北京油鸡胚胎肝脏来源间充质干细胞的分离培养及生物学特性研究
|
摘要
干细胞研究是生命科学研究领域的热点之一，很多研究成果已应用于临床实践中。本研究以中国特有的地方优良家禽品种北京油鸡为研究对象，对7d鸡胚胎肝组织中的间充质干细胞（MSCs）进行体外分离培养，在优化的体外培养环境中细胞传至25代，冻存156支细胞，应用免疫荧光和RT-PCR技术分别对分离传代细胞进行鉴定，并对传代细胞的冻存和复苏进行探讨是否可以通过干细胞冻存保存北京油鸡这一珍贵遗传资源；对分离鉴定的MSCs通过不同的培养条件进行诱导，分别向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞、神经元和心肌细胞进行分化，应用免疫荧光和RT-PCR对诱导分化细胞进行鉴定。
结果表明：
（1）体外环境下能够分离培养北京油鸡胎肝来源的间充质干细胞，分离细胞经过多次传代培养后仍然具有干细胞所特有的增殖和分化潜能，细胞的各项特性符合间充质干细胞的标准。
（2）在优化组（含10%FBS、5ng/mL bFGF DMEM/F12培养基）的培养体系下，鸡胎肝MSCs体外培养生长旺盛，呈现典型的成纤维细胞形态，绝大多数细胞呈长梭状或三角形或不规则形，细胞排列成漩涡状或火焰状，随着体外培养过程中细胞传代次数的增加，细胞形态趋向均一，且低代次细胞增殖较快，高代次细胞生长明显减慢，随传代次数增多老化细胞增加。
（3）免疫荧光细胞化学检测显示不同代次鸡胎肝MSCs的表面标志CD29和CD44均成阳性表达，而CK19和CD34均不表达。RNA转录水平RT-PCR检测鉴定各代次MSCs表面标志CD44、CD29、CD71和CD73均成阳性表达，且灰度分析显示除了CD73的表达量随细胞代次的增加而减弱外，其他标志物的表达量差别不显著。分离培养得到的细胞为间充质干细胞，MSCs在体外传代培养后仍能维持MSCs的特性。
（4）鸡胎肝MSCs随着传代次数的增加，细胞的冻存及复苏活率呈下降趋势，不同代次鸡胎肝MSCs的细胞生长曲线呈经典的“S”型，细胞倍增均历经潜伏期、对数生长期以及生长停滞期。培养的低代次鸡胎肝MSCs中所含S期细胞较高，G0/G1期细胞较低，随细胞传代次数的升高G0/G1期比例随之增高，S期细胞显著下降。冷冻复苏细胞培养符合体外细胞培养的生长规律。
（5）鸡胎肝MSCs在一定的培养条件下不同代次的细胞均能够分别向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞、神经元和心肌细胞进行分化，且分化后的细胞在形态上发生了相应的变化，少部分细胞出现死亡；随着细胞代次的增高细胞的分化能力减弱，高代次分化后的细胞老化明显；实验分别通过相对应染色方法对分化后细胞进行了物理检测检验分化效果，并通过RT-PCR进一步检测了PPAR-γ、LPL，Collage typeⅠ、Osteopontin，Nestin、NF和Desmin、MyoD1这四种细胞各两种标志物，并分析了分化的目的细胞标志物的表达量变化规律，证明高代次的细胞相较于低代次的细胞分化细胞标志物均出现表达量下调的趋势，说明低代次的细胞在体外更易被诱导分化，细胞随传代次数的增加，细胞的分化能力在减弱。实验证明由7d鸡胚胎肝所分离的MSCs为多潜能间充质干类型的干细胞。
研究表明：本研究从北京油鸡胚胎肝脏所分离得到的间充质干细胞符合间充质干细胞的生物学特性，细胞在体外培养的环境中最多传代达25代，液氮保存的细胞在复苏后可传代培养并保持鸡胎肝MSCs的生物学特性。鸡MSCs能在体外诱导分化为脂肪细胞、成骨细胞、神经元和心肌细胞。本研究初步建立了鸡胎肝MSCs分离培养及鉴定的方法及试验流程。
Stem cell research is one of hotspots in the field of life science research, there are a lotof research achievements applied in clinical practice.This study by Chinses unique localpoultry breed Beijing fatty chicken as the research object. Mesenchymal stem cells fromliver tissue of7d old chicken embryo were separated and incubated in vitro and cultured inoptimized virto environment to25generations, cryopreserved156Beijing fatty chickenMSCs. Immunofluorescence and RT-PCR identified separation passage cells and passagedcell cryopreservation and recovery in order to explore the possibility of this preciousgenetic resources Cells were stored Beijing fatty chicken; cells induced by different cultureconditions, differentiation respectively into adipose cells,bone cells, nerve cells, andmyocardial cells, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR induced differentiation of cells wereidentified.
The results prove that:
（1）Mesenchymal stem cells from liver tissue of chicken embryo still showedproliferation and differentiation potential;the characteristics of cells meet the standard ofmesenchymal stem cells;which isolated cells were mesenchymal stem cells originated fromliver of Beijing fatty chicken embryo.
（2）Chicken fetal liver MSCs cultured in vitro performed vigorous growth under10%FBS,5ng/mL bFGF and DMEM/F12culture system after comparison andoptimization, which performed typical fibroblast appearance. Majority of the MSCsdisplayed long fusiform or irregular triangles form; cells were arranged in swirling orflame-shaped, With the increase of in vitro culture cell number of batches. cell morphologytend to consistent, low generation cell proliferation faster, high generation cell growthslowed significantly, with the number of batches senescent cells increased.
（3）Immunofluorescence cytochemistry detected surface markers of differentgenerations chicken fetal liver MSCs CD29and CD44were positive expressed, was notexpressed CK19and CD34. RT-PCR detection and identification on different generations’MSCs surface markers on RNA transcript levels for CD44, CD29, CD71and CD73wereall showed positive expression. Grayscale analysis showed that except from weakenedexpression quantity in CD73as generation increase, the expression levels in other markersdid not differ significantly. Isolated cells were mesenchymal stem cells, which were able to maintain the original characteristics.
（4）As the increasing of generation, MSCs from chicken fetal liver showeddownward trend of cell cryopreservation and resuscitation survival rate. Differentgenerations of chicken fetal liver MSCs displayed classical "S" shape, cell multiplicationexperienced incubation period, logarithmic growth period and growth stagnation period.The cultured low generation chicken fetal liver MSCs contained higher number of S-phasecells, and lower number of G0/G1phase cells. As generation increase the G0/G1phase cellsproportion increased and number of S-phase cells significantly decreased. Thawed cellscultured in vitro in line with the growth pattern of the cell culture in vitro.
（5）Chicken fetal liver MSCs in different generations of cells under certain cultureconditions are able to differentiate to adipocytes, osteoblasts, nerve cells and myocardialcells, followed by some morphology changes and death of small part of cells. However,cell differentiation capacity diminished as generation increase and differentiated cells fromhigh-generation were aging significantly. In the experiment, differentiated cells werephysical detected for testing the differentiation effects through corresponding stainingmethods, followed by test on PPAR-γ、LPL, Collage typeⅠ、Osteopontin, Nestin、NF andDesmin、MyoD1four cell markers through RT-PCR, each includes two types respectively.Furthermore, analysis was done on changing rule of, so as to prove the high generationcells showed downward trend of expression level，compared to low generation cells. It isindicating that low generation cells are more easily induced to differentiate in vitro, celldifferentiation ability is weakened as generation increase. The experiment proved thatMSCs isolated from7d chicken embryonic liver are pluripotent MSCs.
Research showed that MSCs isolated from Beijing fatty chicken embryo liveraccordance with biological characteristics of MSCs. The cells cultured in vitro are able topass on up to25generations at most; cells preserved in liquid nitrogen are able to besubcultured and maintain biological characteristics of MSCs after recovery. Chicken MSCscan be induced and differentiated to adipocytes, osteoblasts, nerve cells and myocardialcells. In this study, isolation and identification methods and experiment processes of thechicken fetal liver MSCs are initially established.
