生态现代化与气候谈判
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摘要
全球气候变化是当今世界面临最严峻的全球性挑战之一。在国际气候治理中欧盟采取了积极的政策立场,成为全球减排行动中最主要的推动者,并发挥领导带头作用。特别是2001年美国退出《京都议定书》之后,面对世界上唯一超级大国和最大温室气体排放者的放弃甚至抵制,欧盟不但没有放弃反而积极奔走斡旋最终使议定书得以生效。那么,决定欧盟国际气候谈判立场的因素有哪些?其在国际气候谈判中采取积极立场并发挥领导带头作用的深层次动因有哪些?
本文从生态现代化理论视角出发,遵循以利益为基础的分析路径,对上述问题进行了剖析。生态现代化理论的核心理念就是环境保护与经济发展二者之间并不矛盾和对立,在适当和正确的政策指引下二者可以实现协同发展和双赢,环境保护不是经济活动的负担,而是未来可持续增长的前提。采取严格的环境政策和较高的环境标准不会伤害经济竞争力,反而会促进技术革新,形成领导型市场,促进生态产业的发展,通过环境技术和环境政策的扩散赢得更大的经济利益。全球气候变化严重制约了人类社会发展道路和手段的选择,走向低碳经济已经成为全球共识。本文认为,正是基于对走向低碳经济以及采取积极先驱政策能够带来巨大经济收益的强烈预期,欧盟采取了积极的气候政策和国际气候谈判立场。首先,生态现代化理念影响了欧盟在国际气候治理中的利益认知和利益界定,促使欧盟采取了积极的先驱政策；其次,欧盟采取的生态现代化战略给欧盟带来的生态现代化收益强化了生态现代化理念的影响,成为欧盟采取积极气候政策立场的深层次经济根源与内在动力；再次,欧盟内部的气候治理成效,亦即欧盟的生态现代化成效奠定了欧盟积极国际气候谈判立场的内部基础,为欧盟在国际气候治理中“通过榜样与示范发挥领导作用”提供了国际信用和合法性,而这种生态现代化成效也进一步强化了生态现代化理念对欧盟气候政策的影响,推动了欧盟采取积极的气候政策立场。
具体而言,本文把上述三个变量(生态现代化理念、生态现代化收益、生态现代化成效)作为自变量,运用生态现代化理论来分析这三个变量与欧盟国际气候谈判立场(因变量)之间的互动关系,从而揭示这些因素影响欧盟气候政策及其国际气候谈判立场的路径与方式。
以上研究路径决定了本文所采取的主要架构。本文分为六大部分,第一部分是导言,提出了所要研究的问题,分析了国内外研究现状,然后在现有研究的基础上提出了自己的研究视角,界定了研究对象并提出本文的主要研究方法。第二部分为本文的理论阐释部分,主要是在阐述全球气候变化问题的科学性与严重影响的基础上,简要阐释了应对和解决环境问题的主要思潮和理论,进而阐述生态现代化理论的核心观点和理论框架,在理论阐释的基础上提出了本文的理论分析框架、主要变量与研究假设。第三部分是一种背景介绍,从历史演变的视角对国际气候谈判的发展历程以及欧盟国际气候谈判立场变迁进行梳理,同时分析了欧盟国际气候谈判立场的决策程序以及相关机制,以便为分析和探讨影响欧盟国际气候谈判立场的因素提供一个制度背景。第四部分是本文的主体,分为三章。第三章“生态现代化理念与欧盟的国际气候谈判立场”,首先从理论上剖析了生态现代化理念的政策导向,然后通过对欧盟气候政策文件与欧盟相关领导人言论的话语分析以及对欧盟气候政策措施的分析,从理论上阐释了生态现代化理念对欧盟气候政策及其国际气候谈判立场的影响及其路径。第四章“生态现代化收益与欧盟的国际气候谈判立场”。首先从一般意义上概述了应对气候变化过程中的生态现代化收益对一个国家(集团)气候政策立场的重要影响,然后着重从理论和事实两方面论述了利益考量在欧盟整个气候战略中的重要影响以及应对气候变化在欧盟里斯本战略与可持续发展战略中的地位,在此基础上阐述了生态现代化收益对欧盟气候政策立场选择的重要影响及其路径,最后通过气候变化减缓技术、生态产业以及能源效率提高与可再生能源发展三个指标对欧盟在应对气候变化过程中的生态现代化收益与美国和日本的收益进行了量化比较分析,以此对欧盟在气候治理行动中的生态现代化收益有了一个定量判断,然后据此来证实生态现代化收益与欧盟应对气候变化的积极政策立场之间的相关关系。第五章“生态现代化成效与欧盟的国际气候谈判立场”,首先从理论上分析了欧盟气候治理内部行动与国际行动之间的相互影响关系,然后分析了欧盟内部生态现代化成效(气候治理成效)对欧盟国际气候谈判立场的重要影响,最后通过对欧盟气候治理的环境成效与经济成效以及欧盟本身的生态现代化指数与美国和日本的量化比较,来证实生态现代化成效与欧盟积极气候政策立场之间的相关性。第五部分案例分析,本文主要分析后京都国际气候谈判立场的形成,也就是2007-2008年欧盟“20/20/20”战略的形成,具体剖析欧盟国际气候谈判立场形成的背景,过程以及影响因素,由此来看本文提出的三个分析变量是否影响了欧盟后京都国际气候谈判立场的形成。第六部分是结论。主要就本文提出的研究性假设及案例分析结果进行归纳总结,然后在此基础上,对欧盟的生态现代化战略进行了简要评析,并提出了欧盟气候战略对我国气候治理的几点启示。
通过理论论证和量化分析,本文得出的结论是：第一,生态现代化理念影响了欧盟在气候变化问题上的利益认知和利益界定,促使欧盟在国际气候治理中采取了积极政策立场。生态现代化理念使欧盟认为采取积极的先驱政策可以为欧盟带来先行者优势,并赢得未来低碳经济的主导权,最终为欧盟带来巨大收益。生态现代化理念为欧盟在气候变化问题上提供了行动路线图,为协调欧盟各种利益集团与成员国之间的利益充当了一种焦点和黏合剂,并且嵌入欧盟的气候制度当中影响了欧盟的政策选择；第二,通过明确坚定的减排行动促进欧盟低碳技术的革新并使之成功市场化,打造气候变化领域的“领导型市场”,发展新兴生态产业,通过提高能源效率和发展可再生能源节约经济成本并提高能源安全,这些都是欧盟制定积极气候政策的重大利益考量,也是欧盟里斯本战略和可持续发展战略的核心理念。而欧盟的气候治理行动也确实为欧盟赢得了较高的生态现代化收益,与美国和日本相比,欧盟在气候变化减缓技术、生态产业以及能源效率提高与可再生能源发展导致的经济节约与能源安全的提升这三大方面都获得了相对较高的收益,这种生态现代化收益强化了生态现代化理念对欧盟气候政策立场的影响,生态现代化理念与生态现代化收益形成了一种良性相互强化关系,成为欧盟采取积极气候政策立场的深层次经济根源和内在动力；第三,生态现代化成效奠定了欧盟“通过榜样与示范进行领导”的内在基础,为欧盟采取积极的气候政策立场赢得了国际信誉。与美国和日本相比,欧盟气候治理取得了相对较好的环境和经济成效,并且,整体而言,欧盟经济社会的生态现代化程度要高于美日。这种生态现代化成效强化了生态现代化理念对欧盟气候政策的影响,生态现代化理念与生态现代化成效形成了一种良性相互强化关系,推动欧盟采取积极的气候政策立场。较高的生态现代化成效与欧盟积极的气候政策立场之间存在明显的正相关关系。
当然,欧盟的气候政策立场是一个多种因素复杂作用的结果,影响欧盟气候政策立场的因素不仅仅在于上述三个变量,本文的研究主要意在揭示欧盟积极气候政策立场背后的生态现代化理念以及这种理念影响下的生态现代化收益与其气候治理成效的重大影响,亦即欧盟采取积极政策立场的经济利益动机。而这种应对气候变化的理念与战略可以给其他国家带来许多重要的启示和值得借鉴的方面。
