低温好氧颗粒污泥形成过程及其特性研究
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摘要
在我国北方地区,冬季漫长,温度较低,气候恶劣,显著影响活性污泥对污水中污染物的去除效能。与传统的活性污泥工艺相比,好氧颗粒污泥技术具有较好的沉降性能,较低的投资成本和较高的生物量以及污染物去除效能,同时,其内部复杂而稳定的结构能够限制基质和氧气的传递并形成温度梯度,使其有效抵御低温造成的冲击,实现污水中氮磷的同步高效去除。
在10℃的低温条件下,低温序批气提式反应器(Sequencing Batch Airlift Reactor,SBAR)经40d的启动期,成功培养出具有良好沉降性能,较高生物量的好氧颗粒污泥,污泥代谢产生EPS中的蛋白质类物质是活性污泥颗粒化的重要因素。随着污泥相关疏水性和强度逐渐提高,好氧颗粒污泥结构更加紧密,有利于保持颗粒污泥的稳定性。通过对低温SBAR运行参数的优化,得到低温好氧颗粒污泥最适培养条件,即OLR为2.4kg/m3·d(进水COD为600-700mg/L), HRT为3h,曝气量为100L/h。好氧颗粒污泥反应器在此条件下稳定运行达100d以上,其对污染物均具有较好的去除效能,COD,NH4+-N和P043--P的去除率分别达到88.5%、97.8%和97.5%。耐冷菌Rhodobacter changlensis是污泥中的土著菌；Sterolibacterium denitrificans、Dechloromonas denitrificans、 Blastobacter denitrificans、Pseudomonas trivialis和Bosea minatitlanensis在低温好氧颗粒污泥反应器运行稳定时占优势。
低温条件下污泥微生物活性较低以及好氧颗粒污泥反应器运行条件较为复杂,因此选择四种快速培养低温好氧颗粒污泥的方式,以加速好氧颗粒污泥反应器的启动,即贮存颗粒污泥强化,金属离子强化,海藻酸钠强化和动物骨胶强化的方式,结果表明以上四种策略都可以缩短低温好氧颗粒污泥形成时间,加速低温好氧颗粒污泥反应器的启动(平均提前7-15d)同时有利于低温SBAR的长期稳定运行。其中以动物骨胶强化低温好氧颗粒污泥形成的策略最为有效,低温活性污泥完全颗粒化仅需要26-28d,对污水中COD, NH4+-N和P043--P的去除率分别达到86.3%,90.6%和93.8%。
分别利用含盐生活污水、制糖工业废水、含油工业废水和屠宰工业废水培养低温好氧颗粒污泥,通过研究发现,活性污泥在其颗粒化过程中,相关疏水性、zeta电位和污泥EPS内蛋白质类物质含量明显升高,低温好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理为低温活性污泥的颗粒化过程,就是微生物的增长和其生长环境选择的过程。疏水性活性污泥聚集体之间的吸附作用,活性污泥聚集体之间的电力吸附作用,以及EPS的粘附作用是活性污泥微生物聚集的重要因素。粘性剪切力的存在是活性污泥聚集体由不规则形态变为颗粒形态的重要原因，SBAR内循环管中流体扰动所产生的粘性剪切力对活性污泥聚集体的颗粒化作用较强。冷激蛋白和冷活性酶的合成是好氧颗粒污泥可以抵御低温，发挥生物活性的重要因素。
通过对低温好氧颗粒污泥进行红外光谱分析发现，低温好氧颗粒污泥的主要官能团与絮状活性污泥较为接近（均含有多糖类-OH化合物，脂肪族C-H化合物和酰胺类化合物），只存在细微差别，说明低温好氧颗粒污泥适宜处理实际废水。而低温好氧颗粒污泥的荧光光谱谱图显示，当活性污泥完全颗粒化之后，其溶解性微生物产物含量明显提高，表明污泥微生物具有良好的活性；其EPS内蛋白质类物质含量的升高和稳定存在，对低温好氧颗粒污泥保持完整形态和稳定结构至关重要。
利用实际废水培养成熟的低温好氧颗粒污泥呈黑色，平均粒径0.8mm，系统约70d启动成功，具有较好的沉降性能和较高的生物量。低温好氧颗粒污泥EPS内较高浓度蛋白质类物质的稳定存在是活性污泥颗粒化的重要因素，而EPS内油脂类物质的存在不会影响低温好氧颗粒污泥的结构和强度。低温好氧颗粒污泥对进水水质的变化具有较强的抗冲击能力，系统运行约120d达到稳定，其COD，NH4+-N和PO43--P去除率分别达到88.2%，94.0%和92.5%。进水中较高浓度Mg，Ca和Fe等金属离子的存在以及EPS对P的吸附，与生物除磷作用一起完成污水中PO43--P的高效去除。活性污泥完全颗粒化后，污泥内AOB，NOB和PAO得到了有效的富集，其中NOB的含量高于AOB，PAO以PAOI为主，其含量高达90%以上。Enterobaceter ludwigii、Stenotropomonas humi、Zoogloea ramigera、Malikia spinosa和Comamonas denitrificans在系统稳定运行时占优势，表明好氧颗粒污泥在低温条件下对污水中氮磷具有良好的去除效能。
