气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统研究
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摘要
气象用太阳辐射计量仪表作为一种记录某区域地面接收太阳辐照量的监测设备,在全球地面辐射基准站网中得到了广泛应用。随着我国气象用观测水平的提高,对太阳辐射计量仪表的测量精度提出了更高的要求,新型气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统的研究已迫在眉睫,气象用太阳辐射计量仪表是为全球气候变化提高准确数据、对气象做出准确预报不可缺少的重要设备。因此气象用太阳辐射计量仪表的检定问题是太阳辐射计量仪表研制和生产中啜待解决的难题。而我国检定设备的落后是制约我国研制和生产太阳辐射计量仪表的瓶颈。为此本文在对太阳辐射计量仪表检定的各种方法和解决途径的研究基础上,以提高检定精度和检定效率为目标,研制了一种新型多功能气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统,以解决太阳辐射计量仪表投入使用前的等级检定难题,其可用于高等级太阳辐射计量仪表的室内检定,对我国研制和生产高等级太阳辐射计量仪表具有重要意义和应用价值。
在对太阳辐射理论和太阳运动理论的研究基础上,采用太阳模拟器技术和多自由度工作台,提出了一种新型多功能气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统的总体设计方案,实现了对待检仪表的灵敏度、非线性误差、方位响应误差、余弦响应误差和倾斜响应误差等各项参数的检定。气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统主要由太阳模拟器和多维工作台组成。太阳模拟器为检定系统提供均匀稳定的模拟太阳光辐射；多维工作台能够为检定系统提供所需各种功能动作模拟不同的太阳角,两者集成共同实现了对气象用太阳辐射计量仪表的标定。
为了获得均匀稳定并和太阳光谱相似的光辐射,设计了由短弧氙灯、氙灯光源、椭球面聚光镜、反射镜、光学积分器、准直物镜、光学滤光片和光学衰减片所组成的同轴准直式太阳模拟器光学系统。设计一种全光谱滤光片对氙灯光谱进行修正,以提高光谱匹配度；为了扩大输出辐照强度的调节范围,采用光学衰减片以弥补氙灯低功率调节下影响辐照稳定性的缺陷。并用Lighttools光学照明设计软件对光学系统建模仿真与分析,得出了光学元件相互位置关系对输出辐照均匀性的影响规律,对太阳模拟器光学系统的设计、安装和调试具有指导意义。
依据已确定的光学系统并结合要完成的检定项目对气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统的机械结构进行了设计。针对太阳模拟器工作时出现的热集中现象,确定了采用双风道强迫空气冷却手段,以提高太阳模拟器内外的热交换能力。在对太阳模拟器关键零部件进行有限元热分析的基础上,对结构进行了合理改进和优化。通过对聚光镜热分析发现,位于第一焦点附近热集中导致聚光镜出瞳产生缩口变形,为此在镜壁外侧增加散热片以提高散能力。经对积分器和视场光阑进行了热变形分析发现,光阑沿轴向发生缩口现象,影响光学系统的准直性；并且以散热量为条件函数,结构尺寸为目标函数,对积分器散热器进行了结构优化设计。为了更好地模拟出不同的太阳角高度角和太阳方位角,研制了一种由转臂机构、俯仰机构、升降机构和旋转机构所组成的,具有四个自由度运动的多功能工作台,并对关键零部件进行了刚度分析,进而制定条件函数和目标函数对主轴和转臂的结构进行了优化。
从太阳模拟器和多维工作台两方面对检定系统的误差进行了理论分析,发现了影响太阳模拟器的光谱失配误差和均匀性误差的原因,在对三种太阳模拟器滤光片透射率曲线的测试发现,发现由于镀膜厚度匹配存使透射率曲线波谷向长波方向移动,将钛镧混合物H4每层厚度按比例缩减可有效对半波谷进行修正。为了获得更好的辐照均匀性,利用光学软件仿真分析了光学积分器的光轴一致性误差对辐照均匀性的关系。采用误差合成方法对多维工作台各个机构的运动误差进行了分析和计算,并给出了影响检定系统精度的误差因素。由此利用多体系动力学原理确定了多维工作台的拓扑结构,建立了工作台广义坐标系,分析了各构件间的相互转换关系,进而推导出工作台空间的实际位置与理想位置的特征矩阵。并根据光的直线传播定律建立了光路几何误差模型,由此求解出辐射中心入射点与旋转机构中心位置的偏心误差运动函数关系,绘制了误差运动曲线,由此得出最大偏心误差。
对检定系统的测试方法理论研究基础上做了大量的测试工作,数据结果表明太阳模拟器工作可靠,各项指标均达到AM1.5标准中的3A等级：工作台能够完成各种功能动作,模拟出不同的太阳角,转动精度优于0.05。,满足技术指标要求,对气象用太阳辐射计量仪表进行检定。
综上所述。本文研究的气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统,具有精度高、检定功能多,自动化程度高,能够在室内对太阳辐射计量仪表的多个参数指标进行检定,对于提高我国太阳辐射计量仪表质量考核和生产水平都具有较高的实际应用价值,特别是在WMO世界气候研究计划下的地面辐射基准站网的建立中发挥重要作用。
Meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument used as a meteorological monitoring equipment which can record solar irradiation energy a regional ground receives, has been widely applied in the global terrestrial radiation reference station network system. Along with the increasing level of China's meteorological observation, a higher demand on the accuracy of the measurement of solar radiation measuring instruments has been put forward. For now it is imminent to develop a new meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument verification system, and it is an important