Global climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing humankind in the contemporary world. The European Union (EU) has played leading role and become the most important pusher to reduce greenhouse gas emmissons by taking proactive policies in the international climate governance. Especially, when the Uinted States withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in March 2001, EU, facing up to the withdrawl even resistance of the United States, did not give up but tried hard to rescue the Protocol actively so that the Protocol evetually entered into force in 2005. Therefore, this thesis hypothesizes that there must be a myriad factors that have been influencing EU positions and attitudes towards the international climate negotiations. However, what are they and how to act? What factor is the most important and decisive one? What is the deep motivation inducing the EU to take these positions and policies? These puzzles are the major research questions that the author would like to explain and answer in this thesis.
From the viewpoint of ecological modernization theory, the author analyzes these questions basing on interest-based explanation. The core concept of ecological modernization theory lies on that there is no contradiction and confrontation between environmental protection and economic growth. In fact, under the guidance of an appropriate and smart policy, we can realize win-win result of environmental protection and economic growth. Environmental protection is not the burden of economic ations but one important prerequisite of sustainable growth in the future. Strict environmental policies and higher environmental standards would not hurt the economic competitiveness but would promote technological innovations, create the lead markets, increase the development of eco-industry, and gain greater economic benefits through the international diffusion of environmental technologies and environmental policies. Global climate change has seriously restricted the development of human society; therefore, a low-carbon economy has become a global consensus. The author argues that the EU takes active climate policies and positions in international climate negotiations because the EU believes that a low-carbon society and a more proactive environmental policy would bring huge economic benefits. Firstly, ecological modernization idea influences EU's interest cognition and definition in international climate governance, and induces the EU to adopt an active pioneering policy. Secondly, EU's ecological modernization strategy has brought huge benefits, which strengths the influence of ecological modernization idea and becomes the deep motivation of EU's implement of an active climate policy. Thirdly, the successful climate governance inside the EU becomes the internal foundation for the EU to take proactive international positions and provides international credibility and legitimacy for the EU to play a leading role by "leadership by example" in international climate governance.
In this thesis, the author considers the above mentioned three variables (ecological modernization idea, ecological modernization gains, and ecological modernization effects) as the independent variables, which influence EU's policies and positions in the international climate negotiations (the dependent variable). The author would like to explore the path and method by which the independent variables influence the dependent variable from the viewpoint of ecological modernization theory.