In northern China, with the long winter, low temperature and severe weather, it is remarkably difficult for the activated sludge to possess better capacity of nutrients conversion. Compared with activated sludge process, aerobic granular sludge (AGS) obtained better settling property, lower cost and higher biomass retention and contaminants removal efficiency, furthermore, the transfer limitation of substance and oxygen and the formation of temperature gradient inside AGS would be better for microorganisms to tolerate the shock of organic loading and temperature, and finally achieved relatively higher simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency.
Aerobic granular sludge was successfully cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) at10℃after40days, the protein content in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from AGS was considered as the main factor in granulation. Along with the enhancement of relative hydrophobicity and physical strength, the structure of AGS became more compact which could be helpful for AGS to keep stable. The autofit condition for cultivating AGS was gained by the optimization of SBAR operation, which means OLR was2.4kg/m3·d (influent COD600-700mg/L), HRT was3h and aeration rate was100L/h. SBAR operation can be stabilized for more than100days, moreover, AGS accomplished better contaminants removal capability, the respective COD, NH4+-N and PO43--P removal efficiencies were88.5%,97.8%and97.5%. Rhodobacter changlensis was a kind of psychrotrophs, which was the indigenous flora as well, in addition, Sterolibacterium denitrificans, Dechloromonas denitrificans, Blastobacter denitrificans, Pseudomonas trivialis and Bosea minatitlanensis were the dominant community in SBAR at low temperature.
It is difficult to cultivate aerobic granular sludge at low temperature since the bioactivity of AGS was low and the operation of SBAR was complicated. In order to implement the rapid start-up and steady operation of SBAR, four strategies had been selected:1) enhanced by the stored AGS;2) enhanced by metal ions, such as Mg2+and Al3+;3) enhanced by sodium alginate and4) enhanced by bone glue. The results demonstrated that the above strategies could enhance AGS formation by 7-15days, as well as the long-term and stable operation of SBAR. Furthermore, the granules enhanced by bone glue was more effective (cultivated in26-28days) which had the ability to contribute and improve the biological process, the COD, NH4+-N and PO43--P removal efficiencies were86.3%,90.6%and93.8%, respectively.
