壳聚糖的改性及其在制革工业中的应用
|
摘要
这篇论文探索了壳聚糖通过降解、改性制备具有水溶性低分子羧甲基壳聚糖的工艺及羧甲基壳聚糖在制革染色的应用,得出在一定条件下降解改性的羧甲基化壳聚糖在制革染色中的优化工艺,促进制革清洁化技术的实行。
①壳聚糖的降解：为了改善壳聚糖的水溶性,用过氧化氢／醋酸体系,在60℃下降解高脱乙酰度壳聚糖,通过碘量法动态监测降解过程H202浓度的变化,用黏度法测定壳聚糖降解产物的黏均分子量,用电位滴定法测其脱乙酰度等。结果表明：其体系H202浓度随降解时间的延长而基本呈线性降低；相对分子量和脱乙酰度随降解时间的延长而递减；水溶性逐渐增加。壳聚糖降解的较佳方案是：H202与壳聚糖p-1,4糖苷键物质的量比值为1,mc(体系壳聚糖质量)：mw(体系水的质量)=1：20,醋酸质量分数为1%,T(反应温度)=60℃,t(反应时间)=6h。
②壳聚糖羧甲基化改性：为了增加壳聚糖的水溶性,用氯乙酸／乙醇体系对降解壳聚糖羧甲基化改性,用红外等手段进行结构表征,设计六因素五水平L25(5-6)正交实验以及单因素实验,通过测其O-羧甲基取代度、N-羧甲基取代度确定较佳的羧甲基化方案：NaOH溶液质量分数为40%,其体积与原料质量比为6,氯乙酸与原料质量比为4(即mc：mNaOH：mClCH2COOH=1：2.4：4),碱化时间2h,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为3h。
③羧甲基壳聚糖的制革染色应用实验：通过羧甲基壳聚糖在染色工艺中的配比单因素水平实验分析以及不同加入顺序对染色结果的影响。结果表明：羧甲基化壳聚糖作为制革工业中的染色助剂,起到增深增艳的效果,其染色上染率、匀染性以及干湿擦等性能也得到提高。得出优化的染色工艺为：在常规工艺条件加酸固色前20min加入0.2%-0.3%羧甲基化壳聚糖。
The degradation and modification chitosan were explored in this paper. Some water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan was applied to dyeing process of leather making. The optimized process of dyeing with carboxymethyl chitosan in leather process is provided in this study,which will promote clean-production of leather industry.
①Degradation of Chitosan:
Chitosan was degrading at 60℃in H2O2/HAc reaction system.The H2O2 concentration variation was monitoring during whole degrading process by iodimetry, the viscosity-average molecular weight was measured by colloidal titration and the degree of deacetylation was determined by potentiometric titration with different degradation time. Those results show that H2O2 concentration has been linear reducing and both viscosity-average molecular weight and degree of deacetylation are decreasing with the prolonging of degradation reaction time.The better process technology is as follows: m(the quality of chitosan):m(the quality of water)=1:20 n(the mole ratio of chitosan):n(the mole ratio of H2O2)=1:1 c(the mass fraction of HAc)=1% T(reaction temperature)=60℃t(reaction time)=6h
②arboxymethylation of Chitosan Reaction:
Carboxymethylation chitosan was prepared with low-molecular weight chitosan in ClCH2COOH/CH3CH2OH reaction system. Its structure was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Schemes of single factor experiment about reaction time and reaction temperature and a scheme of orthogonal experiment, which includes 6 factors and 5 levels, were designed. The range analysis was done to the result of the experiments, the better structure and component had been decided according to the analysis result, then the optimal condition for carboxymethylation chitosan is as follows: c(the mass fraction of NaOH solution)=40% m(chitosan):m(NaOH):m(ClCH2COOH)=1:2.4:4 t(alkalinization time)=2h T(reaction temperature)=60℃t(carboxymethylation reaction time)=3h
③Application of Carboxymethylation Chitosan in Dyeing of Leather Manufacture:
The single factor experiment for ratio of chitosan was carried out, the order of the addition of carboxymethylation chitosan had great influence on dyeing effect. Carboxy methylation chitosan is used to be dyeing additive in leather making, the results show that, it has darkening and brightening effect and can increase dye update, also can improve wet and dry rubbing fastness and level dyeing property of finish leather. The optimizing process of dyeing with carboxymethylation chitosan is obtained, that is:0.2%-0.3% carboxy methylation chitosan is added to the system 20 minutes before dye fixation process in conbentional leather-making process.
①壳聚糖的降解：为了改善壳聚糖的水溶性,用过氧化氢／醋酸体系,在60℃下降解高脱乙酰度壳聚糖,通过碘量法动态监测降解过程H202浓度的变化,用黏度法测定壳聚糖降解产物的黏均分子量,用电位滴定法测其脱乙酰度等。结果表明：其体系H202浓度随降解时间的延长而基本呈线性降低；相对分子量和脱乙酰度随降解时间的延长而递减；水溶性逐渐增加。壳聚糖降解的较佳方案是：H202与壳聚糖p-1,4糖苷键物质的量比值为1,mc(体系壳聚糖质量)：mw(体系水的质量)=1：20,醋酸质量分数为1%,T(反应温度)=60℃,t(反应时间)=6h。
②壳聚糖羧甲基化改性：为了增加壳聚糖的水溶性,用氯乙酸／乙醇体系对降解壳聚糖羧甲基化改性,用红外等手段进行结构表征,设计六因素五水平L25(5-6)正交实验以及单因素实验,通过测其O-羧甲基取代度、N-羧甲基取代度确定较佳的羧甲基化方案：NaOH溶液质量分数为40%,其体积与原料质量比为6,氯乙酸与原料质量比为4(即mc：mNaOH：mClCH2COOH=1：2.4：4),碱化时间2h,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为3h。
③羧甲基壳聚糖的制革染色应用实验：通过羧甲基壳聚糖在染色工艺中的配比单因素水平实验分析以及不同加入顺序对染色结果的影响。结果表明：羧甲基化壳聚糖作为制革工业中的染色助剂,起到增深增艳的效果,其染色上染率、匀染性以及干湿擦等性能也得到提高。得出优化的染色工艺为：在常规工艺条件加酸固色前20min加入0.2%-0.3%羧甲基化壳聚糖。
The degradation and modification chitosan were explored in this paper. Some water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan was applied to dyeing process of leather making. The optimized process of dyeing with carboxymethyl chitosan in leather process is provided in this study,which will promote clean-production of leather industry.