and indispensable equipment to increase the accuracy data for global climate change and to make accurate prediction of meteorology. So, meteorological solar radiation measurement instruments'test sip is the problem to be resolved in the development and production of solar radiation measuring instruments. And the backwardness of our test equipment is the bottleneck restricting China's development and production on this problem. This paper is based on the study of a variety of methods and solutions for solar radiation measurement instruments'test, in order to improve test precision and test efficiency. Finally develop a new multi-function meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument verification system, to solve the problems of the level of verification of solar radiation measuring instrument before it is put into use. The system can be used for high-grade indoor solar radiation measuring instrument'test, it is significance and value of our development and production of high-grade solar radiation measuring instruments.
Based on the study of the theory of solar radiation and solar motion theory, use a solar simulator technology and multi-degree of freedom table, put forward a kind of overall design of a new multi-function weather solar radiation measuring instrument verification system, achieve the tests for sensitivity, nonlinearity, orientation response error, the cosine response error and tilt response errors of the parameters. Meteorological measuring instrument verification system is composed with solar simulator and the multi-dimensional table. Solar simulator provides uniform and stable simulated sunlight radiation for the verification system to, multi-dimensional table provides motion simulation of the various functions required of different sun angle for the verification system. These two integrate together to achieve the calibration of meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument system.
In order to obtain uniform, stable and solar spectrum similar to the light radiation, design a coaxial quasi-direct solar simulator optical system consisted of short-arc xenon lamp, xenon lamp source, ellipsoidal condenser mirror, optical integrator, collimating lens, optical filters and optical attenuator. Design a full-spectrum filter to amend the xenon lamp spectrum to improve the spectral matching. In order to expand the scope of the regulation to the output radiation intensity, use the optical attenuator to compensate the defects affect of the xenon lamp low power for the radiation stability in the regulation. Use Lighttools optical light designing software simulating and analyzing the optical system, obtain the relationship between the output irradiation and the optical components'mutual position, these are the guidance for the optical system design of Solar simulator, installation and commission.