This thesis consists of six parts. The first part is the introduction which refers to the main research questions, literature review, main conceptions and ideas in this dissertation, methodology and thesis framework. In the second part, the author introduces the theoretical framework used to analyze the scientific facts and the consequences of global climate change, and the main environmental political theory to tackle ecological problems. After that, the author presents analytical framework, major variables and research hypotheses basing on exploring the central propositions and theoretical framework of ecological modernization theory. As the research background, the third part delineates the process of development and evolution of the international climate negotiations, EU's climate policies and its positions in this process from a historical perspective, and meanwhile analyzes EU's decision-making procedures and institutions of the climate policy and position. As the main body, the fourth part contains three chapters, and tries to analyze and test the research hypotheses presented in part two. The first chapter aims at theoretical analysis on how the ecological modernization idea influences EU's positions in the international climate negotiations through discourse analysis of EU's climate policies documents, EU leaders'speeches on climate change issue, and EU's specific climate policies and measures. The second chapter focuses on the influence of ecological modernization gains towards EU's climate policies and positions. First of all, the author describes the general influences of ecological modernization gains on climate change positions of a country. Then, the author analyzes paths and methods by which ecological modernization gains influence the EU's positions. Finally, the author quantifies the EU's ecological modernization gains through the following three indicators:climate change mitigation technologies, eco-industry, and energy efficiency increase and renewable energy development, and compare these indicators with the United States'and Japan's to prove that the more ecological modernization gains one country or group gets, the more proactive policy and position one country or group has, which reveals the correlation between the ecological modernization gains and EU's positions in international climate negotiations. The third chapter refers to the influences of the successful climate governance inside the EU towards EU's positions in international climate negotiations. The author first generalizes the correlation between internal action and external position in the process of EU's climate governance. Then, the author reveals the correlation between ecological modernization effects and EU's positions in international climate negotiations through the quantitative comparisons of EU's ecological modernization effects and the US' and Japan's. The fifth part is a case study. The author would like to test the correlation between three independent variables and the dependent variable through the EU's position formation in international climate negations in Post-Kyoto period. The author explores the backgroud and process of formation of EU's position in international climate negotiations in Post-Kyoto. At last, it is the conclusion of this thesis. The author sums up the research results of this thesis. Then, the author gives concise review on EU's ecological modernization strategy and presents several implication of EU's climate strategy for China's climate governance.
The author comes to a conclusion via research. First of all, ecological modernization idea influences the EU's interest cognition and definition in international climate governance. This idea makes the EU believe that the poineering policy would bring it the first-mover advantages and huge benefits in international climate governance and gain the dominant position in the future low-carbon economic era. The ecological modernization idea also provides action road maps for the EU, serves as focal points and glue to coordinate the interests of a variety of interest groups and member states, and influences EU's position through embedding in EU's institutions. Secondly, to create the lead markets in the field of climate change and develop new eco-industries through clear and firm action to reduce emissions, to save the economic costs and increase energy support security through improving the energy efficiency and developing renewable energy, are both the significant interests consideration of EU climate policy and the core idea of EU's Lisbon Strategy and sustainable development strategy. Compared with the United States and Japan, the EU obtains relatively high gains in the climate change mitigation technologies, eco-industries and energy efficiency and renewable energy. The ecological modernization gains enhance the influence of ecological modernization idea towards EU's climate policies and positions. These two factors mutually reinforce and become the deep motivation and economic driving force of EU's proactive climate policies and positions. Thirdly, ecological modernization effects lay the internal foundation for the strategy of EU's "leadship by example" and win the international reputation for the EU to take proactive climate policies and position. Compared with the United States and Japan, the EU obtains relatively high economic and environmental effects. The ecological modernization of EU's economy and society is also higher than the United States'and Japan's. The ecological modernization effects enhance the influence of ecological modernization idea towards the EU's climate policies and position. These two factors mutually reinforce and stimulate the EU to take proactive climate policies and positions.
