黄土丘陵区高速公路边坡植被调查及护坡模式优化研究
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摘要
本研究采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,在陕西省铜川—黄陵—延安高速公路(简称铜延高速公路)上选取不同防护模式(穴状整地植草模式、挂网喷播模式、骨架植草模式)下有代表性的18个边坡、5块戗台和3块边坡坡脚平台为研究对象,调查了样地植物资源,分析了不同护坡模式边坡物种多样性特征、植被生长特征和土壤特性,找出了高速公路边坡植被恢复的关键因子,并对铜延高速公路护坡模式提出优化建议,为以后黄土丘陵区高速公路边坡生态防护提供借鉴。
主要研究结论如下:
(1)铜延高速公路边坡植物主要是人工种植的植物种,菊科、豆科和禾本科植物占优势。草本类植物占总植物种的80%,是边坡植被的主体,乔、灌、藤植物稀少。自然入侵的植物种类较多,但数量很少。不同位置物种数呈现边坡>坡脚平台>戗台规律;Shannon-Weaner指数呈现坡脚平台>边坡>戗台规律;Pielou指数呈现边坡>戗台>坡脚平台规律。穴状整地植草模式的物种数最多,有17种。骨架植草模式的物种有16种,其物种多样性及均匀度在3种模式中最高。坡向对Shannon-Weaner指数和Pielou指数有影响,骨架植草模式边坡阴坡、阳坡差异最大;穴状植草模式Shannon-Weaner指数阳坡<阴坡,Pielou指数阳坡>阴坡;挂网喷播模式的边坡物种多样性较低,Shannon-Weaner指数和Pielou指数阴、阳坡相差不明显。在穴状植草模式下,苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)群落比苜蓿+柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)群落生物多样性高;挂网喷播模式边坡的人工植被群落全部是苜蓿+黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)群落,生物多样性低;骨架护坡模式下,小冠花(Coronilla varia L.)+黑麦草群落比小冠花+柠条群落更有利于边坡植物恢复。
(2)不同位置植被盖度呈现坡脚平台>边坡>戗台规律。骨架植草模式的植被盖度最高,达到88.1%;挂网喷播模式的植被盖度最低,只有63.7%。坡向和坡位对边坡植被的生长影响很大,植被盖度呈现阴坡>阳坡,下坡位>上坡位>中坡位,不同坡位植被盖度呈现明显的分层现象。现有的“苜蓿+柠条”和“小冠花+柠条”等植被组合呈现剧烈的种间竞争。综合植被生长状况、物种丰富度及坡向坡位的影响,表现最好的是骨架植草模式,其次是穴状整地植草模式,最差的是挂网喷播模式;物种组合“小冠花+柠条”最优,“苜蓿+柠条”其次,“苜蓿+黑麦草”最差。
(3)铜延高速公路边坡干旱缺水,肥力匮乏。有机质、全N和无机N含量处于极缺乏等级。土壤全P处于缺乏等级。坡向和坡位对边坡土壤理化性质影响很大。土壤水分和土壤养分均表现为阴坡>阳坡,密度值阳坡>阴坡。水分含量呈现下坡位>上坡位>中坡位规律,土壤养分含量呈现从上坡位到下坡位逐渐升高,有自上而下累积的趋势。3种护坡模式中,骨架植草模式涵养水分能力最强,其次是穴状整地植草模式,最后是挂网喷播模式。
(4)水分是黄土高原地区高速公路边坡护坡成功与否的关键因子,提倡利用集水窖,开发路域水分集水技术措施。在植物组合方面,多采用“豆科+禾本科”、“草本+灌木”模式,充分利用“乡土树草种”,采用多种植物搭配,减弱或消除种间竞争,解决挂网喷播模式植被难以恢复的难题。推荐龙须草(Eulaliopsis binata)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)、木槿(Hibiscus syriacus)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)等15种适于用于边坡防护的植物。另外,要施加有机肥和氮肥,保护和收集表层土,增施磷肥和合理确定边坡坡度和斜面长。在以后的护坡工作中,应树立“差异化”理念,区别对待不同坡向和坡位的植被组合选择及养护管理模式。
This study used the method of field investigation and indoor analysis, selected 18 slopes under the protection models of hole shape soil prepared seeding(HSSPS), net-suspended spray seeding(NSSS),framework seeding(FS) and 5 platforms in the middle of the slope(MP) and 3 platforms in the toe of the slope(TP) on TongChuan-HuangLing-YanAn expressway (called Tong-Yan expressway) as study objects, investigated the plants on the slopes, analyzed slopes’plant diversity, vegetation growth characteristic and soil features, found out the key factor of plant recover on expressway’s slope and gave optimization suggestion about the slope protection model. This study gives some reference for expressway slope biologucal protection construction in Hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau.