结果表明：
（1）体外环境下能够分离培养北京油鸡胎肝来源的间充质干细胞，分离细胞经过多次传代培养后仍然具有干细胞所特有的增殖和分化潜能，细胞的各项特性符合间充质干细胞的标准。
（2）在优化组（含10%FBS、5ng/mL bFGF DMEM/F12培养基）的培养体系下，鸡胎肝MSCs体外培养生长旺盛，呈现典型的成纤维细胞形态，绝大多数细胞呈长梭状或三角形或不规则形，细胞排列成漩涡状或火焰状，随着体外培养过程中细胞传代次数的增加，细胞形态趋向均一，且低代次细胞增殖较快，高代次细胞生长明显减慢，随传代次数增多老化细胞增加。
（3）免疫荧光细胞化学检测显示不同代次鸡胎肝MSCs的表面标志CD29和CD44均成阳性表达，而CK19和CD34均不表达。RNA转录水平RT-PCR检测鉴定各代次MSCs表面标志CD44、CD29、CD71和CD73均成阳性表达，且灰度分析显示除了CD73的表达量随细胞代次的增加而减弱外，其他标志物的表达量差别不显著。分离培养得到的细胞为间充质干细胞，MSCs在体外传代培养后仍能维持MSCs的特性。
（4）鸡胎肝MSCs随着传代次数的增加，细胞的冻存及复苏活率呈下降趋势，不同代次鸡胎肝MSCs的细胞生长曲线呈经典的“S”型，细胞倍增均历经潜伏期、对数生长期以及生长停滞期。培养的低代次鸡胎肝MSCs中所含S期细胞较高，G0/G1期细胞较低，随细胞传代次数的升高G0/G1期比例随之增高，S期细胞显著下降。冷冻复苏细胞培养符合体外细胞培养的生长规律。
（5）鸡胎肝MSCs在一定的培养条件下不同代次的细胞均能够分别向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞、神经元和心肌细胞进行分化，且分化后的细胞在形态上发生了相应的变化，少部分细胞出现死亡；随着细胞代次的增高细胞的分化能力减弱，高代次分化后的细胞老化明显；实验分别通过相对应染色方法对分化后细胞进行了物理检测检验分化效果，并通过RT-PCR进一步检测了PPAR-γ、LPL，Collage typeⅠ、Osteopontin，Nestin、NF和Desmin、MyoD1这四种细胞各两种标志物，并分析了分化的目的细胞标志物的表达量变化规律，证明高代次的细胞相较于低代次的细胞分化细胞标志物均出现表达量下调的趋势，说明低代次的细胞在体外更易被诱导分化，细胞随传代次数的增加，细胞的分化能力在减弱。实验证明由7d鸡胚胎肝所分离的MSCs为多潜能间充质干类型的干细胞。
研究表明：本研究从北京油鸡胚胎肝脏所分离得到的间充质干细胞符合间充质干细胞的生物学特性，细胞在体外培养的环境中最多传代达25代，液氮保存的细胞在复苏后可传代培养并保持鸡胎肝MSCs的生物学特性。鸡MSCs能在体外诱导分化为脂肪细胞、成骨细胞、神经元和心肌细胞。本研究初步建立了鸡胎肝MSCs分离培养及鉴定的方法及试验流程。
Stem cell research is one of hotspots in the field of life science research, there are a lotof research achievements applied in clinical practice.This study by Chinses unique localpoultry breed Beijing fatty chicken as the research object. Mesenchymal stem cells fromliver tissue of7d old chicken embryo were separated and incubated in vitro and cultured inoptimized virto environment to25generations, cryopreserved156Beijing fatty chickenMSCs. Immunofluorescence and RT-PCR identified separation passage cells and passagedcell cryopreservation and recovery in order to explore the possibility of this preciousgenetic resources Cells were stored Beijing fatty chicken; cells induced by different cultureconditions, differentiation respectively into adipose cells,bone cells, nerve cells, andmyocardial cells, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR induced differentiation of cells wereidentified.
The results prove that:
（1）Mesenchymal stem cells from liver tissue of chicken embryo still showedproliferation and differentiation potential;the characteristics of cells meet the standard ofmesenchymal stem cells;which isolated cells were mesenchymal stem cells originated fromliver of Beijing fatty chicken embryo.
（2）Chicken fetal liver MSCs cultured in vitro performed vigorous growth under10%FBS,5ng/mL bFGF and DMEM/F12culture system after comparison andoptimization, which performed typical fibroblast appearance. Majority of the MSCsdisplayed long fusiform or irregular triangles form; cells were arranged in swirling orflame-shaped, With the increase of in vitro culture cell number of batches. cell morphologytend to consistent, low generation cell proliferation faster, high generation cell growthslowed significantly, with the number of batches senescent cells increased.
（3）Immunofluorescence cytochemistry detected surface markers of differentgenerations chicken fetal liver MSCs CD29and CD44were positive expressed, was notexpressed CK19and CD34. RT-PCR detection and identification on different generations’MSCs surface markers on RNA transcript levels for CD44, CD29, CD71and CD73wereall showed positive expression. Grayscale analysis showed that except from weakenedexpression quantity in CD73as generation increase, the expression levels in other markersdid not differ significantly. Isolated cells were mesenchymal stem cells, which were able to maintain the original characteristics.
（4）As the increasing of generation, MSCs from chicken fetal liver showeddownward trend of cell cryopreservation and resuscitation survival rate. Differentgenerations of chicken fetal liver MSCs displayed classical "S" shape, cell multiplicationexperienced incubation period, logarithmic growth period and growth stagnation period.The cultured low generation chicken fetal liver MSCs contained higher number of S-phasecells, and lower number of G0/G1phase cells. As generation increase the G0/G1phase cellsproportion increased and number of S-phase cells significantly decreased. Thawed cellscultured in vitro in line with the growth pattern of the cell culture in vitro.
（5）Chicken fetal liver MSCs in different generations of cells under certain cultureconditions are able to differentiate to adipocytes, osteoblasts, nerve cells and myocardialcells, followed by some morphology changes and death of small part of cells. However,cell differentiation capacity diminished as generation increase and differentiated cells fromhigh-generation were aging significantly. In the experiment, differentiated cells werephysical detected for testing the differentiation effects through corresponding stainingmethods, followed by test on PPAR-γ、LPL, Collage typeⅠ、Osteopontin, Nestin、NF andDesmin、MyoD1four cell markers through RT-PCR, each includes two types respectively.Furthermore, analysis was done on changing rule of, so as to prove the high generationcells showed downward trend of expression level，compared to low generation cells. It isindicating that low generation cells are more easily induced to differentiate in vitro, celldifferentiation ability is weakened as generation increase. The experiment proved thatMSCs isolated from7d chicken embryonic liver are pluripotent MSCs.
Research showed that MSCs isolated from Beijing fatty chicken embryo liveraccordance with biological characteristics of MSCs. The cells cultured in vitro are able topass on up to25generations at most; cells preserved in liquid nitrogen are able to besubcultured and maintain biological characteristics of MSCs after recovery. Chicken MSCscan be induced and differentiated to adipocytes, osteoblasts, nerve cells and myocardialcells. In this study, isolation and identification methods and experiment processes of thechicken fetal liver MSCs are initially established.
引文
1中国畜禽遗传资源状况编委会.中国畜禽遗传资源状况[M].北京：中国农业出版社，2004
2冯维祺，马月辉，陈幼春，付宝玲.中国家养动物品种资源浅析[J].畜牧兽医学报，1997，28(04):13-16
3马月辉，吴常信.畜禽遗传资源受威胁程度评价[J].家畜生态，2001，22(02):8-13
4马月辉，冯维祺.畜禽种质资源评价[J].家畜生态，2002，(03):1-5
5吴常信.畜禽遗传资源保存的理论与技术[J].家畜生态，2001，22(1):1-4
6王英.畜禽遗传资源保存的理论与方法[J]，上海畜牧兽医通讯，2010，3:34-35
7张沅.家畜育种学[M].北京:中国农业出版社，2001
8Friedenstein AJ，Petrakova KV，Kurolesova AI，Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow.Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues[J].Transplantation.1968；6(2):230-247
9Kassem M，Kristiansen M，Abdallah BM. Mesenchymal stem cells: cell biology andpotential use in therapy[J]. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol.2004；95(5):209-214
10Horwitz EM，Prockop DJ，Fitzpatrick LA，Koo WW，Gordon PL，Neel M，Sussman M，OrchardP，Marx JC，Pyeritz RE，Brenner MK.. Transplantability and therapeutic effects ofbone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta[J].Nat Med.1999；5(3):309-313
11Salem HK，Thiemermann C. Mesenchymal stromal cells: current understanding and clinicalstatus. Stem Cells.2010；28(3):585-596
12王恒湘，郭子宽.间充质干细胞在组织再生应用中的诸多问题[J].组织工程与重建外科杂志，2008，4(05):241-245
13Si YL，Zhao YL，Hao HJ，Fu XB，Han WD.MSCs:Biological characteristics，clinicalapplications and their outstanding concerns[J].Ageing research reviews，2011，10(1):93-103
14Parekkadan B，Milwid JM.Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutics[J].Annual review ofbiomedical engineering，2010，12(1):87-117
15Motaln H，Schichor C，Lah TT.Human mesenchymal stem cells and their use in cell-basedtherapies[J].Cancer，2010，116(11):2519-2530
16Jiang R，Han Z，Zhuo G，Qu X，Li X，Wang X，Shao Y，Yang S，Han ZC. Transplantationof placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells in type2diabetes: a pilot study[J].Front. Med.2011，5(1):94–100