In fact, besides three variables mentioned above, there are other factors influencing EU's policies and positions in international climate negotiations. However, this thesis mainly tries to explain EU's policies and positions in the viewpoint of ecological modernization theory, and emphasizes the economic benefits motivation of EU's proactive climate policies and positions. The author believes that this kind of cliamte governance idea and strategy can also bring many important implications and lessons for other countries or groups.
本文从生态现代化理论视角出发,遵循以利益为基础的分析路径,对上述问题进行了剖析。生态现代化理论的核心理念就是环境保护与经济发展二者之间并不矛盾和对立,在适当和正确的政策指引下二者可以实现协同发展和双赢,环境保护不是经济活动的负担,而是未来可持续增长的前提。采取严格的环境政策和较高的环境标准不会伤害经济竞争力,反而会促进技术革新,形成领导型市场,促进生态产业的发展,通过环境技术和环境政策的扩散赢得更大的经济利益。全球气候变化严重制约了人类社会发展道路和手段的选择,走向低碳经济已经成为全球共识。本文认为,正是基于对走向低碳经济以及采取积极先驱政策能够带来巨大经济收益的强烈预期,欧盟采取了积极的气候政策和国际气候谈判立场。首先,生态现代化理念影响了欧盟在国际气候治理中的利益认知和利益界定,促使欧盟采取了积极的先驱政策；其次,欧盟采取的生态现代化战略给欧盟带来的生态现代化收益强化了生态现代化理念的影响,成为欧盟采取积极气候政策立场的深层次经济根源与内在动力；再次,欧盟内部的气候治理成效,亦即欧盟的生态现代化成效奠定了欧盟积极国际气候谈判立场的内部基础,为欧盟在国际气候治理中“通过榜样与示范发挥领导作用”提供了国际信用和合法性,而这种生态现代化成效也进一步强化了生态现代化理念对欧盟气候政策的影响,推动了欧盟采取积极的气候政策立场。
具体而言,本文把上述三个变量(生态现代化理念、生态现代化收益、生态现代化成效)作为自变量,运用生态现代化理论来分析这三个变量与欧盟国际气候谈判立场(因变量)之间的互动关系,从而揭示这些因素影响欧盟气候政策及其国际气候谈判立场的路径与方式。
以上研究路径决定了本文所采取的主要架构。本文分为六大部分,第一部分是导言,提出了所要研究的问题,分析了国内外研究现状,然后在现有研究的基础上提出了自己的研究视角,界定了研究对象并提出本文的主要研究方法。第二部分为本文的理论阐释部分,主要是在阐述全球气候变化问题的科学性与严重影响的基础上,简要阐释了应对和解决环境问题的主要思潮和理论,进而阐述生态现代化理论的核心观点和理论框架,在理论阐释的基础上提出了本文的理论分析框架、主要变量与研究假设。第三部分是一种背景介绍,从历史演变的视角对国际气候谈判的发展历程以及欧盟国际气候谈判立场变迁进行梳理,同时分析了欧盟国际气候谈判立场的决策程序以及相关机制,以便为分析和探讨影响欧盟国际气候谈判立场的因素提供一个制度背景。第四部分是本文的主体,分为三章。第三章“生态现代化理念与欧盟的国际气候谈判立场”,首先从理论上剖析了生态现代化理念的政策导向,然后通过对欧盟气候政策文件与欧盟相关领导人言论的话语分析以及对欧盟气候政策措施的分析,从理论上阐释了生态现代化理念对欧盟气候政策及其国际气候谈判立场的影响及其路径。第四章“生态现代化收益与欧盟的国际气候谈判立场”。首先从一般意义上概述了应对气候变化过程中的生态现代化收益对一个国家(集团)气候政策立场的重要影响,然后着重从理论和事实两方面论述了利益考量在欧盟整个气候战略中的重要影响以及应对气候变化在欧盟里斯本战略与可持续发展战略中的地位,在此基础上阐述了生态现代化收益对欧盟气候政策立场选择的重要影响及其路径,最后通过气候变化减缓技术、生态产业以及能源效率提高与可再生能源发展三个指标对欧盟在应对气候变化过程中的生态现代化收益与美国和日本的收益进行了量化比较分析,以此对欧盟在气候治理行动中的生态现代化收益有了一个定量判断,然后据此来证实生态现代化收益与欧盟应对气候变化的积极政策立场之间的相关关系。第五章“生态现代化成效与欧盟的国际气候谈判立场”,首先从理论上分析了欧盟气候治理内部行动与国际行动之间的相互影响关系,然后分析了欧盟内部生态现代化成效(气候治理成效)对欧盟国际气候谈判立场的重要影响,最后通过对欧盟气候治理的环境成效与经济成效以及欧盟本身的生态现代化指数与美国和日本的量化比较,来证实生态现代化成效与欧盟积极气候政策立场之间的相关性。第五部分案例分析,本文主要分析后京都国际气候谈判立场的形成,也就是2007-2008年欧盟“20/20/20”战略的形成,具体剖析欧盟国际气候谈判立场形成的背景,过程以及影响因素,由此来看本文提出的三个分析变量是否影响了欧盟后京都国际气候谈判立场的形成。第六部分是结论。主要就本文提出的研究性假设及案例分析结果进行归纳总结,然后在此基础上,对欧盟的生态现代化战略进行了简要评析,并提出了欧盟气候战略对我国气候治理的几点启示。
通过理论论证和量化分析,本文得出的结论是：第一,生态现代化理念影响了欧盟在气候变化问题上的利益认知和利益界定,促使欧盟在国际气候治理中采取了积极政策立场。生态现代化理念使欧盟认为采取积极的先驱政策可以为欧盟带来先行者优势,并赢得未来低碳经济的主导权,最终为欧盟带来巨大收益。生态现代化理念为欧盟在气候变化问题上提供了行动路线图,为协调欧盟各种利益集团与成员国之间的利益充当了一种焦点和黏合剂,并且嵌入欧盟的气候制度当中影响了欧盟的政策选择；第二,通过明确坚定的减排行动促进欧盟低碳技术的革新并使之成功市场化,打造气候变化领域的“领导型市场”,发展新兴生态产业,通过提高能源效率和发展可再生能源节约经济成本并提高能源安全,这些都是欧盟制定积极气候政策的重大利益考量,也是欧盟里斯本战略和可持续发展战略的核心理念。而欧盟的气候治理行动也确实为欧盟赢得了较高的生态现代化收益,与美国和日本相比,欧盟在气候变化减缓技术、生态产业以及能源效率提高与可再生能源发展导致的经济节约与能源安全的提升这三大方面都获得了相对较高的收益,这种生态现代化收益强化了生态现代化理念对欧盟气候政策立场的影响,生态现代化理念与生态现代化收益形成了一种良性相互强化关系,成为欧盟采取积极气候政策立场的深层次经济根源和内在动力；第三,生态现代化成效奠定了欧盟“通过榜样与示范进行领导”的内在基础,为欧盟采取积极的气候政策立场赢得了国际信誉。与美国和日本相比,欧盟气候治理取得了相对较好的环境和经济成效,并且,整体而言,欧盟经济社会的生态现代化程度要高于美日。这种生态现代化成效强化了生态现代化理念对欧盟气候政策的影响,生态现代化理念与生态现代化成效形成了一种良性相互强化关系,推动欧盟采取积极的气候政策立场。较高的生态现代化成效与欧盟积极的气候政策立场之间存在明显的正相关关系。
当然,欧盟的气候政策立场是一个多种因素复杂作用的结果,影响欧盟气候政策立场的因素不仅仅在于上述三个变量,本文的研究主要意在揭示欧盟积极气候政策立场背后的生态现代化理念以及这种理念影响下的生态现代化收益与其气候治理成效的重大影响,亦即欧盟采取积极政策立场的经济利益动机。而这种应对气候变化的理念与战略可以给其他国家带来许多重要的启示和值得借鉴的方面。
Global climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing humankind in the contemporary world. The European Union (EU) has played leading role and become the most important pusher to reduce greenhouse gas emmissons by taking proactive policies in the international climate governance. Especially, when the Uinted States withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol in March 2001, EU, facing up to the withdrawl even resistance of the United States, did not give up but tried hard to rescue the Protocol actively so that the Protocol evetually entered into force in 2005. Therefore, this thesis hypothesizes that there must be a myriad factors that have been influencing EU positions and attitudes towards the international climate negotiations. However, what are they and how to act? What factor is the most important and decisive one? What is the deep motivation inducing the EU to take these positions and policies? These puzzles are the major research questions that the author would like to explain and answer in this thesis.
