偶氮还原酶的醌还原活性及其介导脱色应用
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摘要
偶氮染料的生物降解已得到广泛研究,目前已考察了多种不同来源的偶氮还原酶,并利用这些偶氮还原酶基因构建了基因工程菌;但这些胞内过量表达了偶氮还原酶的基因工程茵并没有明显表现出较野生菌更强的脱色能力。本文对偶氮还原酶的醌还原活性及其在偶氮染料介导脱色中的应用展开了研究。
利用NAD(P)H提供电子,AZR可还原醌类化合物。以甲萘醌为底物,AZR醌还原酶的最适pH=8,最适温度为50℃。50℃以下的热处理对AZR的醌还原酶活性基本没有影响。AZR还原甲萘醌的酶促反应遵循双底物乒乓反应机制。研究发现AZR对甲萘醌、2-羟基-1,4-萘醌(lawsone,LQ)、蒽醌-2-磺酸和蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸等萘醌和蒽醌类化合物都具有还原活性,其中甲萘醌为最适底物,但对苯醌没有活性。比较2种辅酶发现,NADPH存在下,AZR的酶活性更高。外加双香豆素是NADPH和甲萘醌的竞争性抑制剂,是甲基红和硝基呋喃的反竞争性抑制剂,抑制常数K_i分别为87.6、51.4、117.7和105.9μmol L~(-1)。
AZR还原醌类化合物遵循两电子的醌还原途径,其在Escherichia coli YB胞内的过量表达可提高细菌对氧化应激的耐受性。
氧化还原介体能加速电子从最初电子供体传递到最终电子受体,从而使反应速率增大一到几个数量级。介体LQ的存在对胞内过量表达醌还原酶AZR的E.coli YB的脱色能力有显著的促进作用,0.2mmol L~(-1)LQ存在下,E.coli YB仅需2h就可使苋菜红(1mmol L~(-1))脱色75%。与LQ相比,甲萘醌对脱色的促进效果较差,2.5mmol L~(-1)甲萘醌存在下脱色70%需12h。LQ作介体时,E.coli YB介导脱色偶氮染料的最佳碳源为葡萄糖,菌的最佳投加量为0.7g L~(-1),E.coli YB对苋菜红的重复介导脱色能力稳定,12h内菌体能连续完成4次脱色。LQ的存在对于结构较复杂的2种偶氮染料酸性大红GR和活性艳红K-2BP的脱色也有促进作用。
酸性红B的脱色代谢物可替代醌类化合物作为氧化原介体加速偶氮染料的脱色。外加10%(v/v)酸性红B(2mmol L~(-1))的脱色代谢物时,7h可脱色苋菜红80%以上。
甲基氢醌预处理对E.coli JM109和厌氧污泥的介导脱色能力都有促进作用。0.5mmol L~(-1)甲基氢醌预处理10min后在0.2mmol L~(-1)LQ存在下,E.coli JM109 3h可脱色苋菜红70%左右,而污泥可在11h内脱色75%以上。
Biodegradation of azo dyes has been widely studied for years. Azoreductases have been identified from various sources. And genes encoding these azoreductases were used to construct gene-engineered strains. However, compared with wild-type strains, no significantly higher decolorization ability was found with these gene-engineered strains overexpressing cellular azoreductases. Quinone-reducing activity of azoreductases and their application in mediated decolorization of azo dyes were studied in this dissertation.
Using NAD(P)H as electron donor, quinone compounds can be reduced by AZR. With menadione as substrate, the optimal pH value and temperature for its quinone reductase activity are 8 and 50℃, respectively. Heat treatment below 50℃has no effect on quinone reductase activity of AZR. The reduction of menadione catalyzed by AZR follows Ping-Pong Bi Bi kinetic mechanism. It was found that AZR can reduce naphthoquinones and anthraquinones including menadione, lawsone, anthraquinone-2-sulfonate and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate. Menadione resulted to be the best substrate for AZR of all the quinones assayed. However, no activity was detected with benzoquinone. Compared with NADH, NADPH is a better electron donor. Externally added dicoumarol is a competitive inhibitor of NADPH and menadione, but an uncompetitive inhibitor of methyl red and nitrofurazone. The inhibition constants for them are 87.6, 51.4, 117.7 and 105.9μmol L~(-1), respectively.