17Nakajima H，Uchida K，Guerrero AR，Watanabe S，Sugita D，Takeura N，Yoshida A，Long G，Wright KT，Johnson WE，Baba H.Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem CellsPromotes an Alternative Pathway of Macrophage Activation and Functional Recoveryafter Spinal Cord Injury[J].Journal of Neurotrauma，2012，29（8）：1614–1625
18Pasquinelli G，Tazzari P，Ricci F， Vaselli C，Buzzi M，Conte R，Orrico C，ForoniL，Stella A，Alviano F，Bagnara GP，Lucarelli E.Ultrastructural characteris ticsof human mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells derived from bone marrow and termplacenta[J]. Ultrastruct Pathol，2007，31(1):23-31
19Giordano A，Galderisi U，Marino IR. From the laboratory bench to the patient's bedside:anupdate on clinical trials with mesenchymal stem cells[J]. J Cell Physiol，2007，211(1):27-35
20Iyer SS，Rojas M. Anti-inflammatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells: novel conceptfor future therapies[J]. Expert Opin Biol Ther，2008，8(5):569-581
21Schmal H，Niemeyer P，Roesslein M，Hartl D，Loop T，Südkamp NP，Stark GB，MehlhornAT. Comparison of cellular functionality of human mesenchymal stromal cells andPBMC[J].Cytotherapy，2007，9(1):69
22Joachim Oswald，Sabine Boxberger，Birgitte J rgensen，Silvia Feldmann，GerhardEhninger，Martin Bornhuser，Carsten Werner.Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can BeDifferentiated Into Endothelial Cells In Vitro[J].Stem Cells.2004，22(3):377-384
23Mohamed Haider，Joseph Cappello，Hamidreza Ghandehari，Kam W. Leong. In VitroChondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Recombinant Silk-elastinlikeHydrogels[J]，Pharmaceutical Research，2008，25(3):692-699
24Miller RH，Bai L，Lennon D P，Caplan AI. The potential of mesenchymal stem cellsfor neural repair[J]. Discov Med，2010，9(46):236-242
25D’lppolito G，Schiller PC，Ricordi C，Roos BA，Howard GA．Age-related osteogenicpotential of mesenchymal stromal stem cells from human vertebral bone marrow[J]．JBone Miner Res1999；14(7)：1115-1122
26D’lppolito G，Howard GA，Roos BA， Schiller PC.Sustained stromal stem celIself-renewal and osteoblastic difierentiation during aging[J]. RejuvenationRes．2006；9(1):10-19
27Mareschi K，Ferrero I，Rustichelli D， Aschero S，Gammaitoni L，Aglietta M，MadonE，Fagioli F.Expansion of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from pediatric and adultdonor bone marrow[J].J Cell Biochem.2006:97(4):744-754
28Andrea Banfi，Anita Muraglia，Beatrice Dozin，Maddalena Mastrogiacomo，RanieriCancedda，Rodolfo Quarto.Proliferation kinetics and differentiation potential ofex vivo expanded human bone marrow stromal cells[J].Experimental Hematology.2000，28(6):707-715
29张焱如，刘宗正，韦林盖，苏小虎，赵一萍，芒来.蒙古马骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及多向分化潜能的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报，2011，42(10):1357-1361
30P.H. Krebsbach，S.A. Kuznetsov，P. Bianco，P. Gehron Robey.Bone Marrow Stromal Cells:Characterization and Clinical Application[J].Crit Rev Oral Biol Med，1999，10:165-181
31Caplan Arnold I. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Cell–Based Reconstructive Therapy inOrthopedics[J].Tissue Engineering，2005，11(7-8):1198-1211
32Awad Hani A，Butler David L，Boivin Gregory P，Frost N.L. Smith，Prasanna Malaviya，Barbara Huibregtse，Caplan Arnold I. Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell-MediatedRepair of Tendon[J]. Tissue Engineering.1999，5(3):267-277
33Kumar，V；Rathee，P.Umbilical cord stem cell:an overview[J].Currentpharmaceuticalbiotechnology，2009，10(3):327-334
34No l D，Caton D，Roche S，Bony C，Lehmann S，Casteilla L，Jorgensen C，Cousin B.Cell specific differences between human adipose-derived and mesenchymal-stromalcells despite similar differentiation potentials[J]．Exp Cell Res，2008，314(7):1575-1584
35Strem BM，Hicok KC，Zhu M，Wulur I，Alfonso Z，Schreiber RE，Fraser JK，Hedrick MH.Multipotential differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells[J]．Keio J Med，2005，54(3):132-141
36谢娟，汪春兰，赵宇，程文丹，胡勇.兔脂肪干细胞的体外成脂成骨诱导及BrdU标记情况的初步研究[J].安徽医科大学学报，2008，43(3):252-255
37Fraser J K，Wulur I，Alfonso Z， Hedrick MH. Fat tissue: an underappreciated sourceof stem cells for biotechnology[J]．Trends Biotechnol，2006，24(4):150－154
38Sch ffler A，Büchler C． Concise review: adipose tissue-derived stromal cells-basicand clinical implications for novel cell-based therapies[J]． Stem Cells，2008，25(4):818－827
39Kim U，Shin DG，Park JS，Kim YJ，Park SI，Moon YM，Jeong KS.．Homing of adipose-derivedstem cell to radiofrequency catheter ablated canine atrium and differentiation intocardiomyocyte-like cells[J]．Int J Cardiol．2011，146(3):371-378
40Safford KM，Hicok KC，Safford SD，et aI．Neurogenic differentiation of murine andhuman adipose-derived stromal cells[J]．Biochem Biophys Res Commun．2002：294(2)：371-379
41Mclntosh K R，Lopez M J，Borneman J N，Spencer ND，Anderson PA，Gimble JM. etal．Immunogenicity of allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells in a rat spinal fusionmodel[J].Tissue Eng Part A，2009，15(9):2677－2686
42Cui L，Liu G，Liu B，et al． Bone regeneration in a canine cranial defect model usingallogeneic osteo-differentiated adipose derived stem cells with in vitroimmunosuppressive property[C]．ISSCR7th Annual Meeting，2009
43Technau A，Froelich K，Hagen R，Kleinsasser N et al． Adipose tissue-derived stemcells show both immunogenic and immunosuppressive properties after chondrogenicdifferentiation[J]．Cytotherapy，2011，13(3):310－317
44刘世宇，陆伟，张晓军，等．脂肪干细胞和纤维蛋白胶快速构建人工皮肤修复创面的研究［J］．实用口腔医学杂志，2009，25(6):769－773
45Altman A M，Yan Y，Matthias N，Bai X，Rios C，Mathur AB，Song YH，Alt EU. et al． IFATScollection: Human adipose-derived stem cells seeded on a silkfibroin-chitosanscaffold enhance wound repair in a murine soft tissue injury model[J]．Stem Cells，2009，27(1):250－258
46Yu L H，Kim M H，Park T H，Cha KS，Kim YD，Quan ML，Rho MS，Seo SY，Jung JS. et al.Improvementof cardiac function and remodeling by transplanting adipose tissue-derived stromalcells into a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction[J]．Int J Cardiol，2010，139(2):166－172
47Mitchell KE，WeissML，Mitchell BM，Martin P，Davis D，Morales L，Helwig B，BeerenstrauchM，Abou-Easa K，Hildreth T，Troyer D，Medicetty S. et al.Matrix cells from Wharton'sjelly form neurons and glia[J].Stem Cells，200321(1):50-60
48Ma L，Feng XY，Cui BL，et al.Human umbilical cord Whartonps Jelly2derived mesenchymalstem cells differentiation into nerve2like cells[J].ChinMed J(Engl)，2005，118(23):1987-1993
49Ding DC，ShyuWC，ChiangMF，Lin SZ，Chang YC，Wang HJ，Su CY，Li H et al.Enhancementof neuroplasticity through up regulation of beta12integrin in human umbilicalcord2derived stromal cell imp lanted stroke model[J].Neurobiol Dis，2007，27(3):339-353
50Karahuseyinoglu S，CinarO，Kilic E，Kara F，Akay GG，Demiralp DO，Tukun A，UckanD，Can A et al.Biology of stem cells in human umbilical cord stroma:in situ and invitro surveys[J].Stem Cells，2007，25(2):319-331
51Can A，Karahuseyinoglu S. Concise review: human umbilical cord stroma with regardto the source of fetus-derived stem cells[J]. Stem Cells.2007，25(11):2886-2895
52Weiss ML，Medicetty S，Bledsoe AR，Rachakatla RS，Choi M，Merchav S，Luo Y，Rao MS，Velagaleti G，Troyer D. et al.Human umbilical cord matrix stem cells: preliminarycharacterization and effect of transplantation in a rodentmodel of Parkinsonp’sdisease[J]. Stem Cells.2006；24(3):781-792
53Can A，Karahuseyinoglu S. Concise review: human umbilical cord stroma with regardto the source of fetus-derived stem cells[J]. Stem Cells.2007，25(11):2886-2895
54Weiss ML，Medicetty S，Bledsoe AR，et al.Human umbilical cord matrix stem cells:preliminary characterization and effect of transplantation in a rodentmodel ofParkinsonp’s disease[J]. Stem Cells.2006；24(3):781-792
55何红燕，林晓波，应文娟，等.人脐带间充质干细胞经体内定植并向心肌样细胞分化的研究[J].中国输血杂志，2002，22(3):188-191
56马桂霞，何红燕，罗敏杰，等.人脐带间充质干细胞分化为胰岛β细胞的实验研究[J].实用儿科临床杂志，2008，23(8):618-620
57Zhang Y，Li C，Jiang X，et al. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal progenitor cellssupport culture expansion of long-term culture-initiating cells from cord bloodCD34+cells [J]. Exp Hematol，2004，32(7):657-664
58Fukuchi Y，Nakajima H，Sugiyama D，et al.Human placenta-derived cells have mesenchymalstem/progenitor cell potential[J].Stem Cells，2004，22:649-658
59Bailo M，Soncini M，Vertua E，et al.Engraftment potential of human amnion and chorioncells derived from term placenta [J].Transplantation，2004，78:1439-1448
60薛群，张学光，苗宗宁，等.胎盘间充质干细胞样细胞的培养及生物学特征的试验研究[J].苏州大学学报（医学版），2005，25（2）：188-192
61苗宗宁，徐秋岚，吕国忠，等.间充质干细胞在人胎盘组织中的染色定位及整体灌注分离培养[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2009，13（36）：7133-7137
62李栋，王国云，鞠秀丽，等.两种分离胎盘间充质干细胞方法的比较[J].山东大学学报（医学版），2007，45（7）：687-701
63Li CD，Zhang WY，Li HL，Jiang XX，Zhang Y，Tang PH，Mao N et al.Mesenchymal stemcells derived from human placenta suppress allogeneic umbilical cord bloodlymphocyte proliferation[J].Cell Research，2005，15（7）:539-547
64Portmann-Lanz CB，Schoeberlein A，Huber A，Sager R，Malek A，Holzgreve W，SurbekDV et al.Placental mesenchymal stem cells as potential autologous graft for pre-and perinatal neuroregeneration[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol，2006，194（3）:664-673
65Chen CP，Liu SH，Huang JP， Aplin JD，Wu YH，Chen PC，Hu CS，Ko CC，Lee MY，ChenCY. et al.Engraftment potential of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cellsafter in utero transplantation in rats[J].Hum Reprod，2009，24（1）:154-165
66Portmann-Lanz CB，Schoeberlein A，Huber A， Sager R，Malek A，Holzgreve W，SurbekDV et al.Placental mesenchymal stem cells as potential autologous graft for pre-and perinatal neuroregeneration[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol，2006，194（3）:664-673
67In't Anker PS，Scherjon SA，Kleijburg-van der Keur C，Noort WA，Claas FH，WillemzeR，Fibbe WE，Kanhai HH. et al.Amniotic fluid as a novel source of mesenchymal stemcells for therapeutic transplantation[J]. Blood，2003，102(4):1548-1549
68Prusa AR，Hengstschlager M.Amniotic fluid cells and human stem cell research:a newconnection[J].Med Sci Monit，2002，8(11):RA253-257
69Chambers I，Silva J，Colby D，Nichols J，Nijmeijer B，Robertson M，Vrana J，JonesK，Grotewold L，Smith A et al.Nanog safeguards pluripotency and mediates germlinedevelopment[J].Nature，2007，450(7173):1230-1234
70Perin L，Sedrakyan S，Da Sacco S，De Filippo R et al.Characterization of human amnioticfluid stem cells and their pluripotential capability[J].Methods Cell Biol，2008，86:85-99
71Bossolasco P，Montemurro T，Cova L， Zangrossi S，Calzarossa C，Buiatiotis S，SoligoD，Bosari S，Silani V，Deliliers GL，Rebulla P，Lazzari L. et al.Molecular and phenotypiccharacterization of human amniotic fluid cells and their differentiation potential[J].Cell Res，2006，16(4):329-336
72Kim J，Lee Y，Kim H，Hwang KJ，Kwon HC，Kim SK，Cho DJ，Kang SG，You J et al.Humanamniotic fluid-derived stem cells have characteristics of multipotent stemcells[J].Cell Prolif，2007，40(1):75-90
73Pfeiffer S，McLaughlin D.In vitro differentiation of human amniotic fluid-derivedcells:augmentation towards a neuronal dopaminergic phenotype[J].Cell Biol Int，2010，34(9):959-967
74Kim J，Lee Y，Kim H，Hwang KJ，Kwon HC，Kim SK，Cho DJ，Kang SG，You J et al.Humanamniotic fluid-derived stem cells have characteristics of multipotent stemcells[J].Cell Prolif，2007，40(1):75-90
75Ohazama A，Modino SA，Miletich I， Sharpe PT et al. Stem-cell-based tissue engineeringof murine teeth[J]. J Dent Res.2004；83(7):518-522
76Xu cF，Hu DH，Zhao ZT，et al．Isolation，culture and multiple differentiations ofrabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro[J]． Journal of ClinicalRehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research，2010，14(6):1002-1005
77Zhang Y，Chen XH，Ji YC，et al．Effect validation of bone marrow-derived mesenehymalstem cells cultured by adherent method in vitro[J]． Journal of ClinicalRehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research，2010，14(6):1006-1008
78龚宜超，董雅娟，柏学进，李兴芳，刘昌菊，封纪武.荷斯坦牛骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养和体外诱导分化的研究[J].中国奶牛.2009，(7):3~7
79Majumdar M.K.，Thiede M.A.，and Mosca J.D. Phenotypic and functional comparison ofcultures of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stromal cells. J Cell Physiol.1998，176(1):57-66
80Jaiswal N.，Haynesworth S.E.，Caplan A.I.，and Bruder S.P. Osteogenic differentiationof purified，culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro[J]. J CellBiochem，1997，(64):295-312
81Colter D.C.，Class R.，DiGirolamo C.M.，and Prockop D.J. Rapid expansion of recyclingstem cells in cultures of plastic-adherent cells from human bone marrow[J]. PNAS.2000，97(7):3213-3218
82Devine S.M. Mesenchymal stem cells:will they have a role in the clinic[J]. Journalof Cellular Biochemistry.2002，85(38):73-79
83Shahdadfar A，Fronsdal K，Haug T，et al． In vitro expansion of human mesenchymalstem cells: choice of serum is a determinant of cell proliferation，differentiation，gene expression，and transcriptome stability[J]．Stem Cells，2005，23(9):1357-1366
84Dominici M，Le Blanc K，Mueller I，et al.Minimal criteria for defining multipotentmesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy positionstatement[M].Cytotherapy.2006；8(4):315-317
85Deans RJ，Moselay AB．Mesenchymal stem cells：biology and potential clinicaIuses[J]．Exp Hematol2000；28(8)：875-884
86Le Blanc K，Ringden O．Mesenchymal stem cells：properties and role in clinical bonemarrow transplantation[J].Cur Opin Immunol2006；18(5)：586-591
87Lu LL，Liu YJ，Yang SG，et a1．Isolation and characterization of human umbilicaIcord mesenchymal stem cells with hematopoiesis-supportive function and otherpotentials[J]. Haematologica2006；91(8):1017-1026
88Gluckman E，Broxmeyer HA，Auerbach AD，et al Hematopoietic reconstitution in a patientwith Fanconi’s anemia by means of umbilical-cord blood from an HLAidenticalsibling[J]．N Engl J Med．1989；321(17)：1174-1178
89徐世侠，汤先华，唐湘风．非血缘脐血及骨髓移植治疗儿童血液病的meta分析[J]．临床儿科杂志，2008，26(3)：246-249
90Cohen Y Nagler A．Umbilical cord blood transplantation-how，when and for whom?[J]Blood Rev．2004；18(3)：167-179
91Maitra B，Szekely E，Gjini K，Laughlin MJ，Dennis J，Haynesworth SE，Ko ON. et a1．Humanmesenchymal stem cells support unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cells and suppressT-cell activation[J]．Bone Marrow Transplant．2004；33(6)：597-604
92Tomita S，Li RK，Weisel RD，et al. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cellsimproves damaged heart function[J].Circulation.1999；100(19Suppl):II247-256
93Brazelton TR，Rossi FM，Keshet GI，Blau HM. From marrow to brain: expression of neuronalphenotypes in adult mice[J]. Science.2000，290(5497): l775-l779
94Mezey E，Chandross KJ，Harta G，Maki RA，McKercher SR. Turning blood into brain:cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vive from bone marrow[J]. Science.2000，290(5497):1779-1782
95宫黎明，方宁，陈代雄，万卫红，章涛，刘祖林，余丽梅，赵春华.人羊膜间充质干细胞在大鼠受损肝组织中分化为肝细胞[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2011，(36):6709-6713
96Petersen BE，Bowen WC，Patrene KD，Mars WM，Sullivan AK，Murase N，Boggs SS，GreenbergerJS，Goff JP et al. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells[J].Science.1999；284(5417):1168-1170
97Theise ND，Nimmakayalu M，Gardner R，et al.Liver from bonemarrow in humans.Hepatology.2000；32(1):11-16
98刘宗正，蒙古马脂肪来源间充质干细胞体外成脂和成骨诱导分化[J]，华南农业大学学报，2011，32(3):97-100
99Hung SC，Chen NJ，Hsieh SL，et a1．Isolation and characterization of size—sievedstem cells from human bone marrow[J]．Stem Cells，2002，20(3)：249-258
100陈文超，大鼠脑组织匀浆对其BMSCs向神经元样细胞分化的影响[J]，中西医结合心脑血管病杂志2011,9(5):589-590
101Na L，Hui Ling L L，et a1．Spontaneous expression ofneural phenotype and NGF，TrkA，TrkB genes in marrow stromal cells[J]．Biochem Biophys Res Commun，2007，356(3)：561-568
102杨立业，刘相名，惠国桢，等．丹参诱导鼠骨髓间充质细胞向神经元分化[J]．中华神经外科疾病研究杂志，2003，2(1)：29-32
103冯学永，马廉，杨立业，等．丹参诱导人骨髓间充质细胞体外向神经细胞分化的研究[J]．医学研究生学报，2005，18(9)：861—862
104Zimmet JM，Hare JM. Emerging role for bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cellsin myocardial regenerative therapy[J]. Basic Res Cardiol.2005；100:471-481.
105Staudt A，Staudt Y，Hummel A，et al. Effects of immunoadsorption on the nt-BNP andnt-ANP plasma levels of patients suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy[J]. TherApher Dial.2006；10(1):42-48
106Makino S，Fukuda K，Miyoshi S，et al. Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrowstromal cells in vitro[J]. J Clin Invest.1999；103:697-705
107Overturf K，Aldhalimy M，Ou CN．Serial transplantation rev eals the stem-cell-likeregenerative potential of adult mouse hepatocytes[J]．Am J Pathol，1997，151(5):1273-1280
108Belinda K，Barara A，Vance BM，et al．Attenuated liver progenitou(oval)cell andfibrogenic responses to the choline deficient，ethionine supplemented diet in theBALB/C inbred strain of mice[J]．Journal of Hepatology，2007，46(1):134-141
109Hove W，Van Hoek B， Bajema IM，Ringers J，van Krieken JH，Lagaaij EL. et al．Extensiveehimerism in liver transplants vascular endothelium，bile duct epithelium，and hepatocytes[J]．Liver Transpl，2003，9(6):552-556
110赵若辉，范健，滕皋军.大鼠肝细胞经脾脏多次移植的实验研究[J].现代医学，2002，30(5):289-292
111Faubert A，Lessard J，Sauvageau G. Are genetic determinants of asymmetric stem celldivision active in hematopoietic stem cells?[J]，Oncogene，2004，23(43):7247-55
112李莎.造血干细胞研究进展[J].家畜生态学报，2008，29(2)：98-101
113Zubair AC，S ilberst ein L，Rit z J. Adu lt hematopoieti c st em cell plast icity[J]. Transfusion，2002，42(8):1096-1101
114Tim C，Reiner L，S elim K，et al. CDCP1is a novel marker for hemat opoietic stemcells [J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci，2003，996:222-226
115Spahr L，Lambert JF，Rubbia-Brandt L，Chalandon Y，Frossard JL，Giostra E，HadengueA. et al.Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induces proliferation of hepaticprogenitors in alcoholic steatohepatitis:a randomized trial[J].Hepatology，2008，48(1):221-229
116Yan L，Han Y，Wang J，Liu J，Hong L，Fan D.，et al.Peripheral blood monocytes frompatients with HBV related decompensated liver cirrhosis can differentiate intofunctional hepatocytes[J].Am J Hematol，2007，82(11):949-954
117吴北燕，黄绍良，陈惠芹，张绪超，魏菁，胎肝造血期胎肝间充质干细胞的分离、培养及生物学特性[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版)，2005，26(5);498-501
118赵运转，魏来，韩梅，等.胎肝来源间充质干细胞的分离、培养与多向分化[J].中华肝脏病杂志，2004，12(12):711-713
119Aurich H，Sgodda M，Kaltwasser P，et al.Hepatocyte differentiation of mesenchymalstem cells from human adipose tissue in vitro promotes hepatic integration invivo[J].Gut，2009，58(4)570-581
120Spahr L，Lambert JF，Rubbia-Brandt L， Chalandon Y，Frossard JL，Giostra E，HadengueA. et al.Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induces proliferation of hepaticprogenitors in alcoholic steatohepatitis:a randomized trial[J].Hepatology，2008，48(1):221-229
121Yan L，Han Y，Wang J，Liu J，Hong L，Fan D. et al.Peripheral blood monocytes frompatientswith HBV related decompensated liver cirrhosis can differentiate into functionalhepatocytes[J].Am J Hematol，2007，82(11):945-954
122Assmus B，Tonn T，Seeger FH，Yoon CH，Leistner D，Klotsche J，Sch chinger V，SeifriedE，Zeiher AM，Dimmeler S. et al.Red blood cell contamination of the final cell productimpairs the efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy[J].J Am CollCardiol，2010，55(13):1385-1394
123Mesimaki K，Lindroos B，T rnwall J， Mauno J，Lindqvist C，Kontio R，Miettinen S，Suuronen R.et al. Novel maxillary reconstruction withectopic bone formation by GMPadipose stem cells[J]. Int J Oral MaxillofacSurg，2009，38(3)：201-209
124Fouillard L，Bensidhoum M，Bories D， Bonte H，Lopez M，Moseley AM，Smith A，LesageS，Beaujean F，Thierry D，Gourmelon P，Najman A，Gorin NC. et al． Engraftment ofallogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow of a patient with severeidiopathic aplastic anemia improves stroma[J]． Leukemia，2003，17(2):474-476
125Min Y.H.，Li G.X.，Jang J.H. Long-term bone marrow culture-derived stromal fibroblastas a protecntial target for gene therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia[J]. Leuk Res.2002，26(4):369-376
126庞全海.山羊骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及体外分化潜能的研究[D].西北农林科技大学博士论文.2005，42-50
127Jenkins N. Animal Cell Biotechnology: Methods and Protocols[M]. New Jersey: HumanaPress，1999:132-138
128Bruder S.P.，Ricalton N.S.，Boynton R.E.，Connolly T.J.，Zaia J.，Barry F.P. Mesenchymalstem cell surface antigen SB-10corresponds to activated leukocyte cell adhesionmolecule and is involved in osteogenic differentiation[J]. J Bone Miner Res.1998，13:655-663
129Colter DC，Sekiya I，Prockop DJ. Identification of a subpopulation of rapidlyself-renewing and multipotential adult stem cells in colonies of human marrow stromalcells[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci.2001；98(14):7841-7845
130周向梅，马月辉，关伟军，文杰，李晗.北京油鸡胚胎成纤维细胞系建立与生物学特性研究[J].畜牧兽医学报，2005，36(3):209-221
131Alexandra Peister，Jason A. Mellad，Benjamin L. Larson，Brett M. Hall，Laura F. Gibson，and Darwin J. Prockop；Adult stem cells from bone marrow (MSCs) isolated fromdifferent strains of inbred mice vary in surface epitopes，rates of proliferation，and differentiation potential；Blood[J]，2004，103(5):1662-1668
132Girdlestone J，Limbani VA，Cutler AJ，Navarrete CV. Efficient expansion of mesenchymalstromal cells from umbilical cord under low serum conditions[J]. Cytotherapy，2009，11(6):738-748
133Tan J，Liu T，Hou L，Meng W，Wang Y，Zhi W，Deng L. Maintenance and expansion ofhematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in biomimetic osteoblast niche[J].Cytotechnology，2010，62(5):439-448
134刘伟，刘萌，祝劲松，郝红伟，董宁征，周海滨.人骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养、鉴定及成骨分化[J].中国组织工程研究，2102，16(14):2515-2519
135Birmingham E，Niebur GL，McHugh PE，Shaw G，Barry FP，McNamara LM. Osteogenicdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is regulated by osteocyte and osteoblastcells in a simplified bone niche[J]. Eur Cells Materials，2012，12(23):13-27
136余卫，张洹，何冬梅.体外诱导小鼠胎肝间充质干细胞向胰岛B样细胞分化的研究[J].第二军医大学学报，2004，8，25(8):827-830
137张睿婷，韩之波，王涛等.人胎盘绒毛膜来源间充质干细胞的生物学特性[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2011，15(10):1823-1826
138阮中宝，杨向军，陈各才等.5-氮杂胞苷诱导人脐带间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞的分化[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2011，15(36):6705-6708
139Xuelian Gong，Lingling Hou，Chunyu Bai，et al. Isolation and Biological Characteristicsof Chicken Adipose-Derived Progenitor[J]，Cells.Dna and cell biology，2011，30(7):453–460
140Makino S，Fukuda K，Miyoshi S，et al. Cardiomyocytes can begenerated from marrowstromal cells in vitro[J]. Clin Invest.1999；103:697-705
141Tomita S，Li RK，Weisel RD，et al. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cellsimproves damaged heart function[J].Circulation.1999；100(Suppl II):247-256
142Augello A，Kurth TB，De Bari C. Mesenchymal stem cells: a perspective from in vitrocultures to in vivo migration and niches[J].Eur Cell Mater.2010；20:121-133
143Kolf CM，Cho E，Tuan RS. Mesenchymal stromal cells. Biology of adult mesenchymalstem cells: regulation of niche，self-renewal and differentiation[J]. Arthritis ResTher.2007；9(1):204
144周倩，周燕，叶朝阳等.人羊膜问充质干细胞在微载体动态培养体系中的扩增和成骨诱导分化[J].高校化学工程学报，2011，6（25）：991-996
145Birmingham E，Niebur GL，McHugh PE，et al. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymalstem cells is regulated by osteocyte and osteoblast cells in a simplified bone niche[J].Eur Cells Materials，2012，12(23):13-27
2冯维祺，马月辉，陈幼春，付宝玲.中国家养动物品种资源浅析[J].畜牧兽医学报，1997，28(04):13-16
3马月辉，吴常信.畜禽遗传资源受威胁程度评价[J].家畜生态，2001，22(02):8-13
4马月辉，冯维祺.畜禽种质资源评价[J].家畜生态，2002，(03):1-5
5吴常信.畜禽遗传资源保存的理论与技术[J].家畜生态，2001，22(1):1-4
6王英.畜禽遗传资源保存的理论与方法[J]，上海畜牧兽医通讯，2010，3:34-35
7张沅.家畜育种学[M].北京:中国农业出版社，2001
8Friedenstein AJ，Petrakova KV，Kurolesova AI，Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow.Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues[J].Transplantation.1968；6(2):230-247
9Kassem M，Kristiansen M，Abdallah BM. Mesenchymal stem cells: cell biology andpotential use in therapy[J]. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol.2004；95(5):209-214
10Horwitz EM，Prockop DJ，Fitzpatrick LA，Koo WW，Gordon PL，Neel M，Sussman M，OrchardP，Marx JC，Pyeritz RE，Brenner MK.. Transplantability and therapeutic effects ofbone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta[J].Nat Med.1999；5(3):309-313
11Salem HK，Thiemermann C. Mesenchymal stromal cells: current understanding and clinicalstatus. Stem Cells.2010；28(3):585-596
12王恒湘，郭子宽.间充质干细胞在组织再生应用中的诸多问题[J].组织工程与重建外科杂志，2008，4(05):241-245
13Si YL，Zhao YL，Hao HJ，Fu XB，Han WD.MSCs:Biological characteristics，clinicalapplications and their outstanding concerns[J].Ageing research reviews，2011，10(1):93-103
14Parekkadan B，Milwid JM.Mesenchymal stem cells as therapeutics[J].Annual review ofbiomedical engineering，2010，12(1):87-117
15Motaln H，Schichor C，Lah TT.Human mesenchymal stem cells and their use in cell-basedtherapies[J].Cancer，2010，116(11):2519-2530
16Jiang R，Han Z，Zhuo G，Qu X，Li X，Wang X，Shao Y，Yang S，Han ZC. Transplantationof placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells in type2diabetes: a pilot study[J].Front. Med.2011，5(1):94–100
17Nakajima H，Uchida K，Guerrero AR，Watanabe S，Sugita D，Takeura N，Yoshida A，Long G，Wright KT，Johnson WE，Baba H.Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem CellsPromotes an Alternative Pathway of Macrophage Activation and Functional Recoveryafter Spinal Cord Injury[J].Journal of Neurotrauma，2012，29（8）：1614–1625
18Pasquinelli G，Tazzari P，Ricci F， Vaselli C，Buzzi M，Conte R，Orrico C，ForoniL，Stella A，Alviano F，Bagnara GP，Lucarelli E.Ultrastructural characteris ticsof human mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells derived from bone marrow and termplacenta[J]. Ultrastruct Pathol，2007，31(1):23-31
19Giordano A，Galderisi U，Marino IR. From the laboratory bench to the patient's bedside:anupdate on clinical trials with mesenchymal stem cells[J]. J Cell Physiol，2007，211(1):27-35
20Iyer SS，Rojas M. Anti-inflammatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells: novel conceptfor future therapies[J]. Expert Opin Biol Ther，2008，8(5):569-581
21Schmal H，Niemeyer P，Roesslein M，Hartl D，Loop T，Südkamp NP，Stark GB，MehlhornAT. Comparison of cellular functionality of human mesenchymal stromal cells andPBMC[J].Cytotherapy，2007，9(1):69
22Joachim Oswald，Sabine Boxberger，Birgitte J rgensen，Silvia Feldmann，GerhardEhninger，Martin Bornhuser，Carsten Werner.Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can BeDifferentiated Into Endothelial Cells In Vitro[J].Stem Cells.2004，22(3):377-384
23Mohamed Haider，Joseph Cappello，Hamidreza Ghandehari，Kam W. Leong. In VitroChondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Recombinant Silk-elastinlikeHydrogels[J]，Pharmaceutical Research，2008，25(3):692-699
24Miller RH，Bai L，Lennon D P，Caplan AI. The potential of mesenchymal stem cellsfor neural repair[J]. Discov Med，2010，9(46):236-242
25D’lppolito G，Schiller PC，Ricordi C，Roos BA，Howard GA．Age-related osteogenicpotential of mesenchymal stromal stem cells from human vertebral bone marrow[J]．JBone Miner Res1999；14(7)：1115-1122
26D’lppolito G，Howard GA，Roos BA， Schiller PC.Sustained stromal stem celIself-renewal and osteoblastic difierentiation during aging[J]. RejuvenationRes．2006；9(1):10-19
27Mareschi K，Ferrero I，Rustichelli D， Aschero S，Gammaitoni L，Aglietta M，MadonE，Fagioli F.Expansion of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from pediatric and adultdonor bone marrow[J].J Cell Biochem.2006:97(4):744-754
28Andrea Banfi，Anita Muraglia，Beatrice Dozin，Maddalena Mastrogiacomo，RanieriCancedda，Rodolfo Quarto.Proliferation kinetics and differentiation potential ofex vivo expanded human bone marrow stromal cells[J].Experimental Hematology.2000，28(6):707-715
29张焱如，刘宗正，韦林盖，苏小虎，赵一萍，芒来.蒙古马骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及多向分化潜能的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报，2011，42(10):1357-1361
30P.H. Krebsbach，S.A. Kuznetsov，P. Bianco，P. Gehron Robey.Bone Marrow Stromal Cells:Characterization and Clinical Application[J].Crit Rev Oral Biol Med，1999，10:165-181
31Caplan Arnold I. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Cell–Based Reconstructive Therapy inOrthopedics[J].Tissue Engineering，2005，11(7-8):1198-1211
32Awad Hani A，Butler David L，Boivin Gregory P，Frost N.L. Smith，Prasanna Malaviya，Barbara Huibregtse，Caplan Arnold I. Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell-MediatedRepair of Tendon[J]. Tissue Engineering.1999，5(3):267-277
33Kumar，V；Rathee，P.Umbilical cord stem cell:an overview[J].Currentpharmaceuticalbiotechnology，2009，10(3):327-334
34No l D，Caton D，Roche S，Bony C，Lehmann S，Casteilla L，Jorgensen C，Cousin B.Cell specific differences between human adipose-derived and mesenchymal-stromalcells despite similar differentiation potentials[J]．Exp Cell Res，2008，314(7):1575-1584
35Strem BM，Hicok KC，Zhu M，Wulur I，Alfonso Z，Schreiber RE，Fraser JK，Hedrick MH.Multipotential differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells[J]．Keio J Med，2005，54(3):132-141
36谢娟，汪春兰，赵宇，程文丹，胡勇.兔脂肪干细胞的体外成脂成骨诱导及BrdU标记情况的初步研究[J].安徽医科大学学报，2008，43(3):252-255
37Fraser J K，Wulur I，Alfonso Z， Hedrick MH. Fat tissue: an underappreciated sourceof stem cells for biotechnology[J]．Trends Biotechnol，2006，24(4):150－154
38Sch ffler A，Büchler C． Concise review: adipose tissue-derived stromal cells-basicand clinical implications for novel cell-based therapies[J]． Stem Cells，2008，25(4):818－827
39Kim U，Shin DG，Park JS，Kim YJ，Park SI，Moon YM，Jeong KS.．Homing of adipose-derivedstem cell to radiofrequency catheter ablated canine atrium and differentiation intocardiomyocyte-like cells[J]．Int J Cardiol．2011，146(3):371-378
40Safford KM，Hicok KC，Safford SD，et aI．Neurogenic differentiation of murine andhuman adipose-derived stromal cells[J]．Biochem Biophys Res Commun．2002：294(2)：371-379
41Mclntosh K R，Lopez M J，Borneman J N，Spencer ND，Anderson PA，Gimble JM. etal．Immunogenicity of allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells in a rat spinal fusionmodel[J].Tissue Eng Part A，2009，15(9):2677－2686
42Cui L，Liu G，Liu B，et al． Bone regeneration in a canine cranial defect model usingallogeneic osteo-differentiated adipose derived stem cells with in vitroimmunosuppressive property[C]．ISSCR7th Annual Meeting，2009
43Technau A，Froelich K，Hagen R，Kleinsasser N et al． Adipose tissue-derived stemcells show both immunogenic and immunosuppressive properties after chondrogenicdifferentiation[J]．Cytotherapy，2011，13(3):310－317
44刘世宇，陆伟，张晓军，等．脂肪干细胞和纤维蛋白胶快速构建人工皮肤修复创面的研究［J］．实用口腔医学杂志，2009，25(6):769－773
45Altman A M，Yan Y，Matthias N，Bai X，Rios C，Mathur AB，Song YH，Alt EU. et al． IFATScollection: Human adipose-derived stem cells seeded on a silkfibroin-chitosanscaffold enhance wound repair in a murine soft tissue injury model[J]．Stem Cells，2009，27(1):250－258
46Yu L H，Kim M H，Park T H，Cha KS，Kim YD，Quan ML，Rho MS，Seo SY，Jung JS. et al.Improvementof cardiac function and remodeling by transplanting adipose tissue-derived stromalcells into a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction[J]．Int J Cardiol，2010，139(2):166－172
47Mitchell KE，WeissML，Mitchell BM，Martin P，Davis D，Morales L，Helwig B，BeerenstrauchM，Abou-Easa K，Hildreth T，Troyer D，Medicetty S. et al.Matrix cells from Wharton'sjelly form neurons and glia[J].Stem Cells，200321(1):50-60
48Ma L，Feng XY，Cui BL，et al.Human umbilical cord Whartonps Jelly2derived mesenchymalstem cells differentiation into nerve2like cells[J].ChinMed J(Engl)，2005，118(23):1987-1993
49Ding DC，ShyuWC，ChiangMF，Lin SZ，Chang YC，Wang HJ，Su CY，Li H et al.Enhancementof neuroplasticity through up regulation of beta12integrin in human umbilicalcord2derived stromal cell imp lanted stroke model[J].Neurobiol Dis，2007，27(3):339-353
50Karahuseyinoglu S，CinarO，Kilic E，Kara F，Akay GG，Demiralp DO，Tukun A，UckanD，Can A et al.Biology of stem cells in human umbilical cord stroma:in situ and invitro surveys[J].Stem Cells，2007，25(2):319-331
51Can A，Karahuseyinoglu S. Concise review: human umbilical cord stroma with regardto the source of fetus-derived stem cells[J]. Stem Cells.2007，25(11):2886-2895
52Weiss ML，Medicetty S，Bledsoe AR，Rachakatla RS，Choi M，Merchav S，Luo Y，Rao MS，Velagaleti G，Troyer D. et al.Human umbilical cord matrix stem cells: preliminarycharacterization and effect of transplantation in a rodentmodel of Parkinsonp’sdisease[J]. Stem Cells.2006；24(3):781-792
53Can A，Karahuseyinoglu S. Concise review: human umbilical cord stroma with regardto the source of fetus-derived stem cells[J]. Stem Cells.2007，25(11):2886-2895
54Weiss ML，Medicetty S，Bledsoe AR，et al.Human umbilical cord matrix stem cells:preliminary characterization and effect of transplantation in a rodentmodel ofParkinsonp’s disease[J]. Stem Cells.2006；24(3):781-792
55何红燕，林晓波，应文娟，等.人脐带间充质干细胞经体内定植并向心肌样细胞分化的研究[J].中国输血杂志，2002，22(3):188-191
56马桂霞，何红燕，罗敏杰，等.人脐带间充质干细胞分化为胰岛β细胞的实验研究[J].实用儿科临床杂志，2008，23(8):618-620
57Zhang Y，Li C，Jiang X，et al. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal progenitor cellssupport culture expansion of long-term culture-initiating cells from cord bloodCD34+cells [J]. Exp Hematol，2004，32(7):657-664
58Fukuchi Y，Nakajima H，Sugiyama D，et al.Human placenta-derived cells have mesenchymalstem/progenitor cell potential[J].Stem Cells，2004，22:649-658
59Bailo M，Soncini M，Vertua E，et al.Engraftment potential of human amnion and chorioncells derived from term placenta [J].Transplantation，2004，78:1439-1448
60薛群，张学光，苗宗宁，等.胎盘间充质干细胞样细胞的培养及生物学特征的试验研究[J].苏州大学学报（医学版），2005，25（2）：188-192
61苗宗宁，徐秋岚，吕国忠，等.间充质干细胞在人胎盘组织中的染色定位及整体灌注分离培养[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2009，13（36）：7133-7137
62李栋，王国云，鞠秀丽，等.两种分离胎盘间充质干细胞方法的比较[J].山东大学学报（医学版），2007，45（7）：687-701
63Li CD，Zhang WY，Li HL，Jiang XX，Zhang Y，Tang PH，Mao N et al.Mesenchymal stemcells derived from human placenta suppress allogeneic umbilical cord bloodlymphocyte proliferation[J].Cell Research，2005，15（7）:539-547
64Portmann-Lanz CB，Schoeberlein A，Huber A，Sager R，Malek A，Holzgreve W，SurbekDV et al.Placental mesenchymal stem cells as potential autologous graft for pre-and perinatal neuroregeneration[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol，2006，194（3）:664-673
65Chen CP，Liu SH，Huang JP， Aplin JD，Wu YH，Chen PC，Hu CS，Ko CC，Lee MY，ChenCY. et al.Engraftment potential of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cellsafter in utero transplantation in rats[J].Hum Reprod，2009，24（1）:154-165
66Portmann-Lanz CB，Schoeberlein A，Huber A， Sager R，Malek A，Holzgreve W，SurbekDV et al.Placental mesenchymal stem cells as potential autologous graft for pre-and perinatal neuroregeneration[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol，2006，194（3）:664-673
67In't Anker PS，Scherjon SA，Kleijburg-van der Keur C，Noort WA，Claas FH，WillemzeR，Fibbe WE，Kanhai HH. et al.Amniotic fluid as a novel source of mesenchymal stemcells for therapeutic transplantation[J]. Blood，2003，102(4):1548-1549
68Prusa AR，Hengstschlager M.Amniotic fluid cells and human stem cell research:a newconnection[J].Med Sci Monit，2002，8(11):RA253-257
69Chambers I，Silva J，Colby D，Nichols J，Nijmeijer B，Robertson M，Vrana J，JonesK，Grotewold L，Smith A et al.Nanog safeguards pluripotency and mediates germlinedevelopment[J].Nature，2007，450(7173):1230-1234
70Perin L，Sedrakyan S，Da Sacco S，De Filippo R et al.Characterization of human amnioticfluid stem cells and their pluripotential capability[J].Methods Cell Biol，2008，86:85-99
71Bossolasco P，Montemurro T，Cova L， Zangrossi S，Calzarossa C，Buiatiotis S，SoligoD，Bosari S，Silani V，Deliliers GL，Rebulla P，Lazzari L. et al.Molecular and phenotypiccharacterization of human amniotic fluid cells and their differentiation potential[J].Cell Res，2006，16(4):329-336
72Kim J，Lee Y，Kim H，Hwang KJ，Kwon HC，Kim SK，Cho DJ，Kang SG，You J et al.Humanamniotic fluid-derived stem cells have characteristics of multipotent stemcells[J].Cell Prolif，2007，40(1):75-90
73Pfeiffer S，McLaughlin D.In vitro differentiation of human amniotic fluid-derivedcells:augmentation towards a neuronal dopaminergic phenotype[J].Cell Biol Int，2010，34(9):959-967
74Kim J，Lee Y，Kim H，Hwang KJ，Kwon HC，Kim SK，Cho DJ，Kang SG，You J et al.Humanamniotic fluid-derived stem cells have characteristics of multipotent stemcells[J].Cell Prolif，2007，40(1):75-90
75Ohazama A，Modino SA，Miletich I， Sharpe PT et al. Stem-cell-based tissue engineeringof murine teeth[J]. J Dent Res.2004；83(7):518-522
76Xu cF，Hu DH，Zhao ZT，et al．Isolation，culture and multiple differentiations ofrabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro[J]． Journal of ClinicalRehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research，2010，14(6):1002-1005
77Zhang Y，Chen XH，Ji YC，et al．Effect validation of bone marrow-derived mesenehymalstem cells cultured by adherent method in vitro[J]． Journal of ClinicalRehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research，2010，14(6):1006-1008
78龚宜超，董雅娟，柏学进，李兴芳，刘昌菊，封纪武.荷斯坦牛骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养和体外诱导分化的研究[J].中国奶牛.2009，(7):3~7
79Majumdar M.K.，Thiede M.A.，and Mosca J.D. Phenotypic and functional comparison ofcultures of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stromal cells. J Cell Physiol.1998，176(1):57-66
80Jaiswal N.，Haynesworth S.E.，Caplan A.I.，and Bruder S.P. Osteogenic differentiationof purified，culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro[J]. J CellBiochem，1997，(64):295-312
81Colter D.C.，Class R.，DiGirolamo C.M.，and Prockop D.J. Rapid expansion of recyclingstem cells in cultures of plastic-adherent cells from human bone marrow[J]. PNAS.2000，97(7):3213-3218
82Devine S.M. Mesenchymal stem cells:will they have a role in the clinic[J]. Journalof Cellular Biochemistry.2002，85(38):73-79
83Shahdadfar A，Fronsdal K，Haug T，et al． In vitro expansion of human mesenchymalstem cells: choice of serum is a determinant of cell proliferation，differentiation，gene expression，and transcriptome stability[J]．Stem Cells，2005，23(9):1357-1366
84Dominici M，Le Blanc K，Mueller I，et al.Minimal criteria for defining multipotentmesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy positionstatement[M].Cytotherapy.2006；8(4):315-317
85Deans RJ，Moselay AB．Mesenchymal stem cells：biology and potential clinicaIuses[J]．Exp Hematol2000；28(8)：875-884
86Le Blanc K，Ringden O．Mesenchymal stem cells：properties and role in clinical bonemarrow transplantation[J].Cur Opin Immunol2006；18(5)：586-591
87Lu LL，Liu YJ，Yang SG，et a1．Isolation and characterization of human umbilicaIcord mesenchymal stem cells with hematopoiesis-supportive function and otherpotentials[J]. Haematologica2006；91(8):1017-1026
88Gluckman E，Broxmeyer HA，Auerbach AD，et al Hematopoietic reconstitution in a patientwith Fanconi’s anemia by means of umbilical-cord blood from an HLAidenticalsibling[J]．N Engl J Med．1989；321(17)：1174-1178
89徐世侠，汤先华，唐湘风．非血缘脐血及骨髓移植治疗儿童血液病的meta分析[J]．临床儿科杂志，2008，26(3)：246-249
90Cohen Y Nagler A．Umbilical cord blood transplantation-how，when and for whom?[J]Blood Rev．2004；18(3)：167-179
91Maitra B，Szekely E，Gjini K，Laughlin MJ，Dennis J，Haynesworth SE，Ko ON. et a1．Humanmesenchymal stem cells support unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cells and suppressT-cell activation[J]．Bone Marrow Transplant．2004；33(6)：597-604
92Tomita S，Li RK，Weisel RD，et al. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cellsimproves damaged heart function[J].Circulation.1999；100(19Suppl):II247-256
93Brazelton TR，Rossi FM，Keshet GI，Blau HM. From marrow to brain: expression of neuronalphenotypes in adult mice[J]. Science.2000，290(5497): l775-l779
94Mezey E，Chandross KJ，Harta G，Maki RA，McKercher SR. Turning blood into brain:cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vive from bone marrow[J]. Science.2000，290(5497):1779-1782
95宫黎明，方宁，陈代雄，万卫红，章涛，刘祖林，余丽梅，赵春华.人羊膜间充质干细胞在大鼠受损肝组织中分化为肝细胞[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2011，(36):6709-6713
96Petersen BE，Bowen WC，Patrene KD，Mars WM，Sullivan AK，Murase N，Boggs SS，GreenbergerJS，Goff JP et al. Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells[J].Science.1999；284(5417):1168-1170
97Theise ND，Nimmakayalu M，Gardner R，et al.Liver from bonemarrow in humans.Hepatology.2000；32(1):11-16
98刘宗正，蒙古马脂肪来源间充质干细胞体外成脂和成骨诱导分化[J]，华南农业大学学报，2011，32(3):97-100
99Hung SC，Chen NJ，Hsieh SL，et a1．Isolation and characterization of size—sievedstem cells from human bone marrow[J]．Stem Cells，2002，20(3)：249-258
100陈文超，大鼠脑组织匀浆对其BMSCs向神经元样细胞分化的影响[J]，中西医结合心脑血管病杂志2011,9(5):589-590
101Na L，Hui Ling L L，et a1．Spontaneous expression ofneural phenotype and NGF，TrkA，TrkB genes in marrow stromal cells[J]．Biochem Biophys Res Commun，2007，356(3)：561-568
102杨立业，刘相名，惠国桢，等．丹参诱导鼠骨髓间充质细胞向神经元分化[J]．中华神经外科疾病研究杂志，2003，2(1)：29-32
103冯学永，马廉，杨立业，等．丹参诱导人骨髓间充质细胞体外向神经细胞分化的研究[J]．医学研究生学报，2005，18(9)：861—862
104Zimmet JM，Hare JM. Emerging role for bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cellsin myocardial regenerative therapy[J]. Basic Res Cardiol.2005；100:471-481.
105Staudt A，Staudt Y，Hummel A，et al. Effects of immunoadsorption on the nt-BNP andnt-ANP plasma levels of patients suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy[J]. TherApher Dial.2006；10(1):42-48
106Makino S，Fukuda K，Miyoshi S，et al. Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrowstromal cells in vitro[J]. J Clin Invest.1999；103:697-705
107Overturf K，Aldhalimy M，Ou CN．Serial transplantation rev eals the stem-cell-likeregenerative potential of adult mouse hepatocytes[J]．Am J Pathol，1997，151(5):1273-1280
108Belinda K，Barara A，Vance BM，et al．Attenuated liver progenitou(oval)cell andfibrogenic responses to the choline deficient，ethionine supplemented diet in theBALB/C inbred strain of mice[J]．Journal of Hepatology，2007，46(1):134-141
109Hove W，Van Hoek B， Bajema IM，Ringers J，van Krieken JH，Lagaaij EL. et al．Extensiveehimerism in liver transplants vascular endothelium，bile duct epithelium，and hepatocytes[J]．Liver Transpl，2003，9(6):552-556
110赵若辉，范健，滕皋军.大鼠肝细胞经脾脏多次移植的实验研究[J].现代医学，2002，30(5):289-292
111Faubert A，Lessard J，Sauvageau G. Are genetic determinants of asymmetric stem celldivision active in hematopoietic stem cells?[J]，Oncogene，2004，23(43):7247-55
112李莎.造血干细胞研究进展[J].家畜生态学报，2008，29(2)：98-101
113Zubair AC，S ilberst ein L，Rit z J. Adu lt hematopoieti c st em cell plast icity[J]. Transfusion，2002，42(8):1096-1101
114Tim C，Reiner L，S elim K，et al. CDCP1is a novel marker for hemat opoietic stemcells [J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci，2003，996:222-226
115Spahr L，Lambert JF，Rubbia-Brandt L，Chalandon Y，Frossard JL，Giostra E，HadengueA. et al.Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induces proliferation of hepaticprogenitors in alcoholic steatohepatitis:a randomized trial[J].Hepatology，2008，48(1):221-229
116Yan L，Han Y，Wang J，Liu J，Hong L，Fan D.，et al.Peripheral blood monocytes frompatients with HBV related decompensated liver cirrhosis can differentiate intofunctional hepatocytes[J].Am J Hematol，2007，82(11):949-954
117吴北燕，黄绍良，陈惠芹，张绪超，魏菁，胎肝造血期胎肝间充质干细胞的分离、培养及生物学特性[J].中山大学学报(医学科学版)，2005，26(5);498-501
118赵运转，魏来，韩梅，等.胎肝来源间充质干细胞的分离、培养与多向分化[J].中华肝脏病杂志，2004，12(12):711-713
119Aurich H，Sgodda M，Kaltwasser P，et al.Hepatocyte differentiation of mesenchymalstem cells from human adipose tissue in vitro promotes hepatic integration invivo[J].Gut，2009，58(4)570-581
120Spahr L，Lambert JF，Rubbia-Brandt L， Chalandon Y，Frossard JL，Giostra E，HadengueA. et al.Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor induces proliferation of hepaticprogenitors in alcoholic steatohepatitis:a randomized trial[J].Hepatology，2008，48(1):221-229
121Yan L，Han Y，Wang J，Liu J，Hong L，Fan D. et al.Peripheral blood monocytes frompatientswith HBV related decompensated liver cirrhosis can differentiate into functionalhepatocytes[J].Am J Hematol，2007，82(11):945-954
122Assmus B，Tonn T，Seeger FH，Yoon CH，Leistner D，Klotsche J，Sch chinger V，SeifriedE，Zeiher AM，Dimmeler S. et al.Red blood cell contamination of the final cell productimpairs the efficacy of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy[J].J Am CollCardiol，2010，55(13):1385-1394
123Mesimaki K，Lindroos B，T rnwall J， Mauno J，Lindqvist C，Kontio R，Miettinen S，Suuronen R.et al. Novel maxillary reconstruction withectopic bone formation by GMPadipose stem cells[J]. Int J Oral MaxillofacSurg，2009，38(3)：201-209
124Fouillard L，Bensidhoum M，Bories D， Bonte H，Lopez M，Moseley AM，Smith A，LesageS，Beaujean F，Thierry D，Gourmelon P，Najman A，Gorin NC. et al． Engraftment ofallogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow of a patient with severeidiopathic aplastic anemia improves stroma[J]． Leukemia，2003，17(2):474-476
125Min Y.H.，Li G.X.，Jang J.H. Long-term bone marrow culture-derived stromal fibroblastas a protecntial target for gene therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia[J]. Leuk Res.2002，26(4):369-376
126庞全海.山羊骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及体外分化潜能的研究[D].西北农林科技大学博士论文.2005，42-50
127Jenkins N. Animal Cell Biotechnology: Methods and Protocols[M]. New Jersey: HumanaPress，1999:132-138
128Bruder S.P.，Ricalton N.S.，Boynton R.E.，Connolly T.J.，Zaia J.，Barry F.P. Mesenchymalstem cell surface antigen SB-10corresponds to activated leukocyte cell adhesionmolecule and is involved in osteogenic differentiation[J]. J Bone Miner Res.1998，13:655-663
129Colter DC，Sekiya I，Prockop DJ. Identification of a subpopulation of rapidlyself-renewing and multipotential adult stem cells in colonies of human marrow stromalcells[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci.2001；98(14):7841-7845
130周向梅，马月辉，关伟军，文杰，李晗.北京油鸡胚胎成纤维细胞系建立与生物学特性研究[J].畜牧兽医学报，2005，36(3):209-221
131Alexandra Peister，Jason A. Mellad，Benjamin L. Larson，Brett M. Hall，Laura F. Gibson，and Darwin J. Prockop；Adult stem cells from bone marrow (MSCs) isolated fromdifferent strains of inbred mice vary in surface epitopes，rates of proliferation，and differentiation potential；Blood[J]，2004，103(5):1662-1668
132Girdlestone J，Limbani VA，Cutler AJ，Navarrete CV. Efficient expansion of mesenchymalstromal cells from umbilical cord under low serum conditions[J]. Cytotherapy，2009，11(6):738-748
133Tan J，Liu T，Hou L，Meng W，Wang Y，Zhi W，Deng L. Maintenance and expansion ofhematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in biomimetic osteoblast niche[J].Cytotechnology，2010，62(5):439-448
134刘伟，刘萌，祝劲松，郝红伟，董宁征，周海滨.人骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养、鉴定及成骨分化[J].中国组织工程研究，2102，16(14):2515-2519
135Birmingham E，Niebur GL，McHugh PE，Shaw G，Barry FP，McNamara LM. Osteogenicdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is regulated by osteocyte and osteoblastcells in a simplified bone niche[J]. Eur Cells Materials，2012，12(23):13-27
136余卫，张洹，何冬梅.体外诱导小鼠胎肝间充质干细胞向胰岛B样细胞分化的研究[J].第二军医大学学报，2004，8，25(8):827-830
137张睿婷，韩之波，王涛等.人胎盘绒毛膜来源间充质干细胞的生物学特性[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2011，15(10):1823-1826
138阮中宝，杨向军，陈各才等.5-氮杂胞苷诱导人脐带间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞的分化[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复，2011，15(36):6705-6708
139Xuelian Gong，Lingling Hou，Chunyu Bai，et al. Isolation and Biological Characteristicsof Chicken Adipose-Derived Progenitor[J]，Cells.Dna and cell biology，2011，30(7):453–460
140Makino S，Fukuda K，Miyoshi S，et al. Cardiomyocytes can begenerated from marrowstromal cells in vitro[J]. Clin Invest.1999；103:697-705
141Tomita S，Li RK，Weisel RD，et al. Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cellsimproves damaged heart function[J].Circulation.1999；100(Suppl II):247-256
142Augello A，Kurth TB，De Bari C. Mesenchymal stem cells: a perspective from in vitrocultures to in vivo migration and niches[J].Eur Cell Mater.2010；20:121-133
143Kolf CM，Cho E，Tuan RS. Mesenchymal stromal cells. Biology of adult mesenchymalstem cells: regulation of niche，self-renewal and differentiation[J]. Arthritis ResTher.2007；9(1):204
144周倩，周燕，叶朝阳等.人羊膜问充质干细胞在微载体动态培养体系中的扩增和成骨诱导分化[J].高校化学工程学报，2011，6（25）：991-996
145Birmingham E，Niebur GL，McHugh PE，et al. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymalstem cells is regulated by osteocyte and osteoblast cells in a simplified bone niche[J].Eur Cells Materials，2012，12(23):13-27