Design the mechanical structure of the solar radiation measuring instrument verification system based on the test project and the optical system. Aim to the phenomenon of thermal centralization, determine using the double duct forced air cooling means to increase the heat exchange capacity of the inside and outside. Based on the thermal analysis of finite element for the key components, improve and optimize the structure reasonably. Through the thermal analysis of the condenser, find that, heat concentration located near the first focus leads to a necking deformation of the exit pupil of the condenser, so add cooling plate outside the mirror wall to improve the ability of heat output. Through the thermal analysis of the integrator and the field stop, find that, diaphragm necking deformation occurs along the axial direction, influencing collimation of the optical system. Considering heat dissipation as condition function, structure size of the objective function, optimize the structure of integrator. In order to better simulate the different elevation and azimuth angle of the sun, developed a multi-function table with four degrees of freedom movement consisted of tumbler institutions, pitch institutions, elevating institutions and rotating mechanism. Analyze stiffness of key components, and then develop the condition function and objective function to optimize the structure of the spindle and the arm.
Do a theoretical analysis of the test system for the solar simulator and the multi-dimensional table, discover the reason influenced the spectral mismatch error and the uniformity error. Though the test on three solar simulator filter transmission curve, find that, as the coating thickness matching the transmission curve trough to move to longer wavelengths, scale down the thickness of each layer of titanium lanthanum mixture H4can amend semi-trough effectively. In order to improve the irradiation uniformity, use optical simulation analyzing the relationship between the irradiation uniformity and the consistency error of optical axis of the optical integrator. Analyze and calculate the kinematic error of the multi-dimensional table by error synthesis, then give the factors affecting the accuracy of the verification system. Thus, use multi-system dynamics theory determining the topology structure of the multi-dimensional table, establishing table generalized coordinate system, analyzing conversion between the various components, and then derive the characteristic matrix of the actual location and an ideal location of the platform space. Establish a model of geometric optical path error according to the law of rectilinear propagation of light, thus solve the eccentric error motion function of radiation center point to the location of the rotating center, draw a curve of error motion, and finally receive the maximum eccentric error.
Test a lot to the measuring method based on the verification system, the data shows that the solar simulator is reliable, the indicators have reached the3A grade in the AM1.5standard. Workbench can complete each function, simulate different sun angles, the rotation precision is better than0.05°and can meet the technical requirements as well as test the meteorological solar radiation measuring instruments.
In summary, the meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument verification system studied in this article has a high precision, a multi-function test and a high degree of automation, can test multiple parameters of solar radiation measuring instrument indoor, has a high practical value for China's solar radiation measuring instrument quality assessment and production levels, particularly play an important role in the establishment of the base station network for ground radiation in the WMO World Climate Research Program.
