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吉林玉米带黑土的物理肥力特性研究
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摘要
针对调查中发现的问题——玉米连作黑土在不同的耕作制度下所形成两种不同构型剖面(“平面型”剖面和“波浪型”剖面),对玉米产量有显著影响。本文以吉林省中部玉米带黑土为供试土壤,重点研究了玉米连作黑土不同剖面构型的物理肥力特性,讨论了不同耕作制度下土壤物理性质与土壤侵蚀的关系,并结合具体试验明确不同剖面构型的水分特征及其对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:
     (1)“平面型”剖面构造比“波浪型”剖面的土壤结构优良,大小团聚体比例适当,具有协调的水气和水肥关系,而且更有利于土壤有机质的保持,土壤物理肥力水平较高。
     相关分析表明:>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量、有效水分、比表面、土壤质地等标志土壤肥力的物理性质与产量和有机质含量之间具有显著的正相关关系。并且分析表明,深层的土壤物理性质在玉米的生长过程中起着重要的作用。通过产量与物理性粘粒、比表面和有效水含量的多元回归分析,回归方程为:复相关系数R=0.8005>R_(0.01),均达到极显著水平,而且具有很好的单相关性。良好的土壤物理性质有利于提高土壤肥力,促进玉米高产。
     (2)不合理的耕作制度是造成土壤侵蚀的重要原因,而坡地土壤侵蚀又是造成土壤质量退化的主要原因。不同的耕作制度下,土壤的抗侵蚀性有较大的差异,“平面型”剖面的侵蚀率平均为2.88,“波浪型”剖面的侵蚀率平均为3.17。不同的剖面构型对土壤的持水性、渗透性等影响较大。“波浪型”剖面由于构造特点,在土壤结构性上较差,在北方春季气候条件下容易发生风蚀,在雨季又易产生水蚀现象。而“平面型”剖面构造具有良好的土壤结构,大小孔隙比例适当,改善了土壤的通透性,增加了土壤水分渗透的速率,减少了雨水径流,提高了土壤蓄水能力,能够接纳更多的雨水,形成较大的“天然土壤水库”。
     (3)“平面型”剖面耕层土壤比“波浪型”剖面耕层具有更大的持水和蓄水能力,接纳降雨能力较强;“波浪型”剖面耕层土壤的耗水量比“平面型”剖面的大,特别是后期,易发生水分亏缺现象。从作物生育时期降雨量分析来看,
    
    对于“平面型”剖面来说略有盈余,而“波浪型”却出现亏缺。因此,“波浪型’,
    剖面耕层土壤比“平面型”剖面更容易发生干旱现象,这可能是黑土区土壤易出
    现干旱现象的主要原因。在这种现象的作用下,使玉米生长过度依靠年度降水,
    将会出现年际产量的高波动性。
     (4)玉米带黑土的比重值较小,建议在以后的应用中,耕层土壤比
    重值采用2.53,犁底层比重值为2.65比较合适。
     (5)通过比较分析,仅就耕层而言,“平面型”剖面耕层与“波浪型”剖
    面耕层的土壤物理肥力特性如孔隙度、容重等,并没有太大实质性差异,产生肥
    力差异的主要原因是土壤耕层疏松土壤容积的不同。“平面型”剖面构型耕层深
    厚,耕层疏松土壤容积大,作物的抗逆性增强。
To the problem found in the investigation--different profile morphological
    characteristics ("flat type" section and " wavy type" section ) under continuous cultivation of corn formed under different tillage conditions have significant influence to corn yield, this paper systemically studied the phaeozem physical fertility characteristics of the different soil profile constitutions of the corn belt in Jilin and discussed the relationship between the soil physical properties and soil erosion under different tillage conditions. At the same time, by making use of concrete experimentation, we clear moisture characteristics and influences under different profile morphological characteristics. The results show that:
    (1) Soil construction of " flat type" section is better than that of " wavy type" section. In " flat type" section, the proportion of aggregates is more appropriate, which doesn't only have the coordination relation between soil water and air and soil fertility, but also has more benefit to the soil organic matter's maintaining. Physical fertility of soil is higher.
    Based on the relative analysis: The soil physical properties marking the soil fertility are significantly relative with both corn yield and soil organic matter. These properties include contents of >0.25 mm water stable aggregates, contents of micro-aggregates, pore space, and soil texture, specific surface area, etc. In addition, since the partial correlation to the contents of physical clay, specific surface area, available water content is highly significant, the regressive equation is: yY=-8.6197+0.3145xp.c+0.0649xs.A+0.0021xA.w and coefficient is R=0.8005, and it shows the significant the single relativity. Better soil physical properties are beneficial to enhance the soil fertility and promote the higher yield of corn.
    (2) The unreasonable farming system is an important reason that result in soil erosion, and the soil erosion is a main reason that result in soil quality's degradation. There are more differences of the soil anti-erosion in the different farming system: the average rate of " flat type" section is 2.88, and the average rate of " wavy type" section is 3.17. Different soil profile constitution has more intensive influences to water holding capability of soil and soil lateral rate. Because of the structure
    
    
    characteristics, " wavy type" section is bad. Wind erosion under northern spring weather and water erosion in the rainy season easily happen. But "flat type" section has better soil structure and appropriate pore ratio, which improved the soil permeability, reduced soil erosion, and increased soil water storage capability. All of these will make "flat type" section accept more rainfall and form the bigger "natural soil reservoir".
    (3) The capability of holding and sluicing the water in "flat type" section is larger than that in "wavy type" section. At the same time, accepting the rainfall ability is stronger. The corn water-consumption of "wavy type" section cultivated horizon is bigger than that of "flat type" section. Soil water could appear shortage in "wavy type" section, especially in the post period. Through measuring rainfall contents of growing the season, the rain of the "flat type" section is slightly surplus, but that of the "wavy type" section is shortage. Therefore, "wavy type" section cultivated horizon may occur drier phenomenon much easier than "flat type" section. This may be the main reason why drier phenomena easily happen in phaeozem. Under this kind of the phenomena, corn growth excessive depends on the rainfall of a year, and it will appear the high motion to the year's yield.
    (4) Soil specific gravity of the corn belt phaeozem is smaller. We suggest that the value of cultivated horizon is 2.53, and the value of plow pan is 2.65.
    (5) Pass to compare the analysis, physical fertility of cultivated horizon in the "flat type" section and the "wavy type" section have no a too much difference, such as soil structure, soil bulk density, pore space, etc, The real reason of different fertility is different
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