重庆绕城高速公路边坡灌丛建植的植物研究
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摘要
高速公路建设过程中大规模地开山采石、取土等形成了大量裸露边坡,原有的植被遭到了严重破坏,引发了一系列的严重后果。在道路边坡植被恢复理论与技术方面,国内外均进行了大量的研究工作,但与近些年公路的快速发展相比,相关研究仍然严重滞后。
重庆市为典型的山地城市,有着特有的地理条件,边坡植物资源非常丰富,但关于重庆市道路边坡植被恢复的研究较少,特别是灌丛建植研究方面,缺乏理论与实践的指导。
本论文通过对国内外道路边坡植被恢复理论与技术的归纳总结,对重庆绕城高速公路周围地区自然坡地植物群落的调查及灌丛建植后边坡植物群落动态跟踪的调查,结合7种植物幼株的栽培试验,筛选出了适合重庆绕城高速公路边坡灌丛建植的植物种类及群落配置模式,结论如下:
(1)重庆绕城高速公路周围地区自然坡地的主要优势乡土灌木及乔木幼株有:黄荆(Vitexnegundo)、盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)、金樱子(Rosa laevigata)、金山荚蒾(ViburnumChinshanense)、铁仔(Myrsine africana)、火棘(Pyracantha fortuneana)、山莓(Rubuscorchorifolius)、水竹(Phyllostachys heteroclada)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)、异叶鼠李(Rhamnus heterophylla)、桅子花(Gardenia jasminoides)、展毛野牡丹(Melastoma normale)、算盘子(Glochidion puberum)、白栎幼株(Quercus fabri)、毛桐幼株(Mallotus barbatus)、刺槐幼株(Robinia pseudoacacia)、构树幼株(Broussonetia papyrifera)等。
(2)重庆绕城高速公路周围地区自然坡地的主要植被类型有:①常绿针叶林,如马尾松林(Form.Pinus massoniana);②落叶阔叶林,如白栎林(Form.Quercus fabri)、刺槐林(Form.Robinia pseudoacacia)等;③针阔叶混交林,如马尾松+香樟林(Form.Pinusmassoniana+Cinnamomum camphora);④阔叶灌丛,如黄荆灌丛(Form.Vitex negundo)、盐肤木灌丛(Form.Rhus chinensis)、构树灌丛(Form.Broussonetia papyrifera)等;⑤草丛,如荩草草丛(Form.Arthraxon hispidus)、白茅草丛(Form.Imperata cylindrica)、野菊花草丛(Form.Flos chrysanthemi)等。
(3) 7种植物幼株栽培试验表明:多花木蓝(Indigofera amblyantha)、刺槐幼株生长状况最好,黄荆、银合欢(Leucaena glauca)、猪屎豆(Crotalaria pallida)次之,紫穗槐(Amorphafruticosa)、复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata)最差。
(4)灌丛建植后边坡群落动态跟踪调查表明:①供试物种的平均相对生长速率大小依次为:波斯菊(Cosmos bipinnatus)＞刺槐＞黄荆＞多花木蓝＞银合欢＞紫穗槐＞复羽叶栾树;②刺槐、黄荆、多花木蓝、银合欢比较适合重庆市绕城高速公路边坡生长,且景观效果好;复羽叶栾树、紫穗槐不太适合道路边坡生长;猪屎豆不适合道路边坡生长:一年生波斯菊草花早期生长情况较好,但第二年种子萌发率较低,可作为道路边坡植被恢复早期物种,后期数量虽少,但可增加边坡的景观效果。
(5)灌丛建植可选择的植物种类有:①乔木幼株类:刺槐、构树、复羽叶栾树、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、白栎、黄葛树(Ficus virens var.sublanceolata)、小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa)、毛桐、乌桕(Sapium sebiferum)等9种:②灌木类:黄荆、紫穗槐、多花木蓝、银合欢、马棘(Indigofera pseudotinctoria)、盐肤木、胡枝子、小蜡(Ligustrum sinense)、伞房决明(Cassiacorymbosa)、杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)、石楠(Photinia serrulata)、水竹、火棘、铁仔、金樱子、山莓、檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、展毛野牡丹、桅子花、金山荚蒾等20种;③草花类:波斯菊、紫花苜蓿(Medicago Satival)、野菊花(Flos Chrysanthemi)、荩草(Arthraxonhispidus)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、芒(Miscanthus sinensis)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)、扭黄茅(Heteropogon contortus)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、野青茅(Deyeuxia arundinacea)等10种;④藤本类:野蔷薇(Rosa multiflora)、九重葛(Bougainvillea spectabilis)、葛藤(Puerarialobata)、常春藤(Hederae sinensis)、爬山虎(Parthenocissus tricuspidata)、海金沙(Lygodiumjaponicum)、香花芽豆藤(Millettia dielsiana)、菝葜(Smilax china)、金银花(Lonicera japonica)等9种。
(6)灌丛建植可配置的灌丛群落类型有:①多花木蓝+黄荆+紫穗槐群落:②多花木蓝+刺槐+银合欢群落;③刺槐+黄荆+银合欢群落;④多花木蓝+银合欢+刺槐+黄荆群落;⑤黄荆+构树群落;⑥黄荆+火棘+铁仔群落等。
During the course of the highway construction,quarrying a mountain on a large scale to get the rock and take the soil has formed a mass of exposed side slopes,which has destroyed the original vegetation and initiated a series of serious bad results.A large number of research work has been carded on in the field of the theory and the technique of vegetation restoration in the road side slope in our country and foreign countries.However,the related research has still serious lags comparing with the instant development of the road in recent years.
