚底座在低周反复荷载作用下的简化数值模拟技术；用ANSYS的Link8单元并结合单元的生死技术及APDL语言开发技术来模拟无滑移型柱脚底座在低周反复荷载作用下的简化数值模拟技术。经与试验结果对比,本文所提出的柱脚数值模拟技术效果良好,实用可靠。
提出了用ANSYS的Combin39单元与压型Link10单元并联设置,用前者来模拟柱脚锚杆、用后者来模拟柱脚底座,并利用Combin39单元可自定义力-位移输入曲线来定义其本构关系的特性,通过分别输入不同的力-位移曲线来实现有滑移型与无滑移型柱脚在随机地震激励下的数值模拟技术,对框架结构的耗能特性以及在地震激励作用下的动力响应进行了研究。新型带楔块弹簧减震装置可以有效控制结构层间位移、减小结构地震反应,更好的耗散地震能量,使带楔块柱脚结构表现出更好的抗震性能。
总之,论文基于试验、理论推导及有限元分析,研究了一种新型带楔块的无滑移型露出型钢柱脚的抗震性能；且同时推导出了传统普通有滑移露出型钢柱脚及新型带楔块弹簧减震装置无滑移型钢柱脚的理论计算公式,并在数值模拟技术上有成功突破,为这种新型无滑移露出型钢柱脚的推广提供了可靠的依据。
In the field of normal steel structure and light-weight steel structure, the exposed-type steel column base is widely used. The restoring force characteristics of conventional exposed-type column bases are slip-type under low cyclic load, and the energy dissipation ability is not fully performed. To resolve the above problem, a non-slip-type steel column base with wedge spring damping devices is studied. The new type column base shows significantly improved seismic performance. Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation project "the research on disaster analysis and relief measures of Wenchuan earthquake"(50848008) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program "the key technology and application of the recycled concrete and new steel structural building materials"(2009AA032304), the mechanical behavior of the new steel column base is studied by theoretical analysis, cyclic loading test and numerical simulation. Also, the dynamic properties of steel frame with the new column base are studied. The main research achievements are summarized as follows:
With the deformation influences of bolt, steel column plate, concrete base, washer and nut taken into account, formulas of deformation and rotational stiffness of exposed-type steel column bases are derived. The working mechanism and mechanical properties of the column base with wedge devices and the conventional column base are studied. The results show that the restoring force model of the exposed-type column base with wedge devices is non-slip-type, and the restoring force model of the common exposed-type steel column base is slip-type. The new column bases with wedge devices and common column bases are tested separately under low cyclic load, with the influence of different bolt numbers and column axial force taken into account. Thus, the restoring force characteristics of these column bases are deduced. Through experimental study, the derived formulas and restoring force models in the thesis are proved to be practical and effective. For column base with wedge devices, the gap between base plate and foundation produced by deformation of column base bolt is eliminated by use of the wedge spring devices, and the column base is fastened all the time. Compared with the ordinary column base, the new column base shows improved seismic performance, slower rigidity degeneration, improved ductility and energy dissipation capacity.
The three-dimensional finite element model is established for numerical simulation, given the influence of material nonlinearity, contact nonlinearity, bolt number and arrangement on the bearing force and seismic performance of column bases. The finite element analysis results agree well with the test results. Hysteretic curve and skeleton curve have the same changing tendency as the test results. The curve is approximately linear before the specimen yield, but after the yield, the curve is obviously nonlinear. The increase of axial force is beneficial to the improvement of the bearing capacity in a certain range, but the capability of energy consumption is also reduced. The joint area has strong constraint on column, which results in the larger experimental value of skeleton curve in plastic zone compared with the finite element analysis. The increase of the bolt number is favorable to the bearing capacity and stiffness of column base.
The simplified numerical simulation technology of slip-type column base is presented under low cyclic load, by using Link8unit in ANSYS in series with Link10tension type unit, and then in parallel with Link10pressure type unit to simulate the bolt of column base, and using Link10pressure type unit to simulate the base plate of column base. The simulation technology of non-slip-type column base is also proposed under low cyclic load, by using APDL language and the unidirectional displacement technology of Link8unit to simulate the base plate of column base. By comparison with the test results, the numerical simulation technology on column base presented in the thesis shows a good, practical and reliable effect.