From the viewpoint of ecological modernization theory, the author analyzes these questions basing on interest-based explanation. The core concept of ecological modernization theory lies on that there is no contradiction and confrontation between environmental protection and economic growth. In fact, under the guidance of an appropriate and smart policy, we can realize win-win result of environmental protection and economic growth. Environmental protection is not the burden of economic ations but one important prerequisite of sustainable growth in the future. Strict environmental policies and higher environmental standards would not hurt the economic competitiveness but would promote technological innovations, create the lead markets, increase the development of eco-industry, and gain greater economic benefits through the international diffusion of environmental technologies and environmental policies. Global climate change has seriously restricted the development of human society; therefore, a low-carbon economy has become a global consensus. The author argues that the EU takes active climate policies and positions in international climate negotiations because the EU believes that a low-carbon society and a more proactive environmental policy would bring huge economic benefits. Firstly, ecological modernization idea influences EU's interest cognition and definition in international climate governance, and induces the EU to adopt an active pioneering policy. Secondly, EU's ecological modernization strategy has brought huge benefits, which strengths the influence of ecological modernization idea and becomes the deep motivation of EU's implement of an active climate policy. Thirdly, the successful climate governance inside the EU becomes the internal foundation for the EU to take proactive international positions and provides international credibility and legitimacy for the EU to play a leading role by "leadership by example" in international climate governance.
In this thesis, the author considers the above mentioned three variables (ecological modernization idea, ecological modernization gains, and ecological modernization effects) as the independent variables, which influence EU's policies and positions in the international climate negotiations (the dependent variable). The author would like to explore the path and method by which the independent variables influence the dependent variable from the viewpoint of ecological modernization theory.
This thesis consists of six parts. The first part is the introduction which refers to the main research questions, literature review, main conceptions and ideas in this dissertation, methodology and thesis framework. In the second part, the author introduces the theoretical framework used to analyze the scientific facts and the consequences of global climate change, and the main environmental political theory to tackle ecological problems. After that, the author presents analytical framework, major variables and research hypotheses basing on exploring the central propositions and theoretical framework of ecological modernization theory. As the research background, the third part delineates the process of development and evolution of the international climate negotiations, EU's climate policies and its positions in this process from a historical perspective, and meanwhile analyzes EU's decision-making procedures and institutions of the climate policy and position. As the main body, the fourth part contains three chapters, and tries to analyze and test the research hypotheses presented in part two. The first chapter aims at theoretical analysis on how the ecological modernization idea influences EU's positions in the international climate negotiations through discourse analysis of EU's climate policies documents, EU leaders'speeches on climate change issue, and EU's specific climate policies and measures. The second chapter focuses on the influence of ecological modernization gains towards EU's climate policies and positions. First of all, the author describes the general influences of ecological modernization gains on climate change positions of a country. Then, the author analyzes paths and methods by which ecological modernization gains influence the EU's positions. Finally, the author quantifies the EU's ecological modernization gains through the following three indicators:climate change mitigation technologies, eco-industry, and energy efficiency increase and renewable energy development, and compare these indicators with the United States'and Japan's to prove that the more ecological modernization gains one country or group gets, the more proactive policy and position one country or group has, which reveals the correlation between the ecological modernization gains and EU's positions in international climate negotiations. The third chapter refers to the influences of the successful climate governance inside the EU towards EU's positions in international climate negotiations. The author first generalizes the correlation between internal action and external position in the process of EU's climate governance. Then, the author reveals the correlation between ecological modernization effects and EU's positions in international climate negotiations through the quantitative comparisons of EU's ecological modernization effects and the US' and Japan's. The fifth part is a case study. The author would like to test the correlation between three independent variables and the dependent variable through the EU's position formation in international climate negations in Post-Kyoto period. The author explores the backgroud and process of formation of EU's position in international climate negotiations in Post-Kyoto. At last, it is the conclusion of this thesis. The author sums up the research results of this thesis. Then, the author gives concise review on EU's ecological modernization strategy and presents several implication of EU's climate strategy for China's climate governance.