①Degradation of Chitosan:
Chitosan was degrading at 60℃in H2O2/HAc reaction system.The H2O2 concentration variation was monitoring during whole degrading process by iodimetry, the viscosity-average molecular weight was measured by colloidal titration and the degree of deacetylation was determined by potentiometric titration with different degradation time. Those results show that H2O2 concentration has been linear reducing and both viscosity-average molecular weight and degree of deacetylation are decreasing with the prolonging of degradation reaction time.The better process technology is as follows: m(the quality of chitosan):m(the quality of water)=1:20 n(the mole ratio of chitosan):n(the mole ratio of H2O2)=1:1 c(the mass fraction of HAc)=1% T(reaction temperature)=60℃t(reaction time)=6h
②arboxymethylation of Chitosan Reaction:
Carboxymethylation chitosan was prepared with low-molecular weight chitosan in ClCH2COOH/CH3CH2OH reaction system. Its structure was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Schemes of single factor experiment about reaction time and reaction temperature and a scheme of orthogonal experiment, which includes 6 factors and 5 levels, were designed. The range analysis was done to the result of the experiments, the better structure and component had been decided according to the analysis result, then the optimal condition for carboxymethylation chitosan is as follows: c(the mass fraction of NaOH solution)=40% m(chitosan):m(NaOH):m(ClCH2COOH)=1:2.4:4 t(alkalinization time)=2h T(reaction temperature)=60℃t(carboxymethylation reaction time)=3h
③Application of Carboxymethylation Chitosan in Dyeing of Leather Manufacture:
The single factor experiment for ratio of chitosan was carried out, the order of the addition of carboxymethylation chitosan had great influence on dyeing effect. Carboxy methylation chitosan is used to be dyeing additive in leather making, the results show that, it has darkening and brightening effect and can increase dye update, also can improve wet and dry rubbing fastness and level dyeing property of finish leather. The optimizing process of dyeing with carboxymethylation chitosan is obtained, that is:0.2%-0.3% carboxy methylation chitosan is added to the system 20 minutes before dye fixation process in conbentional leather-making process.
引文
[1]蒋挺大.甲壳素[M].化学工业出版社,北京,2003,1
[2]蒋挺大编著.壳聚糖[M].化学工业出版社,北京,2002
[3]孙长华,王静.低分子量壳聚糖制备与应用[J].粮食与油脂,2004,(1)：44-46
[4]Shepherd R, Reader S, Falshaw A. Chitosan functional properties [J]. Glycoconjugate Journal,1997, (14):535-542
[5]王镜岩,朱圣庚,徐长法.生物化学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002
[6]Muzzarelli R.A.A. Chitin[M]. New York:Oxford Pergamon Press,1977
[7]Muzzarelli R.A.A., Jeuniaux C., Gooday G. W.. Chitin in Nature and Technology [M]. New York:Plenum Press,1986
[8]奇云,杜润才.甲壳质及其衍生物的制备与应用[J].现代化工,1995,(1)：15-20
[9]董炎明,毛微.甲壳素化学及应用[J].大学化学,2005,20(2)：27-32
[10]董炎明,袁清.生物高分子液晶的新家族-甲壳素及其衍生物[J].高分子通报,1999,(4)：48-56
[11]Dabydove, V.N., I.M., Gorbach, V.I., et al. Biofizika,2000,45(4):641
[12]汪剑伟,董炎明,刘晃南等.分子量对壳聚糖溶致液晶性的影响[J].高等学校化学学报,1999,20(3)：474
[13]王伟,徐德时.壳聚糖浓溶液流变性质研究——分子量的依赖性[J].高分子学报,1995,(5)：596
[14]韩宝芹,刘万顺,王文正等.不同分子量壳聚糖膜性质的研究[J].中国生物医学工程学报,2002,21(3)：256-262
[15]汪玉庭,高松奇,唐玉蓉等.新型冠醚交联壳聚糖的吸附性能[J].环境污染与防治,2000,22(1)：8
[16]杨智宽,袁扬,汪玉庭等.氮杂冠醚壳聚糖研究(Ⅲ)-双羟基中环二胺交联壳聚糖的制备[J].化学试剂,2000,22(2)：68
[17]杨冬梅,缪进康,黄明智.天然生物材料-甲壳素和壳聚糖的开发及应用[J].化学工业与工程,1999,(12)：335
[18]Lee Young Moo, Park Ho Bum, Broducti Yong, etal. Effect of deacetylation dgree in chitosan composite membranes on pervaporation performance [J]. Separation Science and Technology,1998,33(9):1255-1269
[19]Morimoto Minoru, Shigemasa Yoshihiro. Characterization and bioactivities of chitin and chitosan regulated their degree of deacetylation[J]. Japanese Journal of Polymer Science and Technology,1997,54(10):621-316
[20]Schipper N.G. M., Vrum, K.M., Artursson, P. Chitosans as absorption enhancers for poorly absorbable drugs. I. Influence of molecular weight and degree of acetylation on drug transport across human intestinal epithelial(Caco-2) cells [J]. Pharmaceutical Research,1996,13:1686-1692
[21]仰振球,李巧霞,樊红雷等.NMR、FTIR及电位滴定法测定壳聚糖脱乙酰度[J].功能高分子学报,2003,16(3)：313