The Combin39unit in ANSYS and pressure type Link10unit are arranged in parallel, by using the former to simulate the bolt of column base and the latter to simulate the pedestal base. The characteristics of the constitutive relation of Combin39unit can be defined by inputting force-displacement curve. The numerical simulation technology of slip-type and non-slip-type column base is realized by inputting the different force-displacement curve. The energy consumption characteristics and the dynamic response of frame structure are studied under the seismic excitation. The new type wedge spring damping device can effectively control inter-story displacement of structure, reduce the seismic response of structure, and effectively dissipate the seismic energy. Thus, the structure of the new column bases with wedge spring devices shows an improved seismic performance.
In summary, the seismic performance of a new non-slip-type steel column base with wedge spring devices is studied based on the test, theoretical research and finite element analysis. Meanwhile, the theoretical calculation formulas of the conventional slip-type exposed column base and the new non-slip-type exposed column base with wedge spring devices are derived. Then, the numerical simulation technology is also proposed. The work provides a reliable basis for the application of the new non-slip-type exposed column base.
考虑锚杆、钢柱底板、混凝土底座、垫圈及螺帽等变形的影响,推导了露出型钢柱脚的变形及转动刚度计算公式；研究了带楔块装置钢柱脚和普通钢柱脚的工作机理、力学性能,得出了带楔块装置柱脚恢复力模型表现为无滑移型,普通露出型柱脚恢复力模型表现为滑移型。对带楔块新型柱脚和普通柱脚试件分别进行了低周往复循环加载试验,并考虑不同螺栓数及柱轴压力等情况,得出了各自的恢复力特性；验证了本文所推导的柱脚计算公式和所得到的恢复力模型是实用有效的；带楔块露出型柱脚由于弹簧的推动,楔块的切入,消除了由于螺栓杆塑性变形产生的柱脚底板与基础的缝隙,柱脚始终不松动；与普通螺栓连接柱脚相比,新型柱脚刚度退化减慢,延性和耗能能力明显提高,表现出良好的抗震性能。
考虑材料非线性、接触非线性以及螺栓数量及排列对柱脚受力和抗震性能的影响,对各柱脚建立三维有限元模型进行了数值模拟。有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合较好,滞回曲线和骨架曲线的变化趋势与试验结果相同,在试件屈服前曲线基本为线性,屈服后出现明显的非线性,轴力的增加在一定范围内对柱脚弯矩承载力的提高是有益的,但同时柱脚的耗能能力也有所降低；节点域对柱有较强的约束作用,从而导致骨架曲线在塑性区的试验值较有限元分析值稍大；螺栓的增加对柱脚在承载力和刚度方面都较有利。
提出了用ANSYS的Link8单元和拉型Link10单元串联起来再与压型Link10单元并联模拟滑移型柱脚锚杆,用压型Link10单元来模拟滑移型柱脚底座在低周反复荷载作用下的简化数值模拟技术；用ANSYS的Link8单元并结合单元的生死技术及APDL语言开发技术来模拟无滑移型柱脚底座在低周反复荷载作用下的简化数值模拟技术。经与试验结果对比,本文所提出的柱脚数值模拟技术效果良好,实用可靠。
提出了用ANSYS的Combin39单元与压型Link10单元并联设置,用前者来模拟柱脚锚杆、用后者来模拟柱脚底座,并利用Combin39单元可自定义力-位移输入曲线来定义其本构关系的特性,通过分别输入不同的力-位移曲线来实现有滑移型与无滑移型柱脚在随机地震激励下的数值模拟技术,对框架结构的耗能特性以及在地震激励作用下的动力响应进行了研究。新型带楔块弹簧减震装置可以有效控制结构层间位移、减小结构地震反应,更好的耗散地震能量,使带楔块柱脚结构表现出更好的抗震性能。
总之,论文基于试验、理论推导及有限元分析,研究了一种新型带楔块的无滑移型露出型钢柱脚的抗震性能；且同时推导出了传统普通有滑移露出型钢柱脚及新型带楔块弹簧减震装置无滑移型钢柱脚的理论计算公式,并在数值模拟技术上有成功突破,为这种新型无滑移露出型钢柱脚的推广提供了可靠的依据。
In the field of normal steel structure and light-weight steel structure, the exposed-type steel column base is widely used. The restoring force characteristics of conventional exposed-type column bases are slip-type under low cyclic load, and the energy dissipation ability is not fully performed. To resolve the above problem, a non-slip-type steel column base with wedge spring damping devices is studied. The new type column base shows significantly improved seismic performance. Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation project "the research on disaster analysis and relief measures of Wenchuan earthquake"(50848008) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program "the key technology and application of the recycled concrete and new steel structural building materials"(2009AA032304), the mechanical behavior of the new steel column base is studied by theoretical analysis, cyclic loading test and numerical simulation. Also, the dynamic properties of steel frame with the new column base are studied. The main research achievements are summarized as follows:
With the deformation influences of bolt, steel column plate, concrete base, washer and nut taken into account, formulas of deformation and rotational stiffness of exposed-type steel column bases are derived. The working mechanism and mechanical properties of the column base with wedge devices and the conventional column base are studied. The results show that the restoring force model of the exposed-type column base with wedge devices is non-slip-type, and the restoring force model of the common exposed-type steel column base is slip-type. The new column bases with wedge devices and common column bases are tested separately under low cyclic load, with the influence of different bolt numbers and column axial force taken into account. Thus, the restoring force characteristics of these column bases are deduced. Through experimental study, the derived formulas and restoring force models in the thesis are proved to be practical and effective. For column base with wedge devices, the gap between base plate and foundation produced by deformation of column base bolt is eliminated by use of the wedge spring devices, and the column base is fastened all the time. Compared with the ordinary column base, the new column base shows improved seismic performance, slower rigidity degeneration, improved ductility and energy dissipation capacity.
The three-dimensional finite element model is established for numerical simulation, given the influence of material nonlinearity, contact nonlinearity, bolt number and arrangement on the bearing force and seismic performance of column bases. The finite element analysis results agree well with the test results. Hysteretic curve and skeleton curve have the same changing tendency as the test results. The curve is approximately linear before the specimen yield, but after the yield, the curve is obviously nonlinear. The increase of axial force is beneficial to the improvement of the bearing capacity in a certain range, but the capability of energy consumption is also reduced. The joint area has strong constraint on column, which results in the larger experimental value of skeleton curve in plastic zone compared with the finite element analysis. The increase of the bolt number is favorable to the bearing capacity and stiffness of column base.
The simplified numerical simulation technology of slip-type column base is presented under low cyclic load, by using Link8unit in ANSYS in series with Link10tension type unit, and then in parallel with Link10pressure type unit to simulate the bolt of column base, and using Link10pressure type unit to simulate the base plate of column base. The simulation technology of non-slip-type column base is also proposed under low cyclic load, by using APDL language and the unidirectional displacement technology of Link8unit to simulate the base plate of column base. By comparison with the test results, the numerical simulation technology on column base presented in the thesis shows a good, practical and reliable effect.
The Combin39unit in ANSYS and pressure type Link10unit are arranged in parallel, by using the former to simulate the bolt of column base and the latter to simulate the pedestal base. The characteristics of the constitutive relation of Combin39unit can be defined by inputting force-displacement curve. The numerical simulation technology of slip-type and non-slip-type column base is realized by inputting the different force-displacement curve. The energy consumption characteristics and the dynamic response of frame structure are studied under the seismic excitation. The new type wedge spring damping device can effectively control inter-story displacement of structure, reduce the seismic response of structure, and effectively dissipate the seismic energy. Thus, the structure of the new column bases with wedge spring devices shows an improved seismic performance.
In summary, the seismic performance of a new non-slip-type steel column base with wedge spring devices is studied based on the test, theoretical research and finite element analysis. Meanwhile, the theoretical calculation formulas of the conventional slip-type exposed column base and the new non-slip-type exposed column base with wedge spring devices are derived. Then, the numerical simulation technology is also proposed. The work provides a reliable basis for the application of the new non-slip-type exposed column base.
引文
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