The author comes to a conclusion via research. First of all, ecological modernization idea influences the EU's interest cognition and definition in international climate governance. This idea makes the EU believe that the poineering policy would bring it the first-mover advantages and huge benefits in international climate governance and gain the dominant position in the future low-carbon economic era. The ecological modernization idea also provides action road maps for the EU, serves as focal points and glue to coordinate the interests of a variety of interest groups and member states, and influences EU's position through embedding in EU's institutions. Secondly, to create the lead markets in the field of climate change and develop new eco-industries through clear and firm action to reduce emissions, to save the economic costs and increase energy support security through improving the energy efficiency and developing renewable energy, are both the significant interests consideration of EU climate policy and the core idea of EU's Lisbon Strategy and sustainable development strategy. Compared with the United States and Japan, the EU obtains relatively high gains in the climate change mitigation technologies, eco-industries and energy efficiency and renewable energy. The ecological modernization gains enhance the influence of ecological modernization idea towards EU's climate policies and positions. These two factors mutually reinforce and become the deep motivation and economic driving force of EU's proactive climate policies and positions. Thirdly, ecological modernization effects lay the internal foundation for the strategy of EU's "leadship by example" and win the international reputation for the EU to take proactive climate policies and position. Compared with the United States and Japan, the EU obtains relatively high economic and environmental effects. The ecological modernization of EU's economy and society is also higher than the United States'and Japan's. The ecological modernization effects enhance the influence of ecological modernization idea towards the EU's climate policies and position. These two factors mutually reinforce and stimulate the EU to take proactive climate policies and positions.
In fact, besides three variables mentioned above, there are other factors influencing EU's policies and positions in international climate negotiations. However, this thesis mainly tries to explain EU's policies and positions in the viewpoint of ecological modernization theory, and emphasizes the economic benefits motivation of EU's proactive climate policies and positions. The author believes that this kind of cliamte governance idea and strategy can also bring many important implications and lessons for other countries or groups.
引文
①对于气候变化问题,在国际政治议程和学术界有两个经常交互使用的词：“气候变化(climate change)"与“全球变暖(global warming)",事实上,当前人们所理解的“气候变化”主要是指“全球变暖”,这两个词虽然有时交互使用,但还是有些差别。“气候变化”是个相对中性的词,它的指涉范围要比“全球变暖”更大。科学意义上的气候变化是指气候平均状态统计学意义上的巨大改变或者持续较长一段时间(典型的为10年或更长)的气候变动。政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)对气候变化的定义是气候随着时间推移发生的任何变化,无论是由于自然因素还是人类活动。而《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)对“气候变化”的定义是“指除在类似时期内所观测的气候的自然变异之外,由于直接或间接的人类活动改变了地球大气的组成而造成的气候变化”,它主要强调人类活动引发了地球气候系统的变化；而“全球变暖”主要指由于温室气体排放引发温室效应而导致全球气温上升的趋势,它是气候变化的最主要特征。本文除非特别说明,采用UNFCCC的定义。
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① Steve Vanderheiden ed.. Political Theory and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press.2008.
② Paul G Harris ed., Climate Change and American Foreign Policy, New York:St. Martin's Press,2000. Unachievable Commitments, New York:State University of New York Press,2006.
③ Loren R. Cass, The Failures of American and European Climate Policy:International Norms, Domestic Politics and
④ Arild Moe and Kristian Tangen, The Kyoto Mechanisms and Russian Climate Politics, London:Royal Institute of International Affairs.2000.
⑤ Anna Korppoo Jacqueline Karas and Michael Grubb, Russia And the Kyoto Protocol:Opportunities And Challenges, London:The Royal Institute of International Affairs,2006.
① Shizuka Oshitani, Global Warming Policy in Japan and Britain:Interactions between Institutions and Issue Characteristics, Manchester:Manchester University Press,2006.
② Joshua Su-Ya Wu, "Toward a Model of International Environmental Action:A Case Study of Japan's Environmental Conversion and Participation in the Climate Change Environmental Regime," Review of Policy Research, Vol.26, No.3, 2009.
①[挪威]唐更克、何秀珍和本约朗：《中国参与全球气候变化国际协议的立场与挑战》,载《世界经济与政治》,2002年第8期,第34～40页。
② Joanna I. Lewis, "China's Strategic Priorities in International Climate Change Negotiations," The Washington Quarterly, vol.31, No.1,2007/2008, pp.155-174.
③ Martina Jung, Axel Michaelowa, Ingrid Nestle, Sandra Greiner and Michael Dutschke, "Common Policy on Climate Change:Land Use, Domestic Stakeholders and EU Foreign Policy," in Paul Harris ed., Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2007, pp.233-254.
④ Paul G. Harris, "Sharing the Burdens of Global Climate Change:International Equity and Justice in European Policy," in Paul Harris ed., Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2007, pp.349-390.
⑤比如Tim O'Riordan and Jill Jager eds., Politics of Climate Change:A European Perspective, London and New York: Routledge,1996.该书从气候变化科学与气候变化政治相互影响的视角考察了气候变化问题中科学、政治和社会
① Miranda A. Schreurs and Yves Tiberghien, "Multi-Level Reinforcement:Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.7, No.4,2007, pp.19-46.
② John Vogler, "The European Contribution to Global Environmental Governance," International Affairs, Vol.81, No.4, 2005, pp.835-850; Sebastian Oberthur, "The European Union in International Climate Policy:The Prospect for Leadership," Intereconomics, March/April 2007, pp.77-83; Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Roche Kelly, "EU Leadership in International Climate Policy:Achievements and Challenges," The International Spectator, Vol.43, No.3,2008, pp.35-50; Sebastian Oberthur, "The Role of the EU in Global Environmental and Climate Governance," in Mario Telo ed., European Union and Global Governance, London:Routledge,2009, pp.192-208.
③ Paul G. Harris, "Explaining European Responses to Global Climate Change:Power, Interests and Ideas in Domestics and International Politics," in Paul Harris ed., Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2007, pp.393-406.
① Sebastian Oberthur, "The European Union in International Climate Policy:The Prospect for Leadership," Intereconomics, March/April,2007, pp.77-83.