Quinones are reduced by AZR via two-electron reduction. Compared with the control strain, Escherichia coli YB overexpressing cellular AZR demonstrated better oxidative stress resistance.
Redox mediators can accelerate the electron transfer from a primary electron donor to a terminal electron acceptor, which may increase the reaction rates by one to several orders of magnitude. Lawsone is an effective accelerator for azo dye decolorization by E. coli YB overexpressing cellular quinone reductase AZR. In presence of 0.2 mmol L~(-1) lawsone, 75% amaranth (1 mmol L~(-1)) was decolorized in 2 h by E. coli YB. Compared to lawsone, menadione is a less effective mediator. In presence of 2.5 mmol L~(-1) menadione, 70% decolorization was reached in 12 h by E. coli YB. With lawsone as redox mediator, the optimal carbon source and biomass are glucose and 0.7 g L~(-1) respectively for the mediated decolorization by E. coli YB. Repeated mediated decolorization investigation demonstrated that E. coli YB has stable decolorizing ability. Four rounds of repeated decolorization was completed in 12 h. Lawsone can also accelerate the decolorization of azo dyes with complex structures such as acid scarlet GR and reactive brilliant red K-2BP.
Decolorization metabolite of acid red B can replace quinone compounds to act as a redox mediator and accelerate azo dye decolorization. Addition of 10% (v/v) acid red B (2 mmol L~(-1)) decolorization metabolite, more than 80% amaranth was decolorized in 7 h.
Decolorization performances of E. coli JM109 and anaerobic sludge are improved when pretreated with methylhydroquinone. After 0.5 mmol L~(-1) methylhydroquinone pretreatment for 10 min, in presence of 0.2 mmol L~(-1) lawsone, 70% amaranth was decolorized in 3 h by E. coli JM109, while more than 75% amaranth was removed in 11 h by sludge.
利用NAD(P)H提供电子,AZR可还原醌类化合物。以甲萘醌为底物,AZR醌还原酶的最适pH=8,最适温度为50℃。50℃以下的热处理对AZR的醌还原酶活性基本没有影响。AZR还原甲萘醌的酶促反应遵循双底物乒乓反应机制。研究发现AZR对甲萘醌、2-羟基-1,4-萘醌(lawsone,LQ)、蒽醌-2-磺酸和蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸等萘醌和蒽醌类化合物都具有还原活性,其中甲萘醌为最适底物,但对苯醌没有活性。比较2种辅酶发现,NADPH存在下,AZR的酶活性更高。外加双香豆素是NADPH和甲萘醌的竞争性抑制剂,是甲基红和硝基呋喃的反竞争性抑制剂,抑制常数K_i分别为87.6、51.4、117.7和105.9μmol L~(-1)。
AZR还原醌类化合物遵循两电子的醌还原途径,其在Escherichia coli YB胞内的过量表达可提高细菌对氧化应激的耐受性。
氧化还原介体能加速电子从最初电子供体传递到最终电子受体,从而使反应速率增大一到几个数量级。介体LQ的存在对胞内过量表达醌还原酶AZR的E.coli YB的脱色能力有显著的促进作用,0.2mmol L~(-1)LQ存在下,E.coli YB仅需2h就可使苋菜红(1mmol L~(-1))脱色75%。与LQ相比,甲萘醌对脱色的促进效果较差,2.5mmol L~(-1)甲萘醌存在下脱色70%需12h。LQ作介体时,E.coli YB介导脱色偶氮染料的最佳碳源为葡萄糖,菌的最佳投加量为0.7g L~(-1),E.coli YB对苋菜红的重复介导脱色能力稳定,12h内菌体能连续完成4次脱色。LQ的存在对于结构较复杂的2种偶氮染料酸性大红GR和活性艳红K-2BP的脱色也有促进作用。
酸性红B的脱色代谢物可替代醌类化合物作为氧化原介体加速偶氮染料的脱色。外加10%(v/v)酸性红B(2mmol L~(-1))的脱色代谢物时,7h可脱色苋菜红80%以上。
甲基氢醌预处理对E.coli JM109和厌氧污泥的介导脱色能力都有促进作用。0.5mmol L~(-1)甲基氢醌预处理10min后在0.2mmol L~(-1)LQ存在下,E.coli JM109 3h可脱色苋菜红70%左右,而污泥可在11h内脱色75%以上。
Biodegradation of azo dyes has been widely studied for years. Azoreductases have been identified from various sources. And genes encoding these azoreductases were used to construct gene-engineered strains. However, compared with wild-type strains, no significantly higher decolorization ability was found with these gene-engineered strains overexpressing cellular azoreductases. Quinone-reducing activity of azoreductases and their application in mediated decolorization of azo dyes were studied in this dissertation.