[22]杜予民.甲壳素化学与应用的新进展[J].武汉大学学报(自然科学版),2000,46(2)：181
[23]周寿祖.甲壳素及其衍生物的生产和应用前景[J].四川化工与腐蚀控制,2000,3(5)：38-43
[24]王周玉,蒋珍菊,胡星琪等.一类新型多功能大然高聚物及其衍生物[J].西南石油学院学报,2001,4：54
[25]李治,庄旭晶,刘晓非等.壳聚糖衍生物-新型的高效水处理剂[J].精细与专用化学品,2001,(19)：9
[26]黄光佛,卿胜波,李胜彪.多糖类生物医用材料-甲壳素和壳聚糖的研究及应用[J].高分子通报,2001,(3)：43-48
[27]Ravi-Kumar, M. N. V., A review of chitin and chitosan applications[J]. Reactive and Functional Polymers,2000,6(1):1-27
[28]Bernkop-Schnu'rch, A. Chitosan and its derivatives:Potential excipients for peroral peptide delivery systems [J]. International Journal of Pharmaceutics,2000, 194:1-13
29]Lum, L., Jabbal-Gill, L, Hinchcliffe, M.,et al. Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for vaccines[J]. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2001,51:81-96
[30]Liu, W. G., Yao, K. D., Chitosan and its erivatives-a promising non-viral vector for gene transfection[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,2002,83(1):1-11
[31]Sundararajan, V. M., Howard, W. T. M. Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering[J]. Biomaterials,1999,20(12):1133-1142
[32]王宏博,高卫东.甲壳素机壳聚糖在纺织工业上的应用[J].纺织导报,2003,(1)：26-28
[33]卢娜,邓炳耀,姚静等.壳聚糖在毛纺织中应用的现状及前景[J].毛纺科技,2005,(11)：18-20
[34]李连举,黄仲丽.壳聚糖在纺织品染整中的应用功能分析[J].河南纺织高等专科学校学报,2004,16(4)：4-6
[35]吴星娥,王井,周景辉.甲壳素机壳聚糖在造纸工业上的应用[J].造纸科学与技术,2004,23(2)：44-47
[36]张敏,洪伯铿,王专等.HCF保鲜剂的研制及其在桃保鲜中的应用研究[J].食品科技,2004,(1)：86
[37]洪伯铿,郭春锋,王红梅等.涂膜与臭氧杀菌在油豆角保鲜中的应用研究[J].食品科技,2004,(11)：84
[38]连丽娜,张平,纪淑娟等.果蔬可食性涂膜保鲜研究现状与展望[J].保鲜与加工,2003,(4)：14
[39]R Shahidi, J. K. V Arachchi, Y Jeon.Food applications of chitin and chitosans[J]. Food Sci.&Tech,1999, (10):37
[40]黄丽萍,刘宗明.甲壳素、壳聚糖在农业上的应用[J].辽宁农业科学,1999,(6)： 18
[41]杨文鸽,裘迪红,孙爱飞等.竣甲基壳聚糖抗菌性及其保鲜螂鱼效果的研究[J].食品科技,2003,(11)：73
[42]刘流,郭红英.O-甲基壳聚糖对酱油抑菌防腐研究[J].食品科学,2002,23(5)：130
[43]蒋桂芳,宋力,黄俊生.农业中壳聚糖的功能与应用研究[J].渝西学院学报(白然科学版),2005,4(3)：58-60
[44]徐宝才,任发政,周辉等.防腐保鲜剂对牛肉火腿切片腐败菌抑制效果的研究[J].食品科学,2005,26(7)：93-97
[45]张伟,张子德等.天然防腐剂-水溶性壳聚糖衍生物[J].食品工业科技,1998,(6)：19-20
[46]刘高强,赵晓玲.昆虫壳聚糖在食品工业中的开发利用[J].食品科学,2003,(3)：92-94
[47]王学东,辛锋,夏文水等.壳聚糖在食品工业中应用的研究进展[J].武汉工业学院学报,2005,24(3)：18-22
[48]王传芬,蒋文强.壳聚糖的生产及其在食品工业中的应用[J].粮油食品科技,2005,13(5)：48-50
[49]郎雪梅,侯有军,赵建青.壳聚糖作为分离膜材料的研究进展[J].化工进展,2005,24(7)：737-742
[50]朱孔营,渠荣遴,李方.低分子量壳聚糖制备与应用研究进展[J].高分子通报,2006,(2)：41-44
[51]张凯,郝晓东,周德惠.甲壳素及壳聚糖的应用[J].应用化工,2004,33(3)：6-8
[52]Jonathan Z. Knaul, Samuel M. Hudson, Katherine A. M. Creber. Improved
Mechanical Properties of Chitosan Fibers[J]. Applied Polymer Science,1999,72:1721
[53]艾庆.新型膜材料-甲壳质[J].北京：现代化工,1991,2：59-60
[54]刘鹏飞,刘西莉.壳聚糖作为种衣剂成膜剂应用效果研究[J].农药,2004,43(7)：312-314
[55]王小红,马建标,何炳林.甲壳索／壳聚糖及其衍生物的应用[J].功能高分子学报,1999,12(2)：2197-2024
[56]郜宁,窦后松,曾虹.甲壳素和壳聚糖在医用膜剂上的应用[J].华西药学杂志,2004,19(3)：209-210
[57]嵇文明,郑金水.甲壳素及其衍生物在医药卫生领域中的应用[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(4)：83
[58]罗华文,宋浩亮.甲壳素及其衍生物在医药领域中的应用[J].西北药学杂志,2002,17(5)：231
[59]Koide, Mili, Konishi, et al. Multilayer wound covering materials comprising a supporting layer and moisture permeation controlling layer and method for their manufacture[P].US 5359305,1995-3-7
[60]Hachorn S P, Nunthanid J, Yamamoto K, et al. Drug physical state and drug-polymer interaction on drug release from chitosan matrix films[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,2001,75:143-153
[61]Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y, et al. Evaluation of N-succinyl-chitosan as a systemic long-circulating polymer[J]. Biomaterials,2000,21:1579
[62]何乃普,宋鹏飞,王荣民等.甲壳素／壳聚糖及其衍生物抗菌、抗肿瘤活性研究进展[J].高分子通报,2004,(6)：14-17
[63]Tozaki H, Fujita T, Odoriba T, et al. Colon specific delivery of R68070, a new thromboxane sythase ihibitor, using chitosan capsule:therapeutic effects against 2,4,6-thrinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats[J]. Life Sci,1999, 64(13):155
[64]李亚焕,张洪林,蒋林时等.天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的改性及在水处理中的应用[J].长春师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,24(2)：46-48
[65]彭立风.壳聚糖的制备及其在废水处理中的应用[J].化学世界,1999,(4)：176
[66]宋清华,程晓军.壳聚糖／甲壳素及其衍生物的食品应用[J].食品添加剂,2001,(2)：37-41
[67]陈津津.甲壳素／壳聚糖及其衍生物在环境领域中的研究进展[J].安徽化工,2003,123(3)：2-5
[68]盛晴,程丽华,解勤卫等.甲壳素／壳聚糖在废水处理中的应用[J].化学工程师,2005,119(8)：12-14
[69]蔡启祥,李临生,刘安平.壳聚糖改性及其在铬鞣中的应用研究[J].皮革科学与工程,2002,12(3)：25-27