在对太阳辐射理论和太阳运动理论的研究基础上,采用太阳模拟器技术和多自由度工作台,提出了一种新型多功能气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统的总体设计方案,实现了对待检仪表的灵敏度、非线性误差、方位响应误差、余弦响应误差和倾斜响应误差等各项参数的检定。气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统主要由太阳模拟器和多维工作台组成。太阳模拟器为检定系统提供均匀稳定的模拟太阳光辐射；多维工作台能够为检定系统提供所需各种功能动作模拟不同的太阳角,两者集成共同实现了对气象用太阳辐射计量仪表的标定。
为了获得均匀稳定并和太阳光谱相似的光辐射,设计了由短弧氙灯、氙灯光源、椭球面聚光镜、反射镜、光学积分器、准直物镜、光学滤光片和光学衰减片所组成的同轴准直式太阳模拟器光学系统。设计一种全光谱滤光片对氙灯光谱进行修正,以提高光谱匹配度；为了扩大输出辐照强度的调节范围,采用光学衰减片以弥补氙灯低功率调节下影响辐照稳定性的缺陷。并用Lighttools光学照明设计软件对光学系统建模仿真与分析,得出了光学元件相互位置关系对输出辐照均匀性的影响规律,对太阳模拟器光学系统的设计、安装和调试具有指导意义。
依据已确定的光学系统并结合要完成的检定项目对气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统的机械结构进行了设计。针对太阳模拟器工作时出现的热集中现象,确定了采用双风道强迫空气冷却手段,以提高太阳模拟器内外的热交换能力。在对太阳模拟器关键零部件进行有限元热分析的基础上,对结构进行了合理改进和优化。通过对聚光镜热分析发现,位于第一焦点附近热集中导致聚光镜出瞳产生缩口变形,为此在镜壁外侧增加散热片以提高散能力。经对积分器和视场光阑进行了热变形分析发现,光阑沿轴向发生缩口现象,影响光学系统的准直性；并且以散热量为条件函数,结构尺寸为目标函数,对积分器散热器进行了结构优化设计。为了更好地模拟出不同的太阳角高度角和太阳方位角,研制了一种由转臂机构、俯仰机构、升降机构和旋转机构所组成的,具有四个自由度运动的多功能工作台,并对关键零部件进行了刚度分析,进而制定条件函数和目标函数对主轴和转臂的结构进行了优化。
从太阳模拟器和多维工作台两方面对检定系统的误差进行了理论分析,发现了影响太阳模拟器的光谱失配误差和均匀性误差的原因,在对三种太阳模拟器滤光片透射率曲线的测试发现,发现由于镀膜厚度匹配存使透射率曲线波谷向长波方向移动,将钛镧混合物H4每层厚度按比例缩减可有效对半波谷进行修正。为了获得更好的辐照均匀性,利用光学软件仿真分析了光学积分器的光轴一致性误差对辐照均匀性的关系。采用误差合成方法对多维工作台各个机构的运动误差进行了分析和计算,并给出了影响检定系统精度的误差因素。由此利用多体系动力学原理确定了多维工作台的拓扑结构,建立了工作台广义坐标系,分析了各构件间的相互转换关系,进而推导出工作台空间的实际位置与理想位置的特征矩阵。并根据光的直线传播定律建立了光路几何误差模型,由此求解出辐射中心入射点与旋转机构中心位置的偏心误差运动函数关系,绘制了误差运动曲线,由此得出最大偏心误差。
对检定系统的测试方法理论研究基础上做了大量的测试工作,数据结果表明太阳模拟器工作可靠,各项指标均达到AM1.5标准中的3A等级：工作台能够完成各种功能动作,模拟出不同的太阳角,转动精度优于0.05。,满足技术指标要求,对气象用太阳辐射计量仪表进行检定。
综上所述。本文研究的气象用太阳辐射计量仪表检定系统,具有精度高、检定功能多,自动化程度高,能够在室内对太阳辐射计量仪表的多个参数指标进行检定,对于提高我国太阳辐射计量仪表质量考核和生产水平都具有较高的实际应用价值,特别是在WMO世界气候研究计划下的地面辐射基准站网的建立中发挥重要作用。
Meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument used as a meteorological monitoring equipment which can record solar irradiation energy a regional ground receives, has been widely applied in the global terrestrial radiation reference station network system. Along with the increasing level of China's meteorological observation, a higher demand on the accuracy of the measurement of solar radiation measuring instruments has been put forward. For now it is imminent to develop a new meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument verification system, and it is an important and indispensable equipment to increase the accuracy data for global climate change and to make accurate prediction of meteorology. So, meteorological solar radiation measurement instruments'test sip is the problem to be resolved in the development and production of solar radiation measuring instruments. And the backwardness of our test equipment is the bottleneck restricting China's development and production on this problem. This paper is based on the study of a variety of methods and solutions for solar radiation measurement instruments'test, in order to improve test precision and test efficiency. Finally develop a new multi-function meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument verification system, to solve the problems of the level of verification of solar radiation measuring instrument before it is put into use. The system can be used for high-grade indoor solar radiation measuring instrument'test, it is significance and value of our development and production of high-grade solar radiation measuring instruments.
Based on the study of the theory of solar radiation and solar motion theory, use a solar simulator technology and multi-degree of freedom table, put forward a kind of overall design of a new multi-function weather solar radiation measuring instrument verification system, achieve the tests for sensitivity, nonlinearity, orientation response error, the cosine response error and tilt response errors of the parameters. Meteorological measuring instrument verification system is composed with solar simulator and the multi-dimensional table. Solar simulator provides uniform and stable simulated sunlight radiation for the verification system to, multi-dimensional table provides motion simulation of the various functions required of different sun angle for the verification system. These two integrate together to achieve the calibration of meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument system.
In order to obtain uniform, stable and solar spectrum similar to the light radiation, design a coaxial quasi-direct solar simulator optical system consisted of short-arc xenon lamp, xenon lamp source, ellipsoidal condenser mirror, optical integrator, collimating lens, optical filters and optical attenuator. Design a full-spectrum filter to amend the xenon lamp spectrum to improve the spectral matching. In order to expand the scope of the regulation to the output radiation intensity, use the optical attenuator to compensate the defects affect of the xenon lamp low power for the radiation stability in the regulation. Use Lighttools optical light designing software simulating and analyzing the optical system, obtain the relationship between the output irradiation and the optical components'mutual position, these are the guidance for the optical system design of Solar simulator, installation and commission.
Design the mechanical structure of the solar radiation measuring instrument verification system based on the test project and the optical system. Aim to the phenomenon of thermal centralization, determine using the double duct forced air cooling means to increase the heat exchange capacity of the inside and outside. Based on the thermal analysis of finite element for the key components, improve and optimize the structure reasonably. Through the thermal analysis of the condenser, find that, heat concentration located near the first focus leads to a necking deformation of the exit pupil of the condenser, so add cooling plate outside the mirror wall to improve the ability of heat output. Through the thermal analysis of the integrator and the field stop, find that, diaphragm necking deformation occurs along the axial direction, influencing collimation of the optical system. Considering heat dissipation as condition function, structure size of the objective function, optimize the structure of integrator. In order to better simulate the different elevation and azimuth angle of the sun, developed a multi-function table with four degrees of freedom movement consisted of tumbler institutions, pitch institutions, elevating institutions and rotating mechanism. Analyze stiffness of key components, and then develop the condition function and objective function to optimize the structure of the spindle and the arm.
Do a theoretical analysis of the test system for the solar simulator and the multi-dimensional table, discover the reason influenced the spectral mismatch error and the uniformity error. Though the test on three solar simulator filter transmission curve, find that, as the coating thickness matching the transmission curve trough to move to longer wavelengths, scale down the thickness of each layer of titanium lanthanum mixture H4can amend semi-trough effectively. In order to improve the irradiation uniformity, use optical simulation analyzing the relationship between the irradiation uniformity and the consistency error of optical axis of the optical integrator. Analyze and calculate the kinematic error of the multi-dimensional table by error synthesis, then give the factors affecting the accuracy of the verification system. Thus, use multi-system dynamics theory determining the topology structure of the multi-dimensional table, establishing table generalized coordinate system, analyzing conversion between the various components, and then derive the characteristic matrix of the actual location and an ideal location of the platform space. Establish a model of geometric optical path error according to the law of rectilinear propagation of light, thus solve the eccentric error motion function of radiation center point to the location of the rotating center, draw a curve of error motion, and finally receive the maximum eccentric error.
Test a lot to the measuring method based on the verification system, the data shows that the solar simulator is reliable, the indicators have reached the3A grade in the AM1.5standard. Workbench can complete each function, simulate different sun angles, the rotation precision is better than0.05°and can meet the technical requirements as well as test the meteorological solar radiation measuring instruments.
In summary, the meteorological solar radiation measuring instrument verification system studied in this article has a high precision, a multi-function test and a high degree of automation, can test multiple parameters of solar radiation measuring instrument indoor, has a high practical value for China's solar radiation measuring instrument quality assessment and production levels, particularly play an important role in the establishment of the base station network for ground radiation in the WMO World Climate Research Program.
引文
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