The main research conclusion is as follows:
(1)The main plants on Tong-Yan expressway are growned by Manual, Compositae、Leguminosae and Gramineae plants getting the advantage。Herb are the lead and they accounts for the total plants 80%, Tree、bush and lianas are scarce. Type of nature invasion plant is very much, but the quantity of each type is very few. Species number performances slopes>TP>MP; Shannon-Weaner index performances TP>slopes>MP; Pielou index performances slopes>MP>TP. HSSPS has the most species number: 17. FS has 16 species, it’s diversity and uniformity is the highest among 3 models. Slope gradient has influence on Shannon-Weaner and Pielou index. The two index’s difference is biggest in FS; Shannon-Weaner performances sunny slopeshady slope in HSSPS; Plant diversity is low in NSSS, the differens of Shannon-Weaner and Pielou index is not obvious between sunny and shady slope. In HSSPS, plant diversity of Medicago sativa community is higher than Medicago sativa+ Caragana Korshinskii; In NSSS, artificial vegetation community is Medicago sativa+ Lolium perenne community, plant diversity is low; In FS, Coronilla varia+ Lolium perenne community is better than Coronilla varia+ Caragana Korshinskii community.
(2) Plant coverage performances TP>slope>MP. The highest plant coverage is 88.1% in FS, the lowest plant coverage is 63.7% in NSSS. Slope gradient and position does a great effect on plants. Plant coverage Performances shady slopes > sunny slopes, lower slopes > upper slopes > middle slopes, and presents obvious stratification. In the vegetation combination way of“Medicago sativa L. + Caragana Korshinskii Kom.”and“Coronilla varia L. + Caragana Korshinskii Kom.”, there is intense inter-specific competition. Consider the plants grow condition, richness and effects of slope gradient and position, the FS is the best model, and then is the HSSPS model, the NSSS model is worst. For the aspect of Species combination,“Coronilla varia L. + Caragana Korshinskii Kom.”is the best way, then is the“Medicago sativa L. + Caragana Korshinskii Kom.”, the worst is the“Medicago sativa L. + Lolium perenne L.”.
(3)The slope of Tong-Yan expressway is arid, and the fertility is deficient. Organic matter、total N and inorganic N are at the extremely deficient rank. Soil total P is at the deficient rank. Slope gradient and position has a great effect on soil physical and chemical properties. Soil water and soil nutrient content performances shady slopes > sunny slopes; soil bulk density performances sunny slopes > shady slopes. Water content has the rule of lower slopes > upper slopes > middle slopes. Soil nurtient content elevates gradually from the upper slopes to the lower slopes. Compare the three slope protection models, FS model has the strongest ability of control moisture, then is the HSSPS model, and the last is the NSSS model.
(4)Water is the key factor of expressway slope protection in Hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau. Advocate use water collection storage pit,development water catchment technical measure on expressway aerea. At the plant combination aspect, take“Leguminosae + Gramineae”and“Herb + Bush”as posiable as more, use“local tree and grass”, and match different kinds of plant together, to weaken or eliminate interspecific competition and solute the problem of vegetation restores of NSSS model. we induce 15 kinds of plants which can be used on expressway slope protection in Hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau. Besides, we should apply organic and nitrogenous fertilizer, protect and collect surface soil, increse phosphare fertilizer and determine the slope’s degree and incline length reasonably. In the later slope protection work, we should set up“the variation”idea, treatment plant combination and maintenance management pattern differently on different slope gradient and position.
主要研究结论如下:
(1)铜延高速公路边坡植物主要是人工种植的植物种,菊科、豆科和禾本科植物占优势。草本类植物占总植物种的80%,是边坡植被的主体,乔、灌、藤植物稀少。自然入侵的植物种类较多,但数量很少。不同位置物种数呈现边坡>坡脚平台>戗台规律;Shannon-Weaner指数呈现坡脚平台>边坡>戗台规律;Pielou指数呈现边坡>戗台>坡脚平台规律。穴状整地植草模式的物种数最多,有17种。骨架植草模式的物种有16种,其物种多样性及均匀度在3种模式中最高。坡向对Shannon-Weaner指数和Pielou指数有影响,骨架植草模式边坡阴坡、阳坡差异最大;穴状植草模式Shannon-Weaner指数阳坡<阴坡,Pielou指数阳坡>阴坡;挂网喷播模式的边坡物种多样性较低,Shannon-Weaner指数和Pielou指数阴、阳坡相差不明显。在穴状植草模式下,苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)群落比苜蓿+柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)群落生物多样性高;挂网喷播模式边坡的人工植被群落全部是苜蓿+黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)群落,生物多样性低;骨架护坡模式下,小冠花(Coronilla varia L.)+黑麦草群落比小冠花+柠条群落更有利于边坡植物恢复。
(2)不同位置植被盖度呈现坡脚平台>边坡>戗台规律。骨架植草模式的植被盖度最高,达到88.1%;挂网喷播模式的植被盖度最低,只有63.7%。坡向和坡位对边坡植被的生长影响很大,植被盖度呈现阴坡>阳坡,下坡位>上坡位>中坡位,不同坡位植被盖度呈现明显的分层现象。现有的“苜蓿+柠条”和“小冠花+柠条”等植被组合呈现剧烈的种间竞争。综合植被生长状况、物种丰富度及坡向坡位的影响,表现最好的是骨架植草模式,其次是穴状整地植草模式,最差的是挂网喷播模式;物种组合“小冠花+柠条”最优,“苜蓿+柠条”其次,“苜蓿+黑麦草”最差。