Chongqing is a typical mountainous city and has unique geography condition and extremely rich side slope plant resources.However,there are few researches on the vegetation restoration of the road side slope in Chongqing,especially in the field of shrub construction,causing to lack of the theory and the practice instruction.
This paper has selected the plant species and the collocate pattern of plant community which are suited to shrub construction in the side slope of Chongqing Express Loop Highway,through the summery on domestic and foreign countries' theory of vegetation restoration in road side slope,the survey of plant community on the side slope in the around areas of Chongqing Express Loop Highway,the dynamic track survey of plant community on the side slope after scrub construction, and the planting trial of seven young shrub.The results showed as follows:
(1) The main dominant local shrub and young trees on the side slope in the around areas of Chongqing Express Loop Highway are as follows:Vitex negundo,Rhus chinensis,Rosa laevigata, Viburnum Chinshanense,Myrsine africana,Pyracantha fortuneana,Rubus eorchorifolius, Phyllostachys heteroclada,Lespedeza bicolor,Rhamnus heterophylla,Gardenia jasminoides, Melastoma normale,Glochidion puberum,young Quercus fabri,young Mallotus barbatus,young Robinia pseudoacacia,young Broussonetia papyrifera,and so on.
(2) The main vegetation types on the side slope in the around areas of Chongqing Express Loop Highway are as follows:①Evergreen needle-leaved forest,for example Form.Pinus massoniana;②Deciduous broad-leaved forest,for example Form.Quercus fabri,Form.Robinia pseudoacacia,etc.;③Mixed needle-leaved forest,for example Form.Pinus massoniana+Cinnamomum camphora;④Broad-leaved thicket,for example Form.Vitex negundo, Form.Rhus chinensis,Form.Broussonetia papyrifera,etc.;⑤Grassland,for example Form. Arthraxon hispidus,Form.Imperata cylindrica,Form.Flos chrysanthemi,etc.
(3) The planting trial of seven plants:the growth status of Indigofera amblyantha and Robinia pseudoacacia are best;Vitex negundo,Leucaena glauca and Crotalaria pallida are better;Amorpha frutieosa and Koelreuteria bipinnata are worse.
(4) The dynamic track survey of plant community on the side slope after scrub construction shows:①The average relative growth rate of the target plants are in turns:Cosmos bipinnatus＞Robinia pseudoacacia＞Vitex negundo＞Indigofera amblyantha＞Leucaena glauca＞Amorpha fruticosa＞Koelreuteria bipinnata;②Robinia pseudoacacia,Vitex negundo and Indigofera amblyantha are most suit to grow in the side slope of Chongqing Express Loop Highway and having better landscape;Koelreuteria bipinnata and Amorpha fruticosa are little suit to grow in the side slope;Crotalaria pallida are not suit to grow in the side slope;Cosmos bipinnatus,a kind of annual herbage,whose growth status are fine in early days while the seed sprout rate is low in ensuing year, can become the early plant of vegetation restoration in the side slope.Although the quantity of Cosmos bipinnatus are few in later days,it can increase landscape of the side slope.