② William Antholis, "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly:EU-US Cooperation on Climate Change," paper presented to the International Conference on "The Great Transformation:Climate Change as Cultural Change," Essen, Germany, June 10, 2009.
③ Miranda A. Schreurs and Yves Tiberghien, "Multi-Level Reinforcement:Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.7, No.4,2007, pp.19-46.
① Jon Hovi, Tora Skodvin and Steinar Andresen, "The Persistence of the Kyoto Protocol:Why Other Annex I Countries Move on Without the United States," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.3, No.4,2003, pp.1-23.
② Sebastian Oberthur, "The European Union in International Climate Policy:The Prospect for Leadership,' Intereconomics, March/April,2007, p.81.
③ Ian Manners, "Normative Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms?" Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.40, No.2, 2002, pp.235-58; Ian Manners, "The European Union as a Normative Power:A Response to Thomas Diez," Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol.35, No.1,2006, pp.167-180.
④ Robert Falkner, "The European Union as a'Green Normative Power'? EU Leadership in International Biotechnology Regulation," Center for European Studies Working Paper Series#140, Harvard University,2006.
⑤ Vanden Brande, "EU Normative Power on Climate Change:A Legitimacy Building Strategy?" see http://www.uaces.org/pdf/papers/0801/2008_VandenBrande.pdf, accessed on 12 March 2010.
① Lyn Jaggard, Germany Climate Change Policy:Best Practice for International Relations? Berlin:WZB,2005.
② Lyn Jaggard, Climate Change Politics in Europe:Germany and the International Relations of the Environment, London:Tauris Academic Studies Press,2007.
① Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Roche Kelly, "EU Leadership in International Climate Policy:Achievements and Challenges," The International Spectator, Vol.43, No.3,2008, pp.35-50; Sebastian Oberthur, "The Role of the EU in Global Environmental and Climate Governance," in Mario Telo ed., European Union and Global Governance, London: Routledge,2009, pp.192-208; Claire Roche Kelly, Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts, "Introduction," in Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts eds., The New Climate Policies of the European Union:Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy, Brussels:VUBPRESS, Brussels University Press,2010, pp.11-25.
② Frank Biermann, "Between the USA and the South:strategic choices for European climate policy," Climate Policy, Vol.5, No.3,2005, pp.273-290.
③比如庄贵阳：《欧盟温室气体排放交易机制及其对中国的启示》,载《欧洲研究》2006年第3期,第68～87页;王伟男：《欧盟应对气候变化的基本经验及其对中国的借鉴意义》,上海社会科学院博士论文,2009年4月。
④薄燕：《国际谈判与国内政治：美国与(京都议定书)谈判的实例》,上海：上海三联书店,2007年版。
①崔大鹏：《国际气候合作的政治经济学分析》,北京：商务印书馆,2003年版。
②陈刚：《(京都议定书>与国际气候合作》,北京：新华出版社,2008年版。
③张海滨：《中国在国际气候变化谈判中的立场：连续性与变化及其原因探析》,载《世界经济与政治》2006年第10期,第36-43页。
④陈迎：《国际制度的演进及对中国谈判立场的分析》,载《世界经济与政治》,2007年第2期,第52-59页。
①庄贵阳、陈迎：《国际气候制度与中国》,北京：世界知识出版社,2005年版。
②王毅：《全球气候谈判纷争的原因分析及其展望》,载《环境保护》,2001年第1期,第44-47页：潘家华：《国家利益的科学论争与国际政治妥协——联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会<关于减缓气候变化社会经济分析评估报告>述评》,载《世界经济与政治》,2002年第2期,第55-59页；陈迎：《中国在气候公约演化进程中的作用与战略选择》,载《世界经济与政治》,2002年第5期,第15-20页：潘家华：《减缓气候变化的经济与政治影响及其地区差异》,载《世界经济与政治》,2003年第6期,第66-71页：邵锋：《国际气候谈判中的国家利益与中国的方略》,载《国际问题研究》,2005年第4期,第45-48页;庄贵阳：《后京都时代国际气候治理与中国的战略选择》,载《世界经济与政治》,2008年第8期,第6-15页。
① Max Weber, "The Social Psychology of the World Religions," in From Max Weber:Essay in Sociology, ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, New York:Oxford University Press,1958, p.280.转引自朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·0.基欧汉编,刘东国等译：《观念与外交政策——信念、制度与政治变迁》,北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版。
①张茂明：《欧洲联盟国际行为能力研究》,北京：当代世界出版社,2003年版。
②从20世纪50年代初欧洲煤钢共同体成立到2007年欧盟历经6次扩大,成员国从最初的6个发展到27个。欧盟15国(EU-15)包括法国、德国、意大利、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、英国、爱尔兰、丹麦、希腊、西班牙、葡萄牙、奥地利、瑞典和芬兰。关于欧盟的发展概况可参见刘雪莲主编：《欧洲一体化与全球政治》,长春：吉林大学出版社,2008年版。
③这里需要强调指出,本文在行文过程中有两个密切相关且容易混淆的概念：“生态现代化理论”与“生态现代化理念”。一般研究者把关于环境问题及其解决办法的思想潮流和观念称为“生态政治理论”。一般而言,“理论”是一种系统化的“理念”,而“理念”也可以是某种“理论”所反映出来的特定“信念”或“思想观念”。因而,本文的“生态现代化理论”更多是从学术视角来讲比较宽泛的一种说法,是指运用“生态现代化”信念或思想观念来解释本文的研究问题时的一种泛称,而“生态现代化理念”是指“生态现代化理论”所反映出来的特定环境政治“信念”或“思想观念”,它与某种特定的环境政策行为相对。二者既有区别又密切联系,“生态现代化理论”是用“生态现代化理念”对特定环境政策的解释。
①阎学通：《国际关系研究中使用科学方法的意义》,载《世界经济与政治》2004年第1期,第16-17页。
②参见秦亚青：《霸权体系与国际冲突：美国在国际武装冲突中的支持行为(1945-1988)》,上海：上海人民出版社,2008年版,引言部分。
①国家气候变化对策协调小组公办室,中国21世纪议程管理中心：《全球气候变化——人类面临的挑战》,北京：商务印书馆,2004年版,第17页。
②IPCC:《气候变化2007：综合报告——决策者摘要》,第2页。
③IPCC:《气候变化2007：综合报告——决策者摘要》,第2页。
④IPCC:《气候变化2007：综合报告——决策者摘要》,第5页。
①有关数据参见：http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/data/atmospheric_co2.html, accessed on 8 July 2010.