The formation process and sludge characteristics of AGS that cultivated in domestic sewage, saline sewage, normal molasses wastewater, oily wastewater and mixed wastewater combined by domestic sewage and slaughter wastewater were discussed. Relative hydrophobicity, zeta potential and protein content in EPS all increased during the formation process of aerobic granular sludge at low temperature. Therefore, the formation mechanisms of aerobic granular sludge might be concluded:the granulation process of activated sludge was the process of microorganism growth and environment selection. The chemical attraction of hydrophobic sludge aggregates, the electric adsorption of sludge aggregates and the conglutination of EPS were all important during the formation process of aerobic granular sludge. The viscous shear force was significant to lead the sludge aggregates to granular morphology, and the shear force caused by fluid disturbance in internal circulation tube was vital. In addition, it was found that the microorganisms of AGS can tolerate low temperature and possess better microbial activity due to the synthesis of cold shock protein and psychrophilic enzyme.
It was notable that the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of ASP and AGS were almost the same, both the two kinds of sludge possessed polysaccharides compounds, lipid compounds and amide compounds, which indicated that aerobic granular sludge was suitable for treating real wastewater as activated sludge. Moreover, the Excitation-Emission Matrix (EEM) spectra of ASP and AGS demonstrated that microorganisms could gain better bioactivity due to the higher concentration of soluble microbial by-product-like and the stability of protein content in EPS would be of great significance to sustain AGS with the integrated morphology and compact structure.
The aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in real wastewater for almost70days due to the complex components; the AGS was black with the mean diameter of0.8mm, however, the settling property and biomass retention could still be retained. Likewise, the existence of protein content in EPS was important in the formation process of aerobic granular sludge, furthermore, the lipid content in EPS would not influence the structure and strength of AGS. With the better shock resistance of influent, aerobic granular sludge technology gradually became stable which the contaminants removal capacity advanced as well, the COD, NH4+-N and PO43--P removal efficiencies were88.2%,94.0%and92.5%, respectively. The comparatively higher PO43--P removal efficiency was obtained by the combination of Mg, Ca and Fe with P, the adsorption of EPS with phosphorus and the biological phosphorus removal process. Ammonium oxidation bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB) and phosphorus accumulation organisms (PAO) were all effectively enriched after the granulation of activated sludge, among which NOB content is higher than AOB and PAO I (content higher than90%) was predominant in PAO. Enterobaceter ludwigii, Stenotropomonas humi, Zoogloea ramigera, Malikia spinosa and Comamonas denitrificans were the dominant community in SBAR at low temperature, indicated that AGS possessed better NH4+-N and PO43--P removal efficiencies.