[70]S. M. Burkinshaw, A. N. Jarvis.The Use of Chitosan in the Dyeing of Full Chrome Leather with Reactive Dyes[J]. Dyes and Pigments,1996,31(1):35-52
[71]S. M. Burkinshaw, L. Kitching. Further Studies of the Use of Chitosan in the Dyeing of Full Chrome and Heavily Retanned Leather with Anionic Dyes[J]. Dyes and Pigments,1995,27(1):17-34
[72]Ogura K, Kanamoto T, Sannan T, et al. Chitin Chitosan Proceeding[J]. Int. Conf., 1982, (2):3
[73]Rout D K, PolPuras K, Gross R.. A liquid crystalline characteristics of site selectively modified chitosan[J]. Macromolecules,1993,26(22):5999-6007
[74]Dong Y M, Li Z Q. Synthesis and Characterization of a new chitosan derivatives with liquid Crystalline behavior-ocynaoethyl chitosan[J].Chem. J. Chin. Univ,1998, 19(8):1343-1345
[75]张莉,梁伯润.甲壳质及其衍生物溶致液晶的研究进展[J].东华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,28(1)：119-124
[76]Ravi Kumar M N V. A review of chitin and chitosan application [J]. Reactive & Functional polymers,2000,46(1):1-27
[77]肖振宇,原续波,盛东.甲壳素、壳聚糖的改性[J].广州化学,2002,27：60-64
[78]张宜,汤韧,易涛等.甲壳素的化学修饰及复合物系列[J].解放军药学学报,1999,15(3)：34-38
[79]Baumann H, Faust V. Concept for improved regioselective placement of O-sulfo, N-sulfo, N-acetyl, and N-Carboxymethyl groups in chitosan derivatives[J]. Carbo-hydrate Resesrch,2001,331(11):43-57
[80]郝红英,徐文国,邵自强.微波法制备羧甲基壳聚糖及其在水处理中的应用[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2006,22(2)：223-226
[81]纪淑娟,高倩.水溶性羧甲基壳聚糖制备工艺研究[J].食品工业,2007,(6)：8-10
[82]袁文,尹学琼,贺永宁等.壳聚糖羧基化的研究进展[J].化学试剂,2007,29(5)：277-280,286
[83]郑蕾.非质子溶剂法制备羧甲基壳聚糖[J].安徽工程科技学院学报,2007,22(2)：22-25
[84]宋庆平,文瑾,丁纯梅.低碱法制备羧甲基壳聚糖及表征[J].应用化学,2006,23(8)：913-916
[85]王爱勤,肖玉方,曹农等.壳聚糖的改性和应用研究[J].中国生化药物杂志,1997,18(1)：16-18
[86]王爱勤,李洪启,张俊彦等.丙三醇壳聚糖的制备和分析[J].中国生化药物杂志,1997,18(2)：75-77
[87]谭淑英,汪玉庭,彭长宏等.Shiff碱型和仲胺型壳聚糖-冠醚对金属离子的络合吸附性能[J].应用化学,1999,16(1)：98-100
[88]曲荣君,刘庆俭,田福军等.水杨醛改性壳聚糖对金属离子的吸附性能[J].环境化学,1997,16(1)：55-59
[89]Waldo A-M, Carlos P-C. Preparation of a novel polyampholyte from chitosan and citric acid [J]. Makromol Brodu., Rapid Commun,1993,14(12):735-740
[90]Kim C-H, Jung B-O, Choi K-S, et al. Synthesis of water soluble chitosan derivatives with quaternary ammonium salt and their flocculating behavior [J]. Kongop Hwahak,1996,7(1):118-128
[91]Jia Z, Shen D, Xu W. Synthesis and antibacterial activities of quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan[J]. Carbohydrate Research,2001,333(1):1-6
[92]Holme K R, Perlin A S. Chitosan N-Sulfate. A water-Soluble Polyelectrolyte[J]. Carbohydrate Research,1997,302(1-2):7-12
[93]Amiji M M. Platelet adhesion and activation on amnphoteric chitoasn derivative bearing sulfonate groups[J]. Colloids and surfaces,1998,10(5):263-271
[94]Muzzarelli R A A. Modified chitosans Carrying sulfonic acid group[J]. Carbohydrate Polymer,1992,19(4):231-236
[95]Shao J., Yang Y, Zhong Q.Studies on preparation of oligolucosamine by oxidative degradation under microwave irradiation[J]. Polymer Degradation and stability,2003, 82(3):395-398
[96]张舫,刘祖亮,叶志文.甲壳素／壳聚糖的改性研究评述[J].江苏化工,2000,28(12)：27-29
[97]Qin Caiqin, Xiao Ling, Du Yumin,et al.A new cross-linked quaternized-chitosan resin as the support of borohydride reducing agent[J]. Reactive & Functional polymers, 2002,50(2)：165-171
[98]程发,李厚萍,魏玉萍等.交联羧甲基壳聚糖制备及对Cu(Ⅱ)的鳌合性能[J].天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版),2002,35(3)：362-366
[99]Qu Rongjun, Wan Chunhua. Nie Zongjun,et al.Studies on the syntheses and properties of snake-cage type chelate resins:System of Carboxymetryl-chitosan /B-62/triethyltetramine[J]. Chinese Journal of Reactive polymers,1999,8(1-2):28-37
[100]曲荣君,刘竹清,王春华等.天然高分子吸附剂研究-羧甲基交联壳聚糖树脂的合成及吸附特性[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(1)：121-125
[101]Qu Rongjun, Sun Yanzhi,Wang chunhua,et al. Synthesis and properties of Carboxymethyl chitosan/urea-formaldehyde Snake-cage resins[J].Journal of Applied polymer science,2002,84(2):310-317
[102]Yu Yihao, He Binglin, Gu hanging. The preparation of crosslinked N,O-Carboxymethyl chitosan resins and their adsorption properties for triglyceride in serum[J]. Chinese Journal of reactive polymers,1997,6(1-2):83-88
[103]谭淑英,汪玉庭,程格等.交联壳聚糖乙酸乙酷冠醚对金属离子的吸附性能研究[J].环境化学,1998,17(6)：569-574