Using NAD(P)H as electron donor, quinone compounds can be reduced by AZR. With menadione as substrate, the optimal pH value and temperature for its quinone reductase activity are 8 and 50℃, respectively. Heat treatment below 50℃has no effect on quinone reductase activity of AZR. The reduction of menadione catalyzed by AZR follows Ping-Pong Bi Bi kinetic mechanism. It was found that AZR can reduce naphthoquinones and anthraquinones including menadione, lawsone, anthraquinone-2-sulfonate and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate. Menadione resulted to be the best substrate for AZR of all the quinones assayed. However, no activity was detected with benzoquinone. Compared with NADH, NADPH is a better electron donor. Externally added dicoumarol is a competitive inhibitor of NADPH and menadione, but an uncompetitive inhibitor of methyl red and nitrofurazone. The inhibition constants for them are 87.6, 51.4, 117.7 and 105.9μmol L~(-1), respectively.
Quinones are reduced by AZR via two-electron reduction. Compared with the control strain, Escherichia coli YB overexpressing cellular AZR demonstrated better oxidative stress resistance.
Redox mediators can accelerate the electron transfer from a primary electron donor to a terminal electron acceptor, which may increase the reaction rates by one to several orders of magnitude. Lawsone is an effective accelerator for azo dye decolorization by E. coli YB overexpressing cellular quinone reductase AZR. In presence of 0.2 mmol L~(-1) lawsone, 75% amaranth (1 mmol L~(-1)) was decolorized in 2 h by E. coli YB. Compared to lawsone, menadione is a less effective mediator. In presence of 2.5 mmol L~(-1) menadione, 70% decolorization was reached in 12 h by E. coli YB. With lawsone as redox mediator, the optimal carbon source and biomass are glucose and 0.7 g L~(-1) respectively for the mediated decolorization by E. coli YB. Repeated mediated decolorization investigation demonstrated that E. coli YB has stable decolorizing ability. Four rounds of repeated decolorization was completed in 12 h. Lawsone can also accelerate the decolorization of azo dyes with complex structures such as acid scarlet GR and reactive brilliant red K-2BP.
Decolorization metabolite of acid red B can replace quinone compounds to act as a redox mediator and accelerate azo dye decolorization. Addition of 10% (v/v) acid red B (2 mmol L~(-1)) decolorization metabolite, more than 80% amaranth was decolorized in 7 h.
Decolorization performances of E. coli JM109 and anaerobic sludge are improved when pretreated with methylhydroquinone. After 0.5 mmol L~(-1) methylhydroquinone pretreatment for 10 min, in presence of 0.2 mmol L~(-1) lawsone, 70% amaranth was decolorized in 3 h by E. coli JM109, while more than 75% amaranth was removed in 11 h by sludge.
引文
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