四宝山废弃采石场山体自然恢复初期群落演替规律研究
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摘要
矿山开采造成的破坏山体严重影响区域生态环境的安全,其植被恢复与重建的难度极大。然而,目前破坏山体植被恢复与重建的研究与实践及其贫乏,生产上亟需相应的理论基础和配套技术指导。本文以对四宝山废弃采石场山体为研究对象,调查了四宝山废弃采石场植被演替初期的群落的种类组成(包括种类组成的性质分析和数量特征)、群落结构(群落的垂直结构、水平结构和生活型谱)、影响群落组成和结构的因素进行了调查和分析,对现有的植物群落进行分类和排序,并通过空间代时间的方法得到了四宝山采石废弃地上植被的演替序列,并结合立地条件,分析各演替阶段的演替特征。此研究对于实现废弃采石场植被恢复和环境的可持续发展具有极其重要的理论与实践指导意义。主要结论如下:
1、四宝山废弃采石场植被恢复初期阶段的物种组成
废弃采石场草本层物种组成较丰富,共计25科48属55种。其中,菊科植物占草本种数的36%,禾本科植物占草本总物种数的22%,其他属于23科23属的24种草本植物占草本总物种数的42%。灌木种类很少,共计4科7属7种:荆条(Vitex negundo)、小叶鼠李(Rhamnus parvifolia)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)、锦鸡儿(Caragana sinica)、酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba)和白蔹(Ampelopsis japonica)。其中,荆条是该研究区的建群种。在演替过程中,一年生草本阶段,禾本科植物占优势。随着时间推移,环境的改善,禾本科优势度逐渐减小,演替至灌木阶段降至16.3%;菊科植物有一个先升后降的过程,而其它科属植物随着演替的进行是稳步增加的。
2、四宝山废弃采石场植被恢复初期阶段的多样性特征
四宝山废弃采石场自然演替初期,一年生草本阶段、多年生草本阶段到灌木阶段,群落的物种多样性是逐渐增加的。同一时间形成的立地,局部小环境的影响,群落间的物种多样性可以差别很大。物种多样性接近的群落演替时间也可能有很大的差距。
改善立地条件可以加速演替进程。群落发育的不平衡性和立地现状的复杂性决定了植被恢复工程应采取因地制宜的措施,改善群落的水热环境。制定的恢复规划措施要综合群落立地条件、演替阶段,尊重群落的自然演替规律。
3、四宝山废弃采石场植被自然恢复初期的演替序列
根据WINTWINS分类和DCA排序的结果,并结合分析植被历史记录,四宝山废弃采石场植被自然演替初期大致分为三个演替阶段:一年生草本阶段、多年生草本阶段和灌丛阶段。
从草本层在演替最初以狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)等一年生先锋种群落开始,大多数群落以狗尾草为优势种,极端干旱处为牛筋草,积水处马唐(Digitaria Sailguinails)占优势。随时间推移群落中出现多年生草本,大部分群落中北京隐子草(Cleistogenes hancei)竞争力强成为优势种,水土条件富集处,菊科及野韭菜(Allium ramosum)、鹅绒藤(Cynanchum chinensis)等本土种在竞争中占优势。由于群落立地条件的差异,各立地一年生草本阶段演替所需时间1~5a不等。演替至5~10a大部分一年生草本群落发育成多年生草本群落。与此同时,多年生草本群落中开始出现低矮的灌木,主要是荆条,之后灌木层的物种增多,除荆条外酸枣和小叶鼠李等乡土种加入灌木层的竞争。从灌木开始在群落中出现,到成为优势层片约需40a的时间。灌木层经过50a的生长发育组成仍然十分简单。而自然生长的乔木树种尚未侵入。灌木自然演替到乔木阶段的时间无法预测。不加以人工辅助恢复措施,该区域的植被自然恢复将是一个极其漫长的过程。
It is well known that there are too much difficulties to recover the damaged mountain body because of mining activities, and there are few researches and practices on the vegetation’s recovery. In this paper, we take abandoned quarry site of Sibao-shan was taken as the research area. Based on the site conditions and other literatures, this abandoned quarry was classified into 5 types. Typical samples were selected in each site type. The community structures, including the species composition (number of species and height), vertical and horizontal structure, life form, together with its relative environmental factors, were investigated in initial stage of natural vegetation restoration since 2006. The succession series were identified based on the community quantitative classification and ordination, as well as historical records of plant community evolution. The comunity characters were sumerized for each succession stage. This study has great significance on the vegetation restoration and reconstruction. The main conclusions are as follows:
1.The species components in initial stage of natural vegetation restoration on abandoned quarry site of Sibao-shan
The herbacrous species are rich in this area. There are 55 species belonging to 45 genera and 25 families. The compositae species is consist of 36% and Gramineae species is consist of 22%, 24 plant species belonging to 23 genera and 23 families made up 42% of the total hereb species.