[104]Xie Wenming, Xu Peixin, Wang Wei et al. Preparation of water-Soluble Chitosan derivatives and their antibacterial activity[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer science, 2002,85(7):1357-1361
[105]Vachoud L, Chen T, Payne G F, et al. Peroxidase catalyzed grafting of gallate esters onto the polysaccharide chitosan[J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology,2001, 29(6-7):380-385
[106]Ligia Furlan, Valfredo T, et al., Adsorption of calium ions by graft copolymer of acrylic acid on biopolymer chitin[J]. Polymer,1996,37(1):843-46
[107]Sun Tao, Xu Peixin, Liu Qing, et al. Graft copolymerization of methylacrylic acid onto carboxymethyl chitosan[J]. European Polymer Journal,2003,39(1):189-192
[108]M Yazdani-Pedram, J Retuert, Homogeneous grafting reaction of vinyl pyrrolidone onto chitosan[J]. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,1997,63(10):1321-326
[109]Abduel Majid K Najjar, etal, Preparation and characterization of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulfonic acid) grafted chitosan using potassium persulfate as redox initiator[J]. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,2000,77(10):2314-318
[110]Cuero R G, Osuji G et al. N-Carboxymethyl chitosan inhibition of aflatox inroduction:role of zinc[J]. Biotechnology Letters,1991, (13):441-444
[111]David W. Jenkins, Samuel M. Hudson. Review of Vinyl Graft Copolymerization Featuring Recent Advances toward Controlled Radical-Based Reactions and Illustrated with Chitin/Chitosan Trunk Polymers[J]. Chemical Reviews,2001,101(11):3245-3271
[112]中国皮革协会.中国皮革行业“十一五”发展规划(2006-2010)[Z].中国皮革网
[113]金勇,魏德卿.绿色皮革化学品的研发势在必行[J].中国皮革,2006,35(15)：36-38
[114]王伟,秦汶.脱乙酰基水解酶的研究进展[J].中国海洋药物,1997,(2)：31-35
[115]覃采芹,杜予民.壳聚糖的降解及其结构表征[J].孝感学院学报,2002,22(6)：5-8
[116]Muzzarelli R A A, Tanfani F, Emanuellim, et al. N-Carboxymethyl idene chitosans and N-carboxymethylchitosans:novel chelating polyampholytes obtained from chitosan glyoxylate[J].Carbohydr.Res.,1982,107(l):199-214
[117]Muzzarelli R A A, Iiari P, Petrarulo M. Solubility and structure of N-carboxymethyl chitosan[J].Int. J. Biol. Macromol.,1994,16(4):177-180
[118]马全红,高永红,邹宗柏.丙酮酸壳聚糖衍生物的制备及其吸附性能的研究[J].东南大学学报：自然科学版,2000,30(6)：127-131
[119]Muzzarelli R, Weckx M, Filippini 0, et al. Characteristic properties of N-carboxybutyl chitosan[J]. Carbohydr. Polym.,1989, 11(4):307-320
[120]Orienti I, Luppi B, Zecchi V. Chitosan and its N-carboxyethyl and N-aminoethyl derivatives as vehicles for topical formulations[J]. Soc. Cosmet. Sci.,1999, 50(5):307-313
[121]Skorik Y A, Gomes C A R, Vasconcelosm T S D, et al. N-(2-Carboxylethyl) chitosans:regioselective synthesis, characterization and protolytic equilibria[J]. Carbohydr. Res.,2003,338(3):271-276
[122]Sashiwa H, Shigemasa Y, Roy R. Novel N-alkylation of chitosan via Michael type reaction[J]. Chem. Lett.,2000,29(8):862-863
[123]Sashiwa H, Yamamori N, Ichinose Y, et al. Chemical modification of chitosan.17a Michael reaction of chitosan with acrylic acid in water[J]. Macromol. Biosci.,2003,3 (5):231-233
[124]陈凌云,杜予民,肖玲等.羧甲基壳聚糖的取代度及保湿性[J].应用化学,2001,18(1)：5-8
[125]陈夫山,谢来苏,魏德津等.用胶体滴定法测定聚合物的电荷[J].中国造纸,2000,19(2)：30
[126]蒋维祺编著.皮革成品理化检验[M].中国轻工业出版社,1999,8：105-109
[127]兰云军,周建飞,刘翠荣.皮革染色助剂的合理使用对染色效果的影响[J].西部皮革,2005,(12)
[128]兰云军,鲍利红.一种新型皮革染色增艳剂的助染性研究[J].西部皮革,2005,(04)
[129]兰云军,石碧,李临生.皮革染色助剂的类型及其作用[J].中国皮革,2000,23(29)：12-15
[2]蒋挺大编著.壳聚糖[M].化学工业出版社,北京,2002
[3]孙长华,王静.低分子量壳聚糖制备与应用[J].粮食与油脂,2004,(1)：44-46
[4]Shepherd R, Reader S, Falshaw A. Chitosan functional properties [J]. Glycoconjugate Journal,1997, (14):535-542
[5]王镜岩,朱圣庚,徐长法.生物化学[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002
[6]Muzzarelli R.A.A. Chitin[M]. New York:Oxford Pergamon Press,1977
[7]Muzzarelli R.A.A., Jeuniaux C., Gooday G. W.. Chitin in Nature and Technology [M]. New York:Plenum Press,1986
[8]奇云,杜润才.甲壳质及其衍生物的制备与应用[J].现代化工,1995,(1)：15-20
[9]董炎明,毛微.甲壳素化学及应用[J].大学化学,2005,20(2)：27-32
[10]董炎明,袁清.生物高分子液晶的新家族-甲壳素及其衍生物[J].高分子通报,1999,(4)：48-56
[11]Dabydove, V.N., I.M., Gorbach, V.I., et al. Biofizika,2000,45(4):641
[12]汪剑伟,董炎明,刘晃南等.分子量对壳聚糖溶致液晶性的影响[J].高等学校化学学报,1999,20(3)：474
[13]王伟,徐德时.壳聚糖浓溶液流变性质研究——分子量的依赖性[J].高分子学报,1995,(5)：596
[14]韩宝芹,刘万顺,王文正等.不同分子量壳聚糖膜性质的研究[J].中国生物医学工程学报,2002,21(3)：256-262