在10℃的低温条件下,低温序批气提式反应器(Sequencing Batch Airlift Reactor,SBAR)经40d的启动期,成功培养出具有良好沉降性能,较高生物量的好氧颗粒污泥,污泥代谢产生EPS中的蛋白质类物质是活性污泥颗粒化的重要因素。随着污泥相关疏水性和强度逐渐提高,好氧颗粒污泥结构更加紧密,有利于保持颗粒污泥的稳定性。通过对低温SBAR运行参数的优化,得到低温好氧颗粒污泥最适培养条件,即OLR为2.4kg/m3·d(进水COD为600-700mg/L), HRT为3h,曝气量为100L/h。好氧颗粒污泥反应器在此条件下稳定运行达100d以上,其对污染物均具有较好的去除效能,COD,NH4+-N和P043--P的去除率分别达到88.5%、97.8%和97.5%。耐冷菌Rhodobacter changlensis是污泥中的土著菌；Sterolibacterium denitrificans、Dechloromonas denitrificans、 Blastobacter denitrificans、Pseudomonas trivialis和Bosea minatitlanensis在低温好氧颗粒污泥反应器运行稳定时占优势。
低温条件下污泥微生物活性较低以及好氧颗粒污泥反应器运行条件较为复杂,因此选择四种快速培养低温好氧颗粒污泥的方式,以加速好氧颗粒污泥反应器的启动,即贮存颗粒污泥强化,金属离子强化,海藻酸钠强化和动物骨胶强化的方式,结果表明以上四种策略都可以缩短低温好氧颗粒污泥形成时间,加速低温好氧颗粒污泥反应器的启动(平均提前7-15d)同时有利于低温SBAR的长期稳定运行。其中以动物骨胶强化低温好氧颗粒污泥形成的策略最为有效,低温活性污泥完全颗粒化仅需要26-28d,对污水中COD, NH4+-N和P043--P的去除率分别达到86.3%,90.6%和93.8%。
分别利用含盐生活污水、制糖工业废水、含油工业废水和屠宰工业废水培养低温好氧颗粒污泥,通过研究发现,活性污泥在其颗粒化过程中,相关疏水性、zeta电位和污泥EPS内蛋白质类物质含量明显升高,低温好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理为低温活性污泥的颗粒化过程,就是微生物的增长和其生长环境选择的过程。疏水性活性污泥聚集体之间的吸附作用,活性污泥聚集体之间的电力吸附作用,以及EPS的粘附作用是活性污泥微生物聚集的重要因素。粘性剪切力的存在是活性污泥聚集体由不规则形态变为颗粒形态的重要原因，SBAR内循环管中流体扰动所产生的粘性剪切力对活性污泥聚集体的颗粒化作用较强。冷激蛋白和冷活性酶的合成是好氧颗粒污泥可以抵御低温，发挥生物活性的重要因素。
通过对低温好氧颗粒污泥进行红外光谱分析发现，低温好氧颗粒污泥的主要官能团与絮状活性污泥较为接近（均含有多糖类-OH化合物，脂肪族C-H化合物和酰胺类化合物），只存在细微差别，说明低温好氧颗粒污泥适宜处理实际废水。而低温好氧颗粒污泥的荧光光谱谱图显示，当活性污泥完全颗粒化之后，其溶解性微生物产物含量明显提高，表明污泥微生物具有良好的活性；其EPS内蛋白质类物质含量的升高和稳定存在，对低温好氧颗粒污泥保持完整形态和稳定结构至关重要。
利用实际废水培养成熟的低温好氧颗粒污泥呈黑色，平均粒径0.8mm，系统约70d启动成功，具有较好的沉降性能和较高的生物量。低温好氧颗粒污泥EPS内较高浓度蛋白质类物质的稳定存在是活性污泥颗粒化的重要因素，而EPS内油脂类物质的存在不会影响低温好氧颗粒污泥的结构和强度。低温好氧颗粒污泥对进水水质的变化具有较强的抗冲击能力，系统运行约120d达到稳定，其COD，NH4+-N和PO43--P去除率分别达到88.2%，94.0%和92.5%。进水中较高浓度Mg，Ca和Fe等金属离子的存在以及EPS对P的吸附，与生物除磷作用一起完成污水中PO43--P的高效去除。活性污泥完全颗粒化后，污泥内AOB，NOB和PAO得到了有效的富集，其中NOB的含量高于AOB，PAO以PAOI为主，其含量高达90%以上。Enterobaceter ludwigii、Stenotropomonas humi、Zoogloea ramigera、Malikia spinosa和Comamonas denitrificans在系统稳定运行时占优势，表明好氧颗粒污泥在低温条件下对污水中氮磷具有良好的去除效能。
In northern China, with the long winter, low temperature and severe weather, it is remarkably difficult for the activated sludge to possess better capacity of nutrients conversion. Compared with activated sludge process, aerobic granular sludge (AGS) obtained better settling property, lower cost and higher biomass retention and contaminants removal efficiency, furthermore, the transfer limitation of substance and oxygen and the formation of temperature gradient inside AGS would be better for microorganisms to tolerate the shock of organic loading and temperature, and finally achieved relatively higher simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency.