(5) The optional floristic of scrub construction are as follows:①Young trees(nine kinds): Robinia pseudoacacia,Broussonetia papyrifera,Koelreuteria bipinnata,Pinus massoniana,Quercus fabri,Ficus virens var.sublanceolata,Ficus microcarpa,Mallotus barbatus,Sapium sebiferum ect.;②Shrub(twenty kinds):Vitex negundo,Amorpha fruticosa,Indigofera amblyantha,Leucaena glauca, Indigofera pseudotinctoria,Rhus chinensis,Lespedeza bicolor,Syringa pubescens,Cassia corymbosa,Rhododendron simsii,Photinia serrulata,Phyllostachys heteroclada,Pyracantha fortuneana,Myrsine africana,Rosa laevigata,Rubus corchorifolius,Loropetalum chinense, Melastoma normale,Gardenia jasminoides,Viburnum Chinshanense.etc.;③Herbage(ten kinds): Cosmos bipinnatus,Medicago Satival,Flos Chrysanthemi,Arthraxon hispidus,Imperata cylindrica, Miscanthus sinensis,Festuca ovina,Heteropogon contortus,Cynodon dactylon,Deyeuxia arundinacea etc.;④Liane(nine kinds):Rosa multiflora,Bougainvillea spectabilis,Pueraria lobata, Hederae sinensis,Parthenocissus tricuspidata,Lygodium japonicum,Millettia dielsiana,Smilax china,Lonicera japonica,etc.
(6) The scrub community of scrub construction is as follows:①Form.Indigofera amblyantha +Vitex negundo+Amorpha fruticosa;②Form.Indigofera amblyantha+Robinia pseudoacacia+ Leucaena gtauca;③Form.Robinia pseudoacacia+Vitex negundo+Leucaena glauca;④Form. Indigofera amblyantha+Leucaena glauca+Robinia pseudoacacia+Vitex negundo;⑤Form.Vitex negundo+Broussonetia papyrifera;⑥Form.Vitex negundo+Pyracantha fortuneana+Myrsine africana,etc.
重庆市为典型的山地城市,有着特有的地理条件,边坡植物资源非常丰富,但关于重庆市道路边坡植被恢复的研究较少,特别是灌丛建植研究方面,缺乏理论与实践的指导。
本论文通过对国内外道路边坡植被恢复理论与技术的归纳总结,对重庆绕城高速公路周围地区自然坡地植物群落的调查及灌丛建植后边坡植物群落动态跟踪的调查,结合7种植物幼株的栽培试验,筛选出了适合重庆绕城高速公路边坡灌丛建植的植物种类及群落配置模式,结论如下:
(1)重庆绕城高速公路周围地区自然坡地的主要优势乡土灌木及乔木幼株有:黄荆(Vitexnegundo)、盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)、金樱子(Rosa laevigata)、金山荚蒾(ViburnumChinshanense)、铁仔(Myrsine africana)、火棘(Pyracantha fortuneana)、山莓(Rubuscorchorifolius)、水竹(Phyllostachys heteroclada)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)、异叶鼠李(Rhamnus heterophylla)、桅子花(Gardenia jasminoides)、展毛野牡丹(Melastoma normale)、算盘子(Glochidion puberum)、白栎幼株(Quercus fabri)、毛桐幼株(Mallotus barbatus)、刺槐幼株(Robinia pseudoacacia)、构树幼株(Broussonetia papyrifera)等。
(2)重庆绕城高速公路周围地区自然坡地的主要植被类型有:①常绿针叶林,如马尾松林(Form.Pinus massoniana);②落叶阔叶林,如白栎林(Form.Quercus fabri)、刺槐林(Form.Robinia pseudoacacia)等;③针阔叶混交林,如马尾松+香樟林(Form.Pinusmassoniana+Cinnamomum camphora);④阔叶灌丛,如黄荆灌丛(Form.Vitex negundo)、盐肤木灌丛(Form.Rhus chinensis)、构树灌丛(Form.Broussonetia papyrifera)等;⑤草丛,如荩草草丛(Form.Arthraxon hispidus)、白茅草丛(Form.Imperata cylindrica)、野菊花草丛(Form.Flos chrysanthemi)等。
(3) 7种植物幼株栽培试验表明:多花木蓝(Indigofera amblyantha)、刺槐幼株生长状况最好,黄荆、银合欢(Leucaena glauca)、猪屎豆(Crotalaria pallida)次之,紫穗槐(Amorphafruticosa)、复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata)最差。
(4)灌丛建植后边坡群落动态跟踪调查表明:①供试物种的平均相对生长速率大小依次为:波斯菊(Cosmos bipinnatus)＞刺槐＞黄荆＞多花木蓝＞银合欢＞紫穗槐＞复羽叶栾树;②刺槐、黄荆、多花木蓝、银合欢比较适合重庆市绕城高速公路边坡生长,且景观效果好;复羽叶栾树、紫穗槐不太适合道路边坡生长;猪屎豆不适合道路边坡生长:一年生波斯菊草花早期生长情况较好,但第二年种子萌发率较低,可作为道路边坡植被恢复早期物种,后期数量虽少,但可增加边坡的景观效果。