(3)铜延高速公路边坡干旱缺水,肥力匮乏。有机质、全N和无机N含量处于极缺乏等级。土壤全P处于缺乏等级。坡向和坡位对边坡土壤理化性质影响很大。土壤水分和土壤养分均表现为阴坡>阳坡,密度值阳坡>阴坡。水分含量呈现下坡位>上坡位>中坡位规律,土壤养分含量呈现从上坡位到下坡位逐渐升高,有自上而下累积的趋势。3种护坡模式中,骨架植草模式涵养水分能力最强,其次是穴状整地植草模式,最后是挂网喷播模式。
(4)水分是黄土高原地区高速公路边坡护坡成功与否的关键因子,提倡利用集水窖,开发路域水分集水技术措施。在植物组合方面,多采用“豆科+禾本科”、“草本+灌木”模式,充分利用“乡土树草种”,采用多种植物搭配,减弱或消除种间竞争,解决挂网喷播模式植被难以恢复的难题。推荐龙须草(Eulaliopsis binata)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)、木槿(Hibiscus syriacus)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)等15种适于用于边坡防护的植物。另外,要施加有机肥和氮肥,保护和收集表层土,增施磷肥和合理确定边坡坡度和斜面长。在以后的护坡工作中,应树立“差异化”理念,区别对待不同坡向和坡位的植被组合选择及养护管理模式。
This study used the method of field investigation and indoor analysis, selected 18 slopes under the protection models of hole shape soil prepared seeding(HSSPS), net-suspended spray seeding(NSSS),framework seeding(FS) and 5 platforms in the middle of the slope(MP) and 3 platforms in the toe of the slope(TP) on TongChuan-HuangLing-YanAn expressway (called Tong-Yan expressway) as study objects, investigated the plants on the slopes, analyzed slopes’plant diversity, vegetation growth characteristic and soil features, found out the key factor of plant recover on expressway’s slope and gave optimization suggestion about the slope protection model. This study gives some reference for expressway slope biologucal protection construction in Hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau.
The main research conclusion is as follows:
(1)The main plants on Tong-Yan expressway are growned by Manual, Compositae、Leguminosae and Gramineae plants getting the advantage。Herb are the lead and they accounts for the total plants 80%, Tree、bush and lianas are scarce. Type of nature invasion plant is very much, but the quantity of each type is very few. Species number performances slopes>TP>MP; Shannon-Weaner index performances TP>slopes>MP; Pielou index performances slopes>MP>TP. HSSPS has the most species number: 17. FS has 16 species, it’s diversity and uniformity is the highest among 3 models. Slope gradient has influence on Shannon-Weaner and Pielou index. The two index’s difference is biggest in FS; Shannon-Weaner performances sunny slope
(2) Plant coverage performances TP>slope>MP. The highest plant coverage is 88.1% in FS, the lowest plant coverage is 63.7% in NSSS. Slope gradient and position does a great effect on plants. Plant coverage Performances shady slopes > sunny slopes, lower slopes > upper slopes > middle slopes, and presents obvious stratification. In the vegetation combination way of“Medicago sativa L. + Caragana Korshinskii Kom.”and“Coronilla varia L. + Caragana Korshinskii Kom.”, there is intense inter-specific competition. Consider the plants grow condition, richness and effects of slope gradient and position, the FS is the best model, and then is the HSSPS model, the NSSS model is worst. For the aspect of Species combination,“Coronilla varia L. + Caragana Korshinskii Kom.”is the best way, then is the“Medicago sativa L. + Caragana Korshinskii Kom.”, the worst is the“Medicago sativa L. + Lolium perenne L.”.
(3)The slope of Tong-Yan expressway is arid, and the fertility is deficient. Organic matter、total N and inorganic N are at the extremely deficient rank. Soil total P is at the deficient rank. Slope gradient and position has a great effect on soil physical and chemical properties. Soil water and soil nutrient content performances shady slopes > sunny slopes; soil bulk density performances sunny slopes > shady slopes. Water content has the rule of lower slopes > upper slopes > middle slopes. Soil nurtient content elevates gradually from the upper slopes to the lower slopes. Compare the three slope protection models, FS model has the strongest ability of control moisture, then is the HSSPS model, and the last is the NSSS model.
(4)Water is the key factor of expressway slope protection in Hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau. Advocate use water collection storage pit,development water catchment technical measure on expressway aerea. At the plant combination aspect, take“Leguminosae + Gramineae”and“Herb + Bush”as posiable as more, use“local tree and grass”, and match different kinds of plant together, to weaken or eliminate interspecific competition and solute the problem of vegetation restores of NSSS model. we induce 15 kinds of plants which can be used on expressway slope protection in Hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau. Besides, we should apply organic and nitrogenous fertilizer, protect and collect surface soil, increse phosphare fertilizer and determine the slope’s degree and incline length reasonably. In the later slope protection work, we should set up“the variation”idea, treatment plant combination and maintenance management pattern differently on different slope gradient and position.
引文
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