[15]汪玉庭,高松奇,唐玉蓉等.新型冠醚交联壳聚糖的吸附性能[J].环境污染与防治,2000,22(1)：8
[16]杨智宽,袁扬,汪玉庭等.氮杂冠醚壳聚糖研究(Ⅲ)-双羟基中环二胺交联壳聚糖的制备[J].化学试剂,2000,22(2)：68
[17]杨冬梅,缪进康,黄明智.天然生物材料-甲壳素和壳聚糖的开发及应用[J].化学工业与工程,1999,(12)：335
[18]Lee Young Moo, Park Ho Bum, Broducti Yong, etal. Effect of deacetylation dgree in chitosan composite membranes on pervaporation performance [J]. Separation Science and Technology,1998,33(9):1255-1269
[19]Morimoto Minoru, Shigemasa Yoshihiro. Characterization and bioactivities of chitin and chitosan regulated their degree of deacetylation[J]. Japanese Journal of Polymer Science and Technology,1997,54(10):621-316
[20]Schipper N.G. M., Vrum, K.M., Artursson, P. Chitosans as absorption enhancers for poorly absorbable drugs. I. Influence of molecular weight and degree of acetylation on drug transport across human intestinal epithelial(Caco-2) cells [J]. Pharmaceutical Research,1996,13:1686-1692
[21]仰振球,李巧霞,樊红雷等.NMR、FTIR及电位滴定法测定壳聚糖脱乙酰度[J].功能高分子学报,2003,16(3)：313
[22]杜予民.甲壳素化学与应用的新进展[J].武汉大学学报(自然科学版),2000,46(2)：181
[23]周寿祖.甲壳素及其衍生物的生产和应用前景[J].四川化工与腐蚀控制,2000,3(5)：38-43
[24]王周玉,蒋珍菊,胡星琪等.一类新型多功能大然高聚物及其衍生物[J].西南石油学院学报,2001,4：54
[25]李治,庄旭晶,刘晓非等.壳聚糖衍生物-新型的高效水处理剂[J].精细与专用化学品,2001,(19)：9
[26]黄光佛,卿胜波,李胜彪.多糖类生物医用材料-甲壳素和壳聚糖的研究及应用[J].高分子通报,2001,(3)：43-48
[27]Ravi-Kumar, M. N. V., A review of chitin and chitosan applications[J]. Reactive and Functional Polymers,2000,6(1):1-27
[28]Bernkop-Schnu'rch, A. Chitosan and its derivatives:Potential excipients for peroral peptide delivery systems [J]. International Journal of Pharmaceutics,2000, 194:1-13
29]Lum, L., Jabbal-Gill, L, Hinchcliffe, M.,et al. Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for vaccines[J]. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,2001,51:81-96
[30]Liu, W. G., Yao, K. D., Chitosan and its erivatives-a promising non-viral vector for gene transfection[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,2002,83(1):1-11
[31]Sundararajan, V. M., Howard, W. T. M. Porous chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering[J]. Biomaterials,1999,20(12):1133-1142
[32]王宏博,高卫东.甲壳素机壳聚糖在纺织工业上的应用[J].纺织导报,2003,(1)：26-28
[33]卢娜,邓炳耀,姚静等.壳聚糖在毛纺织中应用的现状及前景[J].毛纺科技,2005,(11)：18-20
[34]李连举,黄仲丽.壳聚糖在纺织品染整中的应用功能分析[J].河南纺织高等专科学校学报,2004,16(4)：4-6
[35]吴星娥,王井,周景辉.甲壳素机壳聚糖在造纸工业上的应用[J].造纸科学与技术,2004,23(2)：44-47
[36]张敏,洪伯铿,王专等.HCF保鲜剂的研制及其在桃保鲜中的应用研究[J].食品科技,2004,(1)：86
[37]洪伯铿,郭春锋,王红梅等.涂膜与臭氧杀菌在油豆角保鲜中的应用研究[J].食品科技,2004,(11)：84
[38]连丽娜,张平,纪淑娟等.果蔬可食性涂膜保鲜研究现状与展望[J].保鲜与加工,2003,(4)：14
[39]R Shahidi, J. K. V Arachchi, Y Jeon.Food applications of chitin and chitosans[J]. Food Sci.&Tech,1999, (10):37
[40]黄丽萍,刘宗明.甲壳素、壳聚糖在农业上的应用[J].辽宁农业科学,1999,(6)： 18
[41]杨文鸽,裘迪红,孙爱飞等.竣甲基壳聚糖抗菌性及其保鲜螂鱼效果的研究[J].食品科技,2003,(11)：73
[42]刘流,郭红英.O-甲基壳聚糖对酱油抑菌防腐研究[J].食品科学,2002,23(5)：130
[43]蒋桂芳,宋力,黄俊生.农业中壳聚糖的功能与应用研究[J].渝西学院学报(白然科学版),2005,4(3)：58-60
[44]徐宝才,任发政,周辉等.防腐保鲜剂对牛肉火腿切片腐败菌抑制效果的研究[J].食品科学,2005,26(7)：93-97
[45]张伟,张子德等.天然防腐剂-水溶性壳聚糖衍生物[J].食品工业科技,1998,(6)：19-20
[46]刘高强,赵晓玲.昆虫壳聚糖在食品工业中的开发利用[J].食品科学,2003,(3)：92-94
[47]王学东,辛锋,夏文水等.壳聚糖在食品工业中应用的研究进展[J].武汉工业学院学报,2005,24(3)：18-22
[48]王传芬,蒋文强.壳聚糖的生产及其在食品工业中的应用[J].粮油食品科技,2005,13(5)：48-50
[49]郎雪梅,侯有军,赵建青.壳聚糖作为分离膜材料的研究进展[J].化工进展,2005,24(7)：737-742
[50]朱孔营,渠荣遴,李方.低分子量壳聚糖制备与应用研究进展[J].高分子通报,2006,(2)：41-44
[51]张凯,郝晓东,周德惠.甲壳素及壳聚糖的应用[J].应用化工,2004,33(3)：6-8
[52]Jonathan Z. Knaul, Samuel M. Hudson, Katherine A. M. Creber. Improved
Mechanical Properties of Chitosan Fibers[J]. Applied Polymer Science,1999,72:1721
[53]艾庆.新型膜材料-甲壳质[J].北京：现代化工,1991,2：59-60
[54]刘鹏飞,刘西莉.壳聚糖作为种衣剂成膜剂应用效果研究[J].农药,2004,43(7)：312-314
[55]王小红,马建标,何炳林.甲壳索／壳聚糖及其衍生物的应用[J].功能高分子学报,1999,12(2)：2197-2024
[56]郜宁,窦后松,曾虹.甲壳素和壳聚糖在医用膜剂上的应用[J].华西药学杂志,2004,19(3)：209-210
[57]嵇文明,郑金水.甲壳素及其衍生物在医药卫生领域中的应用[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(4)：83
[58]罗华文,宋浩亮.甲壳素及其衍生物在医药领域中的应用[J].西北药学杂志,2002,17(5)：231
[59]Koide, Mili, Konishi, et al. Multilayer wound covering materials comprising a supporting layer and moisture permeation controlling layer and method for their manufacture[P].US 5359305,1995-3-7
[60]Hachorn S P, Nunthanid J, Yamamoto K, et al. Drug physical state and drug-polymer interaction on drug release from chitosan matrix films[J]. Journal of Controlled Release,2001,75:143-153