The species of shrub are relative rare. There are only 7 species belonging to 7 genera and 4 families. There are: Vitex negundo, Rhamnus parvifolia, Lespedeza bicolor, Caragana sinica, Ziziphus jujube and Ampelopsis japonica.
Gramineae species are dorminant in the annual herb plant stage during succession process. As the process continues, the degree of advantages of Gramineae species gradually reduce and down to 16.3% in the shrub stage. The number of Compositae species appear an increasing and then a decreasing trend. The number of other genera and families gradually increased.
2. The species diversities in initial stage during natural restoration on abandoned quarry of Sibao-shan
The species diversity increased continuously in the initial stage during natural restoration. Even though the site types formed in the same time, the species diversity indexes have great differences among communities because of the micro-site differences. The closed species diversity indexes may need different successional time.
Improving site conditions can accelerate the succession process. The complexities of community succession and the sites play an important role in the vegetation restoration, based on local circumstances improving the hydrothermal conditions should be taken. The restoration practices should be carried out according to the site conditions and succession stages.
3. The succession series in initial stage of natural community restoration on abandoned quarry of Sibao-shan
According to the WINTWINS classification and DCA ordination, and integrating the history records of the vegetation, the succession series can be divided into 3 stages: annual herb stage, perennial herb stage and shrub stage.
The succession originates the pioneer species, such as Setaria viridis, Eleusine indica, with the lapse of time, perennial herbs appear. Cleistogenes hancei is the dominant species in most communities. The native species such as species of Compositae, Allium ramosum, and Cynanchum chinensis are dominant ones in better sites. The annual herb stage would last from 1 to 5 years at different site conditions. After 5~10 years growing, most of the annual herb communities develop to perennial herb communities. Meanwhile, some laigh shrubs appear in the community. The dominant is V. negundo. Latter there were more shrub species coming into and became more common. It might need 40 years for the dominant shrub layer development since its first appearing. It is very difficult to forecast how long the community climax will last, because that the shrub layer still is very simple after 50 years development and no arbor species appear at present. Without artificial measures the succession of this area will last for a long time.
1、四宝山废弃采石场植被恢复初期阶段的物种组成
废弃采石场草本层物种组成较丰富,共计25科48属55种。其中,菊科植物占草本种数的36%,禾本科植物占草本总物种数的22%,其他属于23科23属的24种草本植物占草本总物种数的42%。灌木种类很少,共计4科7属7种:荆条(Vitex negundo)、小叶鼠李(Rhamnus parvifolia)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)、锦鸡儿(Caragana sinica)、酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba)和白蔹(Ampelopsis japonica)。其中,荆条是该研究区的建群种。在演替过程中,一年生草本阶段,禾本科植物占优势。随着时间推移,环境的改善,禾本科优势度逐渐减小,演替至灌木阶段降至16.3%;菊科植物有一个先升后降的过程,而其它科属植物随着演替的进行是稳步增加的。
2、四宝山废弃采石场植被恢复初期阶段的多样性特征
四宝山废弃采石场自然演替初期,一年生草本阶段、多年生草本阶段到灌木阶段,群落的物种多样性是逐渐增加的。同一时间形成的立地,局部小环境的影响,群落间的物种多样性可以差别很大。物种多样性接近的群落演替时间也可能有很大的差距。
改善立地条件可以加速演替进程。群落发育的不平衡性和立地现状的复杂性决定了植被恢复工程应采取因地制宜的措施,改善群落的水热环境。制定的恢复规划措施要综合群落立地条件、演替阶段,尊重群落的自然演替规律。
3、四宝山废弃采石场植被自然恢复初期的演替序列
根据WINTWINS分类和DCA排序的结果,并结合分析植被历史记录,四宝山废弃采石场植被自然演替初期大致分为三个演替阶段:一年生草本阶段、多年生草本阶段和灌丛阶段。
从草本层在演替最初以狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)等一年生先锋种群落开始,大多数群落以狗尾草为优势种,极端干旱处为牛筋草,积水处马唐(Digitaria Sailguinails)占优势。随时间推移群落中出现多年生草本,大部分群落中北京隐子草(Cleistogenes hancei)竞争力强成为优势种,水土条件富集处,菊科及野韭菜(Allium ramosum)、鹅绒藤(Cynanchum chinensis)等本土种在竞争中占优势。由于群落立地条件的差异,各立地一年生草本阶段演替所需时间1~5a不等。演替至5~10a大部分一年生草本群落发育成多年生草本群落。与此同时,多年生草本群落中开始出现低矮的灌木,主要是荆条,之后灌木层的物种增多,除荆条外酸枣和小叶鼠李等乡土种加入灌木层的竞争。从灌木开始在群落中出现,到成为优势层片约需40a的时间。灌木层经过50a的生长发育组成仍然十分简单。而自然生长的乔木树种尚未侵入。灌木自然演替到乔木阶段的时间无法预测。不加以人工辅助恢复措施,该区域的植被自然恢复将是一个极其漫长的过程。
It is well known that there are too much difficulties to recover the damaged mountain body because of mining activities, and there are few researches and practices on the vegetation’s recovery. In this paper, we take abandoned quarry site of Sibao-shan was taken as the research area. Based on the site conditions and other literatures, this abandoned quarry was classified into 5 types. Typical samples were selected in each site type. The community structures, including the species composition (number of species and height), vertical and horizontal structure, life form, together with its relative environmental factors, were investigated in initial stage of natural vegetation restoration since 2006. The succession series were identified based on the community quantitative classification and ordination, as well as historical records of plant community evolution. The comunity characters were sumerized for each succession stage. This study has great significance on the vegetation restoration and reconstruction. The main conclusions are as follows:
1.The species components in initial stage of natural vegetation restoration on abandoned quarry site of Sibao-shan
The herbacrous species are rich in this area. There are 55 species belonging to 45 genera and 25 families. The compositae species is consist of 36% and Gramineae species is consist of 22%, 24 plant species belonging to 23 genera and 23 families made up 42% of the total hereb species.
The species of shrub are relative rare. There are only 7 species belonging to 7 genera and 4 families. There are: Vitex negundo, Rhamnus parvifolia, Lespedeza bicolor, Caragana sinica, Ziziphus jujube and Ampelopsis japonica.
Gramineae species are dorminant in the annual herb plant stage during succession process. As the process continues, the degree of advantages of Gramineae species gradually reduce and down to 16.3% in the shrub stage. The number of Compositae species appear an increasing and then a decreasing trend. The number of other genera and families gradually increased.
2. The species diversities in initial stage during natural restoration on abandoned quarry of Sibao-shan
The species diversity increased continuously in the initial stage during natural restoration. Even though the site types formed in the same time, the species diversity indexes have great differences among communities because of the micro-site differences. The closed species diversity indexes may need different successional time.
Improving site conditions can accelerate the succession process. The complexities of community succession and the sites play an important role in the vegetation restoration, based on local circumstances improving the hydrothermal conditions should be taken. The restoration practices should be carried out according to the site conditions and succession stages.
3. The succession series in initial stage of natural community restoration on abandoned quarry of Sibao-shan
According to the WINTWINS classification and DCA ordination, and integrating the history records of the vegetation, the succession series can be divided into 3 stages: annual herb stage, perennial herb stage and shrub stage.
The succession originates the pioneer species, such as Setaria viridis, Eleusine indica, with the lapse of time, perennial herbs appear. Cleistogenes hancei is the dominant species in most communities. The native species such as species of Compositae, Allium ramosum, and Cynanchum chinensis are dominant ones in better sites. The annual herb stage would last from 1 to 5 years at different site conditions. After 5~10 years growing, most of the annual herb communities develop to perennial herb communities. Meanwhile, some laigh shrubs appear in the community. The dominant is V. negundo. Latter there were more shrub species coming into and became more common. It might need 40 years for the dominant shrub layer development since its first appearing. It is very difficult to forecast how long the community climax will last, because that the shrub layer still is very simple after 50 years development and no arbor species appear at present. Without artificial measures the succession of this area will last for a long time.
引文
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