(5)灌丛建植可选择的植物种类有:①乔木幼株类:刺槐、构树、复羽叶栾树、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、白栎、黄葛树(Ficus virens var.sublanceolata)、小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa)、毛桐、乌桕(Sapium sebiferum)等9种:②灌木类:黄荆、紫穗槐、多花木蓝、银合欢、马棘(Indigofera pseudotinctoria)、盐肤木、胡枝子、小蜡(Ligustrum sinense)、伞房决明(Cassiacorymbosa)、杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)、石楠(Photinia serrulata)、水竹、火棘、铁仔、金樱子、山莓、檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、展毛野牡丹、桅子花、金山荚蒾等20种;③草花类:波斯菊、紫花苜蓿(Medicago Satival)、野菊花(Flos Chrysanthemi)、荩草(Arthraxonhispidus)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、芒(Miscanthus sinensis)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)、扭黄茅(Heteropogon contortus)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、野青茅(Deyeuxia arundinacea)等10种;④藤本类:野蔷薇(Rosa multiflora)、九重葛(Bougainvillea spectabilis)、葛藤(Puerarialobata)、常春藤(Hederae sinensis)、爬山虎(Parthenocissus tricuspidata)、海金沙(Lygodiumjaponicum)、香花芽豆藤(Millettia dielsiana)、菝葜(Smilax china)、金银花(Lonicera japonica)等9种。
(6)灌丛建植可配置的灌丛群落类型有:①多花木蓝+黄荆+紫穗槐群落:②多花木蓝+刺槐+银合欢群落;③刺槐+黄荆+银合欢群落;④多花木蓝+银合欢+刺槐+黄荆群落;⑤黄荆+构树群落;⑥黄荆+火棘+铁仔群落等。
During the course of the highway construction,quarrying a mountain on a large scale to get the rock and take the soil has formed a mass of exposed side slopes,which has destroyed the original vegetation and initiated a series of serious bad results.A large number of research work has been carded on in the field of the theory and the technique of vegetation restoration in the road side slope in our country and foreign countries.However,the related research has still serious lags comparing with the instant development of the road in recent years.
Chongqing is a typical mountainous city and has unique geography condition and extremely rich side slope plant resources.However,there are few researches on the vegetation restoration of the road side slope in Chongqing,especially in the field of shrub construction,causing to lack of the theory and the practice instruction.
This paper has selected the plant species and the collocate pattern of plant community which are suited to shrub construction in the side slope of Chongqing Express Loop Highway,through the summery on domestic and foreign countries' theory of vegetation restoration in road side slope,the survey of plant community on the side slope in the around areas of Chongqing Express Loop Highway,the dynamic track survey of plant community on the side slope after scrub construction, and the planting trial of seven young shrub.The results showed as follows:
(1) The main dominant local shrub and young trees on the side slope in the around areas of Chongqing Express Loop Highway are as follows:Vitex negundo,Rhus chinensis,Rosa laevigata, Viburnum Chinshanense,Myrsine africana,Pyracantha fortuneana,Rubus eorchorifolius, Phyllostachys heteroclada,Lespedeza bicolor,Rhamnus heterophylla,Gardenia jasminoides, Melastoma normale,Glochidion puberum,young Quercus fabri,young Mallotus barbatus,young Robinia pseudoacacia,young Broussonetia papyrifera,and so on.
(2) The main vegetation types on the side slope in the around areas of Chongqing Express Loop Highway are as follows:①Evergreen needle-leaved forest,for example Form.Pinus massoniana;②Deciduous broad-leaved forest,for example Form.Quercus fabri,Form.Robinia pseudoacacia,etc.;③Mixed needle-leaved forest,for example Form.Pinus massoniana+Cinnamomum camphora;④Broad-leaved thicket,for example Form.Vitex negundo, Form.Rhus chinensis,Form.Broussonetia papyrifera,etc.;⑤Grassland,for example Form. Arthraxon hispidus,Form.Imperata cylindrica,Form.Flos chrysanthemi,etc.
(3) The planting trial of seven plants:the growth status of Indigofera amblyantha and Robinia pseudoacacia are best;Vitex negundo,Leucaena glauca and Crotalaria pallida are better;Amorpha frutieosa and Koelreuteria bipinnata are worse.
(4) The dynamic track survey of plant community on the side slope after scrub construction shows:①The average relative growth rate of the target plants are in turns:Cosmos bipinnatus＞Robinia pseudoacacia＞Vitex negundo＞Indigofera amblyantha＞Leucaena glauca＞Amorpha fruticosa＞Koelreuteria bipinnata;②Robinia pseudoacacia,Vitex negundo and Indigofera amblyantha are most suit to grow in the side slope of Chongqing Express Loop Highway and having better landscape;Koelreuteria bipinnata and Amorpha fruticosa are little suit to grow in the side slope;Crotalaria pallida are not suit to grow in the side slope;Cosmos bipinnatus,a kind of annual herbage,whose growth status are fine in early days while the seed sprout rate is low in ensuing year, can become the early plant of vegetation restoration in the side slope.Although the quantity of Cosmos bipinnatus are few in later days,it can increase landscape of the side slope.
(5) The optional floristic of scrub construction are as follows:①Young trees(nine kinds): Robinia pseudoacacia,Broussonetia papyrifera,Koelreuteria bipinnata,Pinus massoniana,Quercus fabri,Ficus virens var.sublanceolata,Ficus microcarpa,Mallotus barbatus,Sapium sebiferum ect.;②Shrub(twenty kinds):Vitex negundo,Amorpha fruticosa,Indigofera amblyantha,Leucaena glauca, Indigofera pseudotinctoria,Rhus chinensis,Lespedeza bicolor,Syringa pubescens,Cassia corymbosa,Rhododendron simsii,Photinia serrulata,Phyllostachys heteroclada,Pyracantha fortuneana,Myrsine africana,Rosa laevigata,Rubus corchorifolius,Loropetalum chinense, Melastoma normale,Gardenia jasminoides,Viburnum Chinshanense.etc.;③Herbage(ten kinds): Cosmos bipinnatus,Medicago Satival,Flos Chrysanthemi,Arthraxon hispidus,Imperata cylindrica, Miscanthus sinensis,Festuca ovina,Heteropogon contortus,Cynodon dactylon,Deyeuxia arundinacea etc.;④Liane(nine kinds):Rosa multiflora,Bougainvillea spectabilis,Pueraria lobata, Hederae sinensis,Parthenocissus tricuspidata,Lygodium japonicum,Millettia dielsiana,Smilax china,Lonicera japonica,etc.
(6) The scrub community of scrub construction is as follows:①Form.Indigofera amblyantha +Vitex negundo+Amorpha fruticosa;②Form.Indigofera amblyantha+Robinia pseudoacacia+ Leucaena gtauca;③Form.Robinia pseudoacacia+Vitex negundo+Leucaena glauca;④Form. Indigofera amblyantha+Leucaena glauca+Robinia pseudoacacia+Vitex negundo;⑤Form.Vitex negundo+Broussonetia papyrifera;⑥Form.Vitex negundo+Pyracantha fortuneana+Myrsine africana,etc.
引文
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