②国家气候变化对策协调小组公办室,中国21世纪议程管理中心：《全球气候变化——人类面临的挑战》,第38页。
①以上论述和科学数据全部引自国家气候变化对策协调小组公办室,中国21世纪议程管理中心：《全球气候变化——人类面临的挑战》,第49-50页。
①对全球气候变化影响的分类本文参考了胡鞍钢和管清友的论述。参见胡鞍钢、管清友：《中国应对全球气候变化》,北京：清华大学出版社,2009年版,第6-11页。
①IPCC:《气候变化2007：综合报告》,第31页。
②联合国开发计划署：《人类发展报告2007/2008——应对气候变化：分化世界中的人类团结》,第22页。
②Nicolas Stern. The Economics of Climate Change The Stem Review, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
①联合国开发计划署：《人类发展报告2007/2008—应对气候变化：分化世界中的人类团结》,第74页。
①高级代表和欧盟委员会提交给欧洲理事会的报告：Climate change and international security,参见www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/reports/99387.pdf, accessed on 14 May 2010.
②关于全球气候变化的科学研究和预测,目前科学界和学术界已经做了大量深入研究,鉴于本文的研究目的和主题,本文对此只做一个大致的描述,详细的资料除IPCC已经发布的四次评估报告,还可参见联合国开发计划署(UNDP)、世界银行以及其他一些权威机构的研究报告。
③郇庆治：环境政治学译丛总序,参见[澳]约翰德赖泽克著,蔺雪春、郭晨星译：《地球政治学：环境话语》,济南：山东大学出版社,2008年版,总序第1页。
① Arthur P. J. Mol, "Ecological Modernization and the Global Economy," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.2, No.2, 2002, pp.92-115.
② Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Tim Rayner and Harro van Asselt, "Governing the European Union:Policy Choices and Governance Dilemmas," in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union:Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2010, pp.29-51.
③[英]克莱夫·庞廷著,王毅等译：《绿色世界史：环境与伟大文明的衰落》,上海：上海人民出版社,2002年版。
①有学者把近代工业革命以来环境问题的演变划分为四个阶段：公害发生期(从18世纪末-20世纪初),公害发展期(20世纪20-40年代),公害泛滥期(20世纪50-60年代)和环境全球化时期(20世纪70年代以后)。参见张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》,导论。
②郇庆治：《环境政治国际比较》,济南：山东大学出版社,2007年版,第35页；Wolfgang Rudig, "Peace and Ecology Movements in Western Europe," West European Politics, Vol.11, No.l,1988, p.27; Christopher Rootes, "Conclusion: Environmental Protest Transformed?" in Christopher Rootes ed., Environmental Protest in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2003, p.234.
③关于环境问题根源于这两种失灵的论述可参见方世南、张伟平：《生态环境问题的制度根源及其出路》,载《自然辩证法研究》2004年第5期,第1-4页。
④ Ronald Inglehart, Cultural Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1990.
⑤ John Dryzek and David Schlosberg eds., Debating the Earth:The Environmental Politics Reader, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998, p.1.
⑥[美]丹尼尔·A.科尔曼：《生态政治——建设一个绿色社会》,梅俊杰译,上海：上海世纪出版集团,2006年版；张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》,导论。
⑦关于“生态政治理论”的发展演变本文主要参考了郇庆治教授的研究视角和阶段划分。参见郇庆治：《环境政治国际比较》,第1-2页。
① Edward Goldsmith et al., A Blueprint for Survival, Ecologist 2/1(1972), preface较》,第36页。转引自郇庆治：《环境政治国际比
② World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, New York:Oxford University Press, 1987, p.43.
③ United Nations, Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, A/CONF.199/20. available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/636/93/PDF/N0263693.pdf7OpenElement, accessed on 30 Julv 2010.
④参见Maarten A. Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse:Ecological Modernization and the Policv Process, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995, p.26.
① G. Spaargaren and Arthur P.J. Mol, "Sociology, Environment and Modernity:Ecological Modernisation as a Theory of Social Change," Society and Natural Resources, Vol.5, No.4,1992, p.333.
②郇庆治、[德]马丁·耶内克：《生态现代化理论：回顾与展望》,载《马克思主义与现实》,2010年第1期,第175页。关于‘生态现代化”的起源和发展还可参见Martin Janicke, Ecological Modernization:Innovation and Diffusion of Policy and Technology, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2000-08, Berlin:Free University of Berlin, 2000; Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, pp.557-565; Arthur P.J. Mol and Martin Janicke, "The Origins and Theoretical Foundations of Ecological Modