我国新型农业经营体系构建路径研究
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摘要
产业分工和产业融合是产业发展的两个方向。产业分工理论源远流长,但继斯密和马克思的分工思想之后,分工理论就呈现式微迹象。实际上,分工现象无论是在以前诸如农业从畜牧业中分离出来、手工业从农业中分离出来等大的社会部门分离过程中存在,还是在随后小的部门分离、部门内部工作的分离中一直都存在并发挥着核心作用。自我国实行家庭联产承包制改革以来,农业基本上定位于农民的全能型事业,即农业发展主要依赖于农民的劳动力这一生产要素。随着科技、管理、资本、组织等生产要素愈发显示出其重要性,以及农业小部门化的发展趋势,二者都要求农业充分利用各种生产要素资源,细化分工,推动其平均利润率与其他产业持平。
当然,农业产业或企业的发展也绝不能只谈分工、讲边界。随着高新技术发展的加速化、国际强大竞争对手集团化或联盟化以及消费者需求的品质化,这些客观环境在给农业发展提供融合条件的同时,更是提出了农业与其他产业融合发展的需求。农业应抓住机遇,积极探索多种融合型经营方式。党的十八大提出构建集约化、专业化、组织化、社会化相结合的新型农业经营体系,它正是针对我国基本国情、农情做出的重要研判。
应该看到,目前,农业还是我国“四化同步”的短腿。在城乡一体化发展背景下,我们尤其要推动新型城镇化与农业现代化“两化联动”,既要发挥城镇化的带动作用,又要发挥农业现代化的支撑作用。从农业本身来看,农业在我国具有基础性、弱质性、高风险性和小部门化发展趋势；纵向方面,随着城镇化步伐不断加快,城乡人口结构、就业结构、社会结构的深刻调整,我国农业发展加快,已进入从传统农业向现代农业加快转型的重要阶段；横向方面,当今世界上凡是实现了农业现代化的国家,均形成了分工发达、紧密相连的农业经营体系。由以上分析可知,我国应积极创新农业发展方式,着力构建新型农业经营体系。
本文力求对产业分工和融合视角下新型农业经营体系构建问题进行整体性、系统性研究,以期在对新型农业经营体系进行宏观认知的基础上,深入分析体系各个部分运行机制背后的分工或融合原理,构建促进农业分工深化和融合发展的农业经营制度。本文综合运用产业组织理论、交易费用理论、契约理论、产权理论和激励理论等经济学理论,对我国新型农业经营体系的构建进行了分析研究；同时,在研究分析的基础上进行了实地调研,考察了相关农民合作社组织的运转情况,分析了合作组织对农业分工的促进作用。本文的结构安排如下：
第一部分：绪论。交待选题背景、研究目的、研究意义、研究方法和结构安排以及研究的创新之处和不足。
第二部分：文献综述。本章系统地梳理了产业分工与产业融合的经典理论、产业分工与产业融合关系的相关研究以及现代农业经营体系理论研究成果,并对相关文献进行简要评述。
第三部分：分析农业经营主体和农业经营组织的发生机制及其分工效应。本章在产业分工的视角下,结合国内外经济发展和农业经营现状以及农业政策导向,从农业经营主体和农业经营组织两个方面展开论述,并以农业经营组织为研究重点。本章首先通过分析从分散农户占主导地位阶段到农业经营主体多元化阶段的发展进程,指出新型农业经营主体是专业化分工的必然产物。其次,本章从以下三个方面对农民合作经济组织展开论证：从理论逻辑、现实解释、模型分析三个角度论证了专业化分工背后农民合作经济组织的发生机制。再次,本章从农民合作经济组织协调农业分工、分享分工收益、促进农业分工三个方面来分析其对农业分工演进的推动作用。最后,在上述分析基础上,作者通过调研获得的第一手资料对农民合作经济组织进行了实证分析和案例分析：通过分析四川具有代表性的三个县30家合作社和359家农户的调研资料和数据,对农户加入农民合作经济组织的影响因素进行了实证研究；以岳池县三安蔬菜专业合作社、成都金果果蔬农民专业合作社为例对农民合作经济组织进行了详细的案例解析,在阐述组织概况的基础上解析了合作社是如何促进农业分工的。
第四部分：基于产业分工和融合的视角对农业经营方式进行了研究。本章首先梳理了我国农业经营方式发展演变的历史。其次,界定了农业经营方式的内涵,把农业经营方式划分为分工型经营方式和融合型经营方式两大类型；把农业产业化经营、农业适度规模经营、农业产业集群式经营界定为分工型经营方式,而把融合型经营细分为重组式融合经营、延伸式融合经营、高新技术渗透式融合经营、工厂式农业融合经营四种类型。在此基础上,本章提出要推动分工型经营方式和融合型经营方式双轨运行。
第五部分：研究促进农业经营分工深化与融合发展的制度构建。在前四部分研究分析的基础上,本章以促进农业分工与融合发展为指导思想,主要从农地产权制度、社会化服务制度体系、科技创新推广制度及职业农民制度四个方面详细分析了制度建设与创新的具体路径。以期为完善农业经营体系,深化农业分工,推动多种农业融合型经营方式发展,最终促进农业增产和农民增收寻找制度保障。
第六部分：主要结论、研究局限和未来研究建议。在对前五章分析研究进行归纳总结的基础上,本章主要指出了文章的研究结论、局限性及未来研究建议。
本文的主要贡献或可能的创新之处主要包含以下几点：
(1)研究视角和思路。文章创新性地以产业分工和融合理论为理论研究视角对新型农业经营体系进行研究。深入挖掘和梳理新型农业经营主体和经营组织产生和运行背后的分工逻辑,并指出农业经营方式中所蕴含的产业分工和融合的实质。最后,在顶层设计方面,论文又以产业分工和产业融合的思路来研究农业经营体系的制度构建,试图丰富和完善新型农业经营体系研究理论。
同时,本文每章都基于社会历史发展与经济本身发展这两条线来展开论述。本文坚持具体问题具体分析和理论联系实际的研究思想,根据经济本身的发展阶段对研究对象进行分析论证,在回溯其历史变迁的基础上切入现实情势,根据新形势新环境下的农业经济发展现状提出新型农业经营体系的构建问题。
(2)把农业经营方式划分为分工型经营方式和融合型经营方式两种类型。基于本文的研究视角和研究需要,文章尝试性地将农业经营方式划分为分工型经营方式和融合型经营方式。本文把各个不同的经济主体专业从事某一个或几个环节,而其他环节得以分离出去由其他经济主体负责经理的农业经营方式划分为分工型经营方式,认为农业产业化经营、农业适度规模经营、农业集群式经营等主要属于分工型经营；而把形成新的产业形态为表征的重组式融合经营、延伸式融合经营、高新技术渗透式融合经营、工厂式农业融合经营四种农业经营方式归为融合型经营方式。
(3)提出重塑供销社在农业社会化服务体系中的“主导”地位。通过回顾与考察供销合作社的历史和现状,本文认为,供销社具有作为“骨干”的多种优势：供销合作社具有政府背景,政治上可靠；供销社拥有全国性的、占有市场重要地位的农产品流通网络,具有开展农业社会化服务的丰富资源和几十年的服务经验；供销合作社与农民存在天然的联系等。因此,本文提出,供销合作社应充分利用自身人才、组织和网络资源优势,积极发挥农业社会化服务的骨干作用,帮助农民增收,当好政府助手。
(4)提出应整合农业经营中处于隐性化、边缘化的非正规制度。本文结合经济发展实际,以动态的视角进行分析研究,提出经营主体和经营组织随着不同的环境条件而呈现多样化发展,相应的农业经营路径保障即制度建设也不应一成不变。应在尊重国情和农情的基础上,对现实中涌现、可以发挥“正能量”的自发性实践进行制度整合,改变其隐性化、边缘化的现状；发挥其正面的积极作用,不断从自发性实践中吸收有益因素,推动正规制度的创新和完善,在良性互动中深化和完善农业经营体系。
新型农业经营体系构建是一个崭新、复杂而又现实的研究课题,本文仅从产业分工和融合的研究视角对农业经营体系进行分析,还涵盖不了其发展的多角度性和构建路径上的多样性,避免不了存在研究上的片面性,这是本文的不足之处,也是作者下一步需要努力的方向。
Industrial division and convergence are two aspects in industrial evolution. The theory of industrial division has a long history, but it already has a sign of declination. After Adam Smith and Marx put up the theory of the division of labor, though the theory of "Roundabout production"and "Divison of labour is generally depend on division of labour"that put forward by Smith Young after long years had been a fad, but the division of labor theory has not really arosed attention in academic articles. Since20c80s, though neoclassical economics's study on division of labor attracted some attention, it's far from the rejuvenation of the theory of division of labor.In fact, division of labor has always existed and played an important role whether in the segregation of large social sectors like industry's segregation from agriculture handicraft industry's segregation from industry or the succeeding segregation of small sectors and interor segregation within a sector. Especially two development trends nowadays make it imperative to study the division of agriculture. On the one hand, productive factors like technology, management, capital, manpower and organization are showing their significance, agriculture is no more and can not linger on the orientation of an all-around public enterprise for farmers, on the other hand, there is a noticeable trend that the direct contribution rate from added value of agriculture to the growth of GDP is decreasing agriculture "small departmentalization" sustainable growth in the total amount of agricultural products, it's share is reducing. The two trends cry for the agriculture to raise labor productivity and specify the division of labor and to take full advantage of various productive factor resources to promote the average agricultural profit margin to break even with that of other industries.
Of course, the development of agricultural industry or enterprise also can not only talk about division and boundary. especially with the acceleration of the development of new and high technology, high quality international powerful or League rival group and consumer demand, provides the fusion conditions not only to the development of agricultural industry, is proposed for the integration and development of other industries demand, agriculture should seize the opportunity, and actively explore a variety of integration mode of operation, to do bigger and stronger, to build their own unique competitive. It is the industrial division of labor and industrial integration of great theoretical and practical significance to the research perspective on the new agricultural management system.
The18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the construction of intensive, specialization, organization, social combination of new system of agricultural operation, this is the concept of "new agricultural management system" in the central document mentioned for the first time, it is an important study in our basic national conditions, and the comprehensive agricultural crop environment.
Since entering the new century, the central government come up with the policy about agriculture is effective and is popular among people. At the same time it is a strong impetus to the development of agriculture and rural areas. However, we should see the short legs, agriculture still is the short board in the "four modernizations synchronization", the countryside also is the short board in building "the comprehensive construction well-off society".In the process of development of the "four modernizations synchronization", we especially closely combined new urbanization road with agricultural modernization, determined to overcome the "two pieces of skins" phenomenon. In order to promote the new urbanization and agricultural modernization complement, not only need play a leading role of urbanization, but also play a supporting role of the modernization of agriculture. From the weakness of agriculture itself, modern agriculture, in addition, assume the risk of usual sense of the natural and risk of market, in recent years also faces a serious animal or plant epidemic and the uncertainty of the scandal of uncertainty, these events showed the trends of increased quantities and frequency accelerates; vertically, with the pace of urbanization continue to accelerate and the adjustment of urban and rural population structure, employment structure, social structure, speeding up the development of China's agriculture and it has entered an important stage of speeding up the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture; horizontally, we see in the world countries that realized agricultural modernization have formed the agricultural management system that division developed and linked closely Integrated theoretical and practical to analysis, we should actively innovation development mode of agricultural, and strive to build a new system of agricultural operation in order to realize more and more high level to liberate and develop rural productivity and increase the farmers' income. This is the background and starting point in the study of a new system of agricultural operation.
The paper tries to study the systematic construction of new agricultural management system in the view of industrial division and convergence, and it is not research insularly on agricultural management system of a certain aspect or part, in the base of the macro cognition on the new agricultural management system, it analysis deeply the underlying system parts the operating mechanism of the division or fusion principle, as well as the relationship between the system of intensive, specialization, systematization and socialization and the methods of organic combination.According it to put forward system guarantee to promote agricultural division and the development of agriculture by in order to break the predicament of agricultural development at the present stage. In the process of the specific research and analysis of industrial economics,the article use theory of industrial organization, new institutional economics of the transaction cost theory, contract theory, property rights theory and regulation economics theory of incentive mechanism and other emerging economics theory to enrich and develop the agricultural industry management system theory. At the same time, the author made a field investigation on the basis of research and analysis, the operation situation of farmer cooperative organizations related to absorb the successful experience. This article contains the following chapters in the structure:
The first part:introduction. Explain the background, research purpose, research meaning, research method and the structure arrangement and the research of the innovation and shortcomings, to make readers have a rough intuitive understanding of the essay. Based on the basic, frangibility and "small department" trend of agriculture as the research background, in order to optimize the allocation of agricultural resources, promote rational division of labor and the effective integration of agriculture, improve the income of the farmers as research object, through normative analysis, comparative analysis, investigation and analysis as the research method, in order to enhance the use of construction on agricultural management issues and management system. In addition, this part of the article structure arrangement and the innovation and deficiencies are briefly described
The second part:literature review. This chapter will tease classical theory of fusion of industrial division of labor and industry system combing and the relevant research of industrial division and integration and the relationship between the two and the modern agricultural management system theory, and made a brief review of the literature.
The third part:the analysis of pathogenesis and the division effect agricultural management subject and agricultural operation organization. This chapter will in the view of industrial division and integration perspective, combined with the domestic and international economic development and current situation of agricultural management and agricultural policy, from two aspects of agricultural management main body and organization of agricultural management to discuss. It research mainly the agricultural operation organization. This chapter from their respective connotation, function, market concept and different traditional agriculture limits to growth characteristics of modern agriculture compares with traditional agriculture to analyze. Then points out, new agricultural management main body is the inevitable product of the professional division:professional large family and family farms to concentrate on its core function, in other word it is the agricultural industry chain on the production function, cooperatives in addition to a part of the first industry engaged in production activities, the others are mainly farmers, professional investors, family farms provide antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum service, but the agricultural enterprises in gradually fade its production function to focus on the market function, the model management main body should be combined with their respective advantages and highlight its core function and carry out cooperation. When In discuss problem of the organization of agricultural management, the author firstly traces back to the period of agriculture cooperation organization of agricultural management, the alienation of the collective system period and from the family economy to form a historical transition period of three stages of agricultural industrial organization pattern, and points out the research focus of this chapter is the mechanism of farmer cooperative economy organization and the division of the promoting effect of analysis, and then proceed to argue on this two aspects:from the theoretical logic, the reality explanation, model analysis of three aspects behind specialization farmer cooperation economic organization of the occurrence mechanism
The fourth part:Based on industrial division and integration of agricultural management mode to study. Based on defining the brief history of agricultural management mode in China's development and the connotation of agricultural management mode, the mode of agricultural operation is divided into division management and integrated management of two types, and the industrialized operation of agriculture, moderate scale management of agriculture, agricultural industry cluster management is defined as the division of labor based management way, and divide fusion operation into recombinant fusion operation, extended fusion operation, high-tech infiltration fusion operation, factory farming fusion operation types. In addition, because in the peasant family decentralized management of production, purchasing, sales in a chain of division of labor, basically there is no division link in management. the family is managed dispersedly into agricultural integration management low level, in the strict sense, it is not the real industrial integration, there is no new form of industry as its formation characterization.
The fifth part:Agricultural Management Division and integration development system. Based on the research, this chapter in order to promote the agricultural industry management division and integration of development as the guiding ideology, mainly from the four aspects of rural land property right system, public service system, promote scientific and technological innovation and the system of occupation farmer system detailed analysis how to chieve the system construction and innovation, to better improve agricultural management system, deepen agricultural division, promote a variety of agricultural integration management mode of development, promote agricultural growth and farmers' income finally.
The sixth part:the main conclusion, research limitations and future suggestions. The five chapter based on the above analysis, this chapter points out the conclusion, the research limitations and suggestions for future research.
The main contribution of the paper or possible innovations include the following aspects:
(1) perspective and idea of the research. The paper innovatively use industrial division and fusion theory to study the new agricultural management system theory, in-depth excavation and analysis of new agricultural management and operation of the main organization and operation division logic of behind it, and points out that the essence of the mode of agricultural operation in which contains the industry division and fusion. Finally, the innovation in the top-level design and in the industrial division and the industrial fusion method to study a system of agricultural management system construction and perfect, enrich and develop the new agricultural management system theory.
At the same time, each chapter are based on the two line that are the historical development and the economic development, and according to these two lines to discuss. The author consists two thinkings that the concrete analysis of concrete problems and linking theory with practice, do not blindly negate the history, but according to the stage of economic development to analysis the research object, based on tracing back the historical changes of the reality situation, proposed building a new agricultural management system according to the new situation and new environment in the present situation of agricultural economy, such as agricultural economy development need "third sector" production and the occupation of farmers.
(2) The agricultural management mode is divided into division mode of operation and management of convergence. In view of the author's research perspective and research needs, this paper attempts to divide management into division and integration mode of agricultural operation. The various economic agents specializing in one or several links, and other links can be separated from other economic entities shall be responsible for the agriculture management way and it is divided into division mode of operation, and regards agricultural industrialization, moderate scale management of agriculture, cluster management mainly belongs to the division of management; and the formation of a new form of industry restructuring type characterization of fusion operation, extended fusion operation, high-tech infiltration fusion operation, factory farming fusion operation four kinds of agricultural management mode into fusion type mode of operation of. Although this classification is debatable, but is also a bold attempt.
(3)the integration of agricultural management in a hidden, the marginalization of the informal system. In this paper, combining the reality of economic development to analysis and Study on the dynamic perspective, the management and operation of the main organization with different environmental conditions and diversified development, agricultural management path corresponding guarantee system construction should not immutable and frozen, should be based on respect for national and agricultural conditions, system integration to emerge in the real world. The suitable informal practices change the present situation of recessive, marginalized, and it play its positive role, constantly absorbing the beneficial factors from the informal practice, promoting the regular system innovation and improvement, deepen and improve the agricultural management system in benign interaction.
The new system of agricultural operation is a new, complex and realistic research topic, this paper is just to the industrial division and fusion research perspective on the agricultural management system is analyzed at an angle which is not covered, multi angle to its development and construction of multi route path, can not avoid the one-sided research, and omit other important aspects of the new system of agricultural operation, this is the inadequacy of the paper and is the author's next work direction.
当然,农业产业或企业的发展也绝不能只谈分工、讲边界。随着高新技术发展的加速化、国际强大竞争对手集团化或联盟化以及消费者需求的品质化,这些客观环境在给农业发展提供融合条件的同时,更是提出了农业与其他产业融合发展的需求。农业应抓住机遇,积极探索多种融合型经营方式。党的十八大提出构建集约化、专业化、组织化、社会化相结合的新型农业经营体系,它正是针对我国基本国情、农情做出的重要研判。
应该看到,目前,农业还是我国“四化同步”的短腿。在城乡一体化发展背景下,我们尤其要推动新型城镇化与农业现代化“两化联动”,既要发挥城镇化的带动作用,又要发挥农业现代化的支撑作用。从农业本身来看,农业在我国具有基础性、弱质性、高风险性和小部门化发展趋势；纵向方面,随着城镇化步伐不断加快,城乡人口结构、就业结构、社会结构的深刻调整,我国农业发展加快,已进入从传统农业向现代农业加快转型的重要阶段；横向方面,当今世界上凡是实现了农业现代化的国家,均形成了分工发达、紧密相连的农业经营体系。由以上分析可知,我国应积极创新农业发展方式,着力构建新型农业经营体系。
本文力求对产业分工和融合视角下新型农业经营体系构建问题进行整体性、系统性研究,以期在对新型农业经营体系进行宏观认知的基础上,深入分析体系各个部分运行机制背后的分工或融合原理,构建促进农业分工深化和融合发展的农业经营制度。本文综合运用产业组织理论、交易费用理论、契约理论、产权理论和激励理论等经济学理论,对我国新型农业经营体系的构建进行了分析研究；同时,在研究分析的基础上进行了实地调研,考察了相关农民合作社组织的运转情况,分析了合作组织对农业分工的促进作用。本文的结构安排如下：
第一部分：绪论。交待选题背景、研究目的、研究意义、研究方法和结构安排以及研究的创新之处和不足。
第二部分：文献综述。本章系统地梳理了产业分工与产业融合的经典理论、产业分工与产业融合关系的相关研究以及现代农业经营体系理论研究成果,并对相关文献进行简要评述。
第三部分：分析农业经营主体和农业经营组织的发生机制及其分工效应。本章在产业分工的视角下,结合国内外经济发展和农业经营现状以及农业政策导向,从农业经营主体和农业经营组织两个方面展开论述,并以农业经营组织为研究重点。本章首先通过分析从分散农户占主导地位阶段到农业经营主体多元化阶段的发展进程,指出新型农业经营主体是专业化分工的必然产物。其次,本章从以下三个方面对农民合作经济组织展开论证：从理论逻辑、现实解释、模型分析三个角度论证了专业化分工背后农民合作经济组织的发生机制。再次,本章从农民合作经济组织协调农业分工、分享分工收益、促进农业分工三个方面来分析其对农业分工演进的推动作用。最后,在上述分析基础上,作者通过调研获得的第一手资料对农民合作经济组织进行了实证分析和案例分析：通过分析四川具有代表性的三个县30家合作社和359家农户的调研资料和数据,对农户加入农民合作经济组织的影响因素进行了实证研究；以岳池县三安蔬菜专业合作社、成都金果果蔬农民专业合作社为例对农民合作经济组织进行了详细的案例解析,在阐述组织概况的基础上解析了合作社是如何促进农业分工的。
第四部分：基于产业分工和融合的视角对农业经营方式进行了研究。本章首先梳理了我国农业经营方式发展演变的历史。其次,界定了农业经营方式的内涵,把农业经营方式划分为分工型经营方式和融合型经营方式两大类型；把农业产业化经营、农业适度规模经营、农业产业集群式经营界定为分工型经营方式,而把融合型经营细分为重组式融合经营、延伸式融合经营、高新技术渗透式融合经营、工厂式农业融合经营四种类型。在此基础上,本章提出要推动分工型经营方式和融合型经营方式双轨运行。
第五部分：研究促进农业经营分工深化与融合发展的制度构建。在前四部分研究分析的基础上,本章以促进农业分工与融合发展为指导思想,主要从农地产权制度、社会化服务制度体系、科技创新推广制度及职业农民制度四个方面详细分析了制度建设与创新的具体路径。以期为完善农业经营体系,深化农业分工,推动多种农业融合型经营方式发展,最终促进农业增产和农民增收寻找制度保障。
第六部分：主要结论、研究局限和未来研究建议。在对前五章分析研究进行归纳总结的基础上,本章主要指出了文章的研究结论、局限性及未来研究建议。
本文的主要贡献或可能的创新之处主要包含以下几点：
(1)研究视角和思路。文章创新性地以产业分工和融合理论为理论研究视角对新型农业经营体系进行研究。深入挖掘和梳理新型农业经营主体和经营组织产生和运行背后的分工逻辑,并指出农业经营方式中所蕴含的产业分工和融合的实质。最后,在顶层设计方面,论文又以产业分工和产业融合的思路来研究农业经营体系的制度构建,试图丰富和完善新型农业经营体系研究理论。
同时,本文每章都基于社会历史发展与经济本身发展这两条线来展开论述。本文坚持具体问题具体分析和理论联系实际的研究思想,根据经济本身的发展阶段对研究对象进行分析论证,在回溯其历史变迁的基础上切入现实情势,根据新形势新环境下的农业经济发展现状提出新型农业经营体系的构建问题。
(2)把农业经营方式划分为分工型经营方式和融合型经营方式两种类型。基于本文的研究视角和研究需要,文章尝试性地将农业经营方式划分为分工型经营方式和融合型经营方式。本文把各个不同的经济主体专业从事某一个或几个环节,而其他环节得以分离出去由其他经济主体负责经理的农业经营方式划分为分工型经营方式,认为农业产业化经营、农业适度规模经营、农业集群式经营等主要属于分工型经营；而把形成新的产业形态为表征的重组式融合经营、延伸式融合经营、高新技术渗透式融合经营、工厂式农业融合经营四种农业经营方式归为融合型经营方式。
(3)提出重塑供销社在农业社会化服务体系中的“主导”地位。通过回顾与考察供销合作社的历史和现状,本文认为,供销社具有作为“骨干”的多种优势：供销合作社具有政府背景,政治上可靠；供销社拥有全国性的、占有市场重要地位的农产品流通网络,具有开展农业社会化服务的丰富资源和几十年的服务经验；供销合作社与农民存在天然的联系等。因此,本文提出,供销合作社应充分利用自身人才、组织和网络资源优势,积极发挥农业社会化服务的骨干作用,帮助农民增收,当好政府助手。
(4)提出应整合农业经营中处于隐性化、边缘化的非正规制度。本文结合经济发展实际,以动态的视角进行分析研究,提出经营主体和经营组织随着不同的环境条件而呈现多样化发展,相应的农业经营路径保障即制度建设也不应一成不变。应在尊重国情和农情的基础上,对现实中涌现、可以发挥“正能量”的自发性实践进行制度整合,改变其隐性化、边缘化的现状；发挥其正面的积极作用,不断从自发性实践中吸收有益因素,推动正规制度的创新和完善,在良性互动中深化和完善农业经营体系。
新型农业经营体系构建是一个崭新、复杂而又现实的研究课题,本文仅从产业分工和融合的研究视角对农业经营体系进行分析,还涵盖不了其发展的多角度性和构建路径上的多样性,避免不了存在研究上的片面性,这是本文的不足之处,也是作者下一步需要努力的方向。
Industrial division and convergence are two aspects in industrial evolution. The theory of industrial division has a long history, but it already has a sign of declination. After Adam Smith and Marx put up the theory of the division of labor, though the theory of "Roundabout production"and "Divison of labour is generally depend on division of labour"that put forward by Smith Young after long years had been a fad, but the division of labor theory has not really arosed attention in academic articles. Since20c80s, though neoclassical economics's study on division of labor attracted some attention, it's far from the rejuvenation of the theory of division of labor.In fact, division of labor has always existed and played an important role whether in the segregation of large social sectors like industry's segregation from agriculture handicraft industry's segregation from industry or the succeeding segregation of small sectors and interor segregation within a sector. Especially two development trends nowadays make it imperative to study the division of agriculture. On the one hand, productive factors like technology, management, capital, manpower and organization are showing their significance, agriculture is no more and can not linger on the orientation of an all-around public enterprise for farmers, on the other hand, there is a noticeable trend that the direct contribution rate from added value of agriculture to the growth of GDP is decreasing agriculture "small departmentalization" sustainable growth in the total amount of agricultural products, it's share is reducing. The two trends cry for the agriculture to raise labor productivity and specify the division of labor and to take full advantage of various productive factor resources to promote the average agricultural profit margin to break even with that of other industries.
Of course, the development of agricultural industry or enterprise also can not only talk about division and boundary. especially with the acceleration of the development of new and high technology, high quality international powerful or League rival group and consumer demand, provides the fusion conditions not only to the development of agricultural industry, is proposed for the integration and development of other industries demand, agriculture should seize the opportunity, and actively explore a variety of integration mode of operation, to do bigger and stronger, to build their own unique competitive. It is the industrial division of labor and industrial integration of great theoretical and practical significance to the research perspective on the new agricultural management system.
The18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the construction of intensive, specialization, organization, social combination of new system of agricultural operation, this is the concept of "new agricultural management system" in the central document mentioned for the first time, it is an important study in our basic national conditions, and the comprehensive agricultural crop environment.
Since entering the new century, the central government come up with the policy about agriculture is effective and is popular among people. At the same time it is a strong impetus to the development of agriculture and rural areas. However, we should see the short legs, agriculture still is the short board in the "four modernizations synchronization", the countryside also is the short board in building "the comprehensive construction well-off society".In the process of development of the "four modernizations synchronization", we especially closely combined new urbanization road with agricultural modernization, determined to overcome the "two pieces of skins" phenomenon. In order to promote the new urbanization and agricultural modernization complement, not only need play a leading role of urbanization, but also play a supporting role of the modernization of agriculture. From the weakness of agriculture itself, modern agriculture, in addition, assume the risk of usual sense of the natural and risk of market, in recent years also faces a serious animal or plant epidemic and the uncertainty of the scandal of uncertainty, these events showed the trends of increased quantities and frequency accelerates; vertically, with the pace of urbanization continue to accelerate and the adjustment of urban and rural population structure, employment structure, social structure, speeding up the development of China's agriculture and it has entered an important stage of speeding up the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture; horizontally, we see in the world countries that realized agricultural modernization have formed the agricultural management system that division developed and linked closely Integrated theoretical and practical to analysis, we should actively innovation development mode of agricultural, and strive to build a new system of agricultural operation in order to realize more and more high level to liberate and develop rural productivity and increase the farmers' income. This is the background and starting point in the study of a new system of agricultural operation.
The paper tries to study the systematic construction of new agricultural management system in the view of industrial division and convergence, and it is not research insularly on agricultural management system of a certain aspect or part, in the base of the macro cognition on the new agricultural management system, it analysis deeply the underlying system parts the operating mechanism of the division or fusion principle, as well as the relationship between the system of intensive, specialization, systematization and socialization and the methods of organic combination.According it to put forward system guarantee to promote agricultural division and the development of agriculture by in order to break the predicament of agricultural development at the present stage. In the process of the specific research and analysis of industrial economics,the article use theory of industrial organization, new institutional economics of the transaction cost theory, contract theory, property rights theory and regulation economics theory of incentive mechanism and other emerging economics theory to enrich and develop the agricultural industry management system theory. At the same time, the author made a field investigation on the basis of research and analysis, the operation situation of farmer cooperative organizations related to absorb the successful experience. This article contains the following chapters in the structure:
The first part:introduction. Explain the background, research purpose, research meaning, research method and the structure arrangement and the research of the innovation and shortcomings, to make readers have a rough intuitive understanding of the essay. Based on the basic, frangibility and "small department" trend of agriculture as the research background, in order to optimize the allocation of agricultural resources, promote rational division of labor and the effective integration of agriculture, improve the income of the farmers as research object, through normative analysis, comparative analysis, investigation and analysis as the research method, in order to enhance the use of construction on agricultural management issues and management system. In addition, this part of the article structure arrangement and the innovation and deficiencies are briefly described
The second part:literature review. This chapter will tease classical theory of fusion of industrial division of labor and industry system combing and the relevant research of industrial division and integration and the relationship between the two and the modern agricultural management system theory, and made a brief review of the literature.
The third part:the analysis of pathogenesis and the division effect agricultural management subject and agricultural operation organization. This chapter will in the view of industrial division and integration perspective, combined with the domestic and international economic development and current situation of agricultural management and agricultural policy, from two aspects of agricultural management main body and organization of agricultural management to discuss. It research mainly the agricultural operation organization. This chapter from their respective connotation, function, market concept and different traditional agriculture limits to growth characteristics of modern agriculture compares with traditional agriculture to analyze. Then points out, new agricultural management main body is the inevitable product of the professional division:professional large family and family farms to concentrate on its core function, in other word it is the agricultural industry chain on the production function, cooperatives in addition to a part of the first industry engaged in production activities, the others are mainly farmers, professional investors, family farms provide antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum service, but the agricultural enterprises in gradually fade its production function to focus on the market function, the model management main body should be combined with their respective advantages and highlight its core function and carry out cooperation. When In discuss problem of the organization of agricultural management, the author firstly traces back to the period of agriculture cooperation organization of agricultural management, the alienation of the collective system period and from the family economy to form a historical transition period of three stages of agricultural industrial organization pattern, and points out the research focus of this chapter is the mechanism of farmer cooperative economy organization and the division of the promoting effect of analysis, and then proceed to argue on this two aspects:from the theoretical logic, the reality explanation, model analysis of three aspects behind specialization farmer cooperation economic organization of the occurrence mechanism
The fourth part:Based on industrial division and integration of agricultural management mode to study. Based on defining the brief history of agricultural management mode in China's development and the connotation of agricultural management mode, the mode of agricultural operation is divided into division management and integrated management of two types, and the industrialized operation of agriculture, moderate scale management of agriculture, agricultural industry cluster management is defined as the division of labor based management way, and divide fusion operation into recombinant fusion operation, extended fusion operation, high-tech infiltration fusion operation, factory farming fusion operation types. In addition, because in the peasant family decentralized management of production, purchasing, sales in a chain of division of labor, basically there is no division link in management. the family is managed dispersedly into agricultural integration management low level, in the strict sense, it is not the real industrial integration, there is no new form of industry as its formation characterization.
The fifth part:Agricultural Management Division and integration development system. Based on the research, this chapter in order to promote the agricultural industry management division and integration of development as the guiding ideology, mainly from the four aspects of rural land property right system, public service system, promote scientific and technological innovation and the system of occupation farmer system detailed analysis how to chieve the system construction and innovation, to better improve agricultural management system, deepen agricultural division, promote a variety of agricultural integration management mode of development, promote agricultural growth and farmers' income finally.
The sixth part:the main conclusion, research limitations and future suggestions. The five chapter based on the above analysis, this chapter points out the conclusion, the research limitations and suggestions for future research.
The main contribution of the paper or possible innovations include the following aspects:
(1) perspective and idea of the research. The paper innovatively use industrial division and fusion theory to study the new agricultural management system theory, in-depth excavation and analysis of new agricultural management and operation of the main organization and operation division logic of behind it, and points out that the essence of the mode of agricultural operation in which contains the industry division and fusion. Finally, the innovation in the top-level design and in the industrial division and the industrial fusion method to study a system of agricultural management system construction and perfect, enrich and develop the new agricultural management system theory.
At the same time, each chapter are based on the two line that are the historical development and the economic development, and according to these two lines to discuss. The author consists two thinkings that the concrete analysis of concrete problems and linking theory with practice, do not blindly negate the history, but according to the stage of economic development to analysis the research object, based on tracing back the historical changes of the reality situation, proposed building a new agricultural management system according to the new situation and new environment in the present situation of agricultural economy, such as agricultural economy development need "third sector" production and the occupation of farmers.
(2) The agricultural management mode is divided into division mode of operation and management of convergence. In view of the author's research perspective and research needs, this paper attempts to divide management into division and integration mode of agricultural operation. The various economic agents specializing in one or several links, and other links can be separated from other economic entities shall be responsible for the agriculture management way and it is divided into division mode of operation, and regards agricultural industrialization, moderate scale management of agriculture, cluster management mainly belongs to the division of management; and the formation of a new form of industry restructuring type characterization of fusion operation, extended fusion operation, high-tech infiltration fusion operation, factory farming fusion operation four kinds of agricultural management mode into fusion type mode of operation of. Although this classification is debatable, but is also a bold attempt.
(3)the integration of agricultural management in a hidden, the marginalization of the informal system. In this paper, combining the reality of economic development to analysis and Study on the dynamic perspective, the management and operation of the main organization with different environmental conditions and diversified development, agricultural management path corresponding guarantee system construction should not immutable and frozen, should be based on respect for national and agricultural conditions, system integration to emerge in the real world. The suitable informal practices change the present situation of recessive, marginalized, and it play its positive role, constantly absorbing the beneficial factors from the informal practice, promoting the regular system innovation and improvement, deepen and improve the agricultural management system in benign interaction.
The new system of agricultural operation is a new, complex and realistic research topic, this paper is just to the industrial division and fusion research perspective on the agricultural management system is analyzed at an angle which is not covered, multi angle to its development and construction of multi route path, can not avoid the one-sided research, and omit other important aspects of the new system of agricultural operation, this is the inadequacy of the paper and is the author's next work direction.
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