[61]Kato Y, Onishi H, Machida Y, et al. Evaluation of N-succinyl-chitosan as a systemic long-circulating polymer[J]. Biomaterials,2000,21:1579
[62]何乃普,宋鹏飞,王荣民等.甲壳素／壳聚糖及其衍生物抗菌、抗肿瘤活性研究进展[J].高分子通报,2004,(6)：14-17
[63]Tozaki H, Fujita T, Odoriba T, et al. Colon specific delivery of R68070, a new thromboxane sythase ihibitor, using chitosan capsule:therapeutic effects against 2,4,6-thrinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rats[J]. Life Sci,1999, 64(13):155
[64]李亚焕,张洪林,蒋林时等.天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的改性及在水处理中的应用[J].长春师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,24(2)：46-48
[65]彭立风.壳聚糖的制备及其在废水处理中的应用[J].化学世界,1999,(4)：176
[66]宋清华,程晓军.壳聚糖／甲壳素及其衍生物的食品应用[J].食品添加剂,2001,(2)：37-41
[67]陈津津.甲壳素／壳聚糖及其衍生物在环境领域中的研究进展[J].安徽化工,2003,123(3)：2-5
[68]盛晴,程丽华,解勤卫等.甲壳素／壳聚糖在废水处理中的应用[J].化学工程师,2005,119(8)：12-14
[69]蔡启祥,李临生,刘安平.壳聚糖改性及其在铬鞣中的应用研究[J].皮革科学与工程,2002,12(3)：25-27
[70]S. M. Burkinshaw, A. N. Jarvis.The Use of Chitosan in the Dyeing of Full Chrome Leather with Reactive Dyes[J]. Dyes and Pigments,1996,31(1):35-52
[71]S. M. Burkinshaw, L. Kitching. Further Studies of the Use of Chitosan in the Dyeing of Full Chrome and Heavily Retanned Leather with Anionic Dyes[J]. Dyes and Pigments,1995,27(1):17-34
[72]Ogura K, Kanamoto T, Sannan T, et al. Chitin Chitosan Proceeding[J]. Int. Conf., 1982, (2):3
[73]Rout D K, PolPuras K, Gross R.. A liquid crystalline characteristics of site selectively modified chitosan[J]. Macromolecules,1993,26(22):5999-6007
[74]Dong Y M, Li Z Q. Synthesis and Characterization of a new chitosan derivatives with liquid Crystalline behavior-ocynaoethyl chitosan[J].Chem. J. Chin. Univ,1998, 19(8):1343-1345
[75]张莉,梁伯润.甲壳质及其衍生物溶致液晶的研究进展[J].东华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,28(1)：119-124
[76]Ravi Kumar M N V. A review of chitin and chitosan application [J]. Reactive & Functional polymers,2000,46(1):1-27
[77]肖振宇,原续波,盛东.甲壳素、壳聚糖的改性[J].广州化学,2002,27：60-64
[78]张宜,汤韧,易涛等.甲壳素的化学修饰及复合物系列[J].解放军药学学报,1999,15(3)：34-38
[79]Baumann H, Faust V. Concept for improved regioselective placement of O-sulfo, N-sulfo, N-acetyl, and N-Carboxymethyl groups in chitosan derivatives[J]. Carbo-hydrate Resesrch,2001,331(11):43-57
[80]郝红英,徐文国,邵自强.微波法制备羧甲基壳聚糖及其在水处理中的应用[J].高分子材料科学与工程,2006,22(2)：223-226
[81]纪淑娟,高倩.水溶性羧甲基壳聚糖制备工艺研究[J].食品工业,2007,(6)：8-10
[82]袁文,尹学琼,贺永宁等.壳聚糖羧基化的研究进展[J].化学试剂,2007,29(5)：277-280,286
[83]郑蕾.非质子溶剂法制备羧甲基壳聚糖[J].安徽工程科技学院学报,2007,22(2)：22-25
[84]宋庆平,文瑾,丁纯梅.低碱法制备羧甲基壳聚糖及表征[J].应用化学,2006,23(8)：913-916
[85]王爱勤,肖玉方,曹农等.壳聚糖的改性和应用研究[J].中国生化药物杂志,1997,18(1)：16-18
[86]王爱勤,李洪启,张俊彦等.丙三醇壳聚糖的制备和分析[J].中国生化药物杂志,1997,18(2)：75-77
[87]谭淑英,汪玉庭,彭长宏等.Shiff碱型和仲胺型壳聚糖-冠醚对金属离子的络合吸附性能[J].应用化学,1999,16(1)：98-100
[88]曲荣君,刘庆俭,田福军等.水杨醛改性壳聚糖对金属离子的吸附性能[J].环境化学,1997,16(1)：55-59
[89]Waldo A-M, Carlos P-C. Preparation of a novel polyampholyte from chitosan and citric acid [J]. Makromol Brodu., Rapid Commun,1993,14(12):735-740
[90]Kim C-H, Jung B-O, Choi K-S, et al. Synthesis of water soluble chitosan derivatives with quaternary ammonium salt and their flocculating behavior [J]. Kongop Hwahak,1996,7(1):118-128
[91]Jia Z, Shen D, Xu W. Synthesis and antibacterial activities of quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan[J]. Carbohydrate Research,2001,333(1):1-6
[92]Holme K R, Perlin A S. Chitosan N-Sulfate. A water-Soluble Polyelectrolyte[J]. Carbohydrate Research,1997,302(1-2):7-12
[93]Amiji M M. Platelet adhesion and activation on amnphoteric chitoasn derivative bearing sulfonate groups[J]. Colloids and surfaces,1998,10(5):263-271
[94]Muzzarelli R A A. Modified chitosans Carrying sulfonic acid group[J]. Carbohydrate Polymer,1992,19(4):231-236
[95]Shao J., Yang Y, Zhong Q.Studies on preparation of oligolucosamine by oxidative degradation under microwave irradiation[J]. Polymer Degradation and stability,2003, 82(3):395-398
[96]张舫,刘祖亮,叶志文.甲壳素／壳聚糖的改性研究评述[J].江苏化工,2000,28(12)：27-29
[97]Qin Caiqin, Xiao Ling, Du Yumin,et al.A new cross-linked quaternized-chitosan resin as the support of borohydride reducing agent[J]. Reactive & Functional polymers, 2002,50(2)：165-171
[98]程发,李厚萍,魏玉萍等.交联羧甲基壳聚糖制备及对Cu(Ⅱ)的鳌合性能[J].天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版),2002,35(3)：362-366