Aerobic granular sludge was successfully cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) at10℃after40days, the protein content in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from AGS was considered as the main factor in granulation. Along with the enhancement of relative hydrophobicity and physical strength, the structure of AGS became more compact which could be helpful for AGS to keep stable. The autofit condition for cultivating AGS was gained by the optimization of SBAR operation, which means OLR was2.4kg/m3·d (influent COD600-700mg/L), HRT was3h and aeration rate was100L/h. SBAR operation can be stabilized for more than100days, moreover, AGS accomplished better contaminants removal capability, the respective COD, NH4+-N and PO43--P removal efficiencies were88.5%,97.8%and97.5%. Rhodobacter changlensis was a kind of psychrotrophs, which was the indigenous flora as well, in addition, Sterolibacterium denitrificans, Dechloromonas denitrificans, Blastobacter denitrificans, Pseudomonas trivialis and Bosea minatitlanensis were the dominant community in SBAR at low temperature.
It is difficult to cultivate aerobic granular sludge at low temperature since the bioactivity of AGS was low and the operation of SBAR was complicated. In order to implement the rapid start-up and steady operation of SBAR, four strategies had been selected:1) enhanced by the stored AGS;2) enhanced by metal ions, such as Mg2+and Al3+;3) enhanced by sodium alginate and4) enhanced by bone glue. The results demonstrated that the above strategies could enhance AGS formation by 7-15days, as well as the long-term and stable operation of SBAR. Furthermore, the granules enhanced by bone glue was more effective (cultivated in26-28days) which had the ability to contribute and improve the biological process, the COD, NH4+-N and PO43--P removal efficiencies were86.3%,90.6%and93.8%, respectively.
The formation process and sludge characteristics of AGS that cultivated in domestic sewage, saline sewage, normal molasses wastewater, oily wastewater and mixed wastewater combined by domestic sewage and slaughter wastewater were discussed. Relative hydrophobicity, zeta potential and protein content in EPS all increased during the formation process of aerobic granular sludge at low temperature. Therefore, the formation mechanisms of aerobic granular sludge might be concluded:the granulation process of activated sludge was the process of microorganism growth and environment selection. The chemical attraction of hydrophobic sludge aggregates, the electric adsorption of sludge aggregates and the conglutination of EPS were all important during the formation process of aerobic granular sludge. The viscous shear force was significant to lead the sludge aggregates to granular morphology, and the shear force caused by fluid disturbance in internal circulation tube was vital. In addition, it was found that the microorganisms of AGS can tolerate low temperature and possess better microbial activity due to the synthesis of cold shock protein and psychrophilic enzyme.
It was notable that the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of ASP and AGS were almost the same, both the two kinds of sludge possessed polysaccharides compounds, lipid compounds and amide compounds, which indicated that aerobic granular sludge was suitable for treating real wastewater as activated sludge. Moreover, the Excitation-Emission Matrix (EEM) spectra of ASP and AGS demonstrated that microorganisms could gain better bioactivity due to the higher concentration of soluble microbial by-product-like and the stability of protein content in EPS would be of great significance to sustain AGS with the integrated morphology and compact structure.
The aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in real wastewater for almost70days due to the complex components; the AGS was black with the mean diameter of0.8mm, however, the settling property and biomass retention could still be retained. Likewise, the existence of protein content in EPS was important in the formation process of aerobic granular sludge, furthermore, the lipid content in EPS would not influence the structure and strength of AGS. With the better shock resistance of influent, aerobic granular sludge technology gradually became stable which the contaminants removal capacity advanced as well, the COD, NH4+-N and PO43--P removal efficiencies were88.2%,94.0%and92.5%, respectively. The comparatively higher PO43--P removal efficiency was obtained by the combination of Mg, Ca and Fe with P, the adsorption of EPS with phosphorus and the biological phosphorus removal process. Ammonium oxidation bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB) and phosphorus accumulation organisms (PAO) were all effectively enriched after the granulation of activated sludge, among which NOB content is higher than AOB and PAO I (content higher than90%) was predominant in PAO. Enterobaceter ludwigii, Stenotropomonas humi, Zoogloea ramigera, Malikia spinosa and Comamonas denitrificans were the dominant community in SBAR at low temperature, indicated that AGS possessed better NH4+-N and PO43--P removal efficiencies.
引文
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