[99]Qu Rongjun, Wan Chunhua. Nie Zongjun,et al.Studies on the syntheses and properties of snake-cage type chelate resins:System of Carboxymetryl-chitosan /B-62/triethyltetramine[J]. Chinese Journal of Reactive polymers,1999,8(1-2):28-37
[100]曲荣君,刘竹清,王春华等.天然高分子吸附剂研究-羧甲基交联壳聚糖树脂的合成及吸附特性[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(1)：121-125
[101]Qu Rongjun, Sun Yanzhi,Wang chunhua,et al. Synthesis and properties of Carboxymethyl chitosan/urea-formaldehyde Snake-cage resins[J].Journal of Applied polymer science,2002,84(2):310-317
[102]Yu Yihao, He Binglin, Gu hanging. The preparation of crosslinked N,O-Carboxymethyl chitosan resins and their adsorption properties for triglyceride in serum[J]. Chinese Journal of reactive polymers,1997,6(1-2):83-88
[103]谭淑英,汪玉庭,程格等.交联壳聚糖乙酸乙酷冠醚对金属离子的吸附性能研究[J].环境化学,1998,17(6)：569-574
[104]Xie Wenming, Xu Peixin, Wang Wei et al. Preparation of water-Soluble Chitosan derivatives and their antibacterial activity[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer science, 2002,85(7):1357-1361
[105]Vachoud L, Chen T, Payne G F, et al. Peroxidase catalyzed grafting of gallate esters onto the polysaccharide chitosan[J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology,2001, 29(6-7):380-385
[106]Ligia Furlan, Valfredo T, et al., Adsorption of calium ions by graft copolymer of acrylic acid on biopolymer chitin[J]. Polymer,1996,37(1):843-46
[107]Sun Tao, Xu Peixin, Liu Qing, et al. Graft copolymerization of methylacrylic acid onto carboxymethyl chitosan[J]. European Polymer Journal,2003,39(1):189-192
[108]M Yazdani-Pedram, J Retuert, Homogeneous grafting reaction of vinyl pyrrolidone onto chitosan[J]. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,1997,63(10):1321-326
[109]Abduel Majid K Najjar, etal, Preparation and characterization of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulfonic acid) grafted chitosan using potassium persulfate as redox initiator[J]. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,2000,77(10):2314-318
[110]Cuero R G, Osuji G et al. N-Carboxymethyl chitosan inhibition of aflatox inroduction:role of zinc[J]. Biotechnology Letters,1991, (13):441-444
[111]David W. Jenkins, Samuel M. Hudson. Review of Vinyl Graft Copolymerization Featuring Recent Advances toward Controlled Radical-Based Reactions and Illustrated with Chitin/Chitosan Trunk Polymers[J]. Chemical Reviews,2001,101(11):3245-3271
[112]中国皮革协会.中国皮革行业“十一五”发展规划(2006-2010)[Z].中国皮革网
[113]金勇,魏德卿.绿色皮革化学品的研发势在必行[J].中国皮革,2006,35(15)：36-38
[114]王伟,秦汶.脱乙酰基水解酶的研究进展[J].中国海洋药物,1997,(2)：31-35
[115]覃采芹,杜予民.壳聚糖的降解及其结构表征[J].孝感学院学报,2002,22(6)：5-8
[116]Muzzarelli R A A, Tanfani F, Emanuellim, et al. N-Carboxymethyl idene chitosans and N-carboxymethylchitosans:novel chelating polyampholytes obtained from chitosan glyoxylate[J].Carbohydr.Res.,1982,107(l):199-214
[117]Muzzarelli R A A, Iiari P, Petrarulo M. Solubility and structure of N-carboxymethyl chitosan[J].Int. J. Biol. Macromol.,1994,16(4):177-180
[118]马全红,高永红,邹宗柏.丙酮酸壳聚糖衍生物的制备及其吸附性能的研究[J].东南大学学报：自然科学版,2000,30(6)：127-131
[119]Muzzarelli R, Weckx M, Filippini 0, et al. Characteristic properties of N-carboxybutyl chitosan[J]. Carbohydr. Polym.,1989, 11(4):307-320
[120]Orienti I, Luppi B, Zecchi V. Chitosan and its N-carboxyethyl and N-aminoethyl derivatives as vehicles for topical formulations[J]. Soc. Cosmet. Sci.,1999, 50(5):307-313
[121]Skorik Y A, Gomes C A R, Vasconcelosm T S D, et al. N-(2-Carboxylethyl) chitosans:regioselective synthesis, characterization and protolytic equilibria[J]. Carbohydr. Res.,2003,338(3):271-276
[122]Sashiwa H, Shigemasa Y, Roy R. Novel N-alkylation of chitosan via Michael type reaction[J]. Chem. Lett.,2000,29(8):862-863
[123]Sashiwa H, Yamamori N, Ichinose Y, et al. Chemical modification of chitosan.17a Michael reaction of chitosan with acrylic acid in water[J]. Macromol. Biosci.,2003,3 (5):231-233
[124]陈凌云,杜予民,肖玲等.羧甲基壳聚糖的取代度及保湿性[J].应用化学,2001,18(1)：5-8
[125]陈夫山,谢来苏,魏德津等.用胶体滴定法测定聚合物的电荷[J].中国造纸,2000,19(2)：30
[126]蒋维祺编著.皮革成品理化检验[M].中国轻工业出版社,1999,8：105-109
[127]兰云军,周建飞,刘翠荣.皮革染色助剂的合理使用对染色效果的影响[J].西部皮革,2005,(12)
[128]兰云军,鲍利红.一种新型皮革染色增艳剂的助染性研究[J].西部皮革,2005,(04)
[129]兰云军,石碧,李临生.皮革染色助剂的类型及其作用[J].中国皮革,2000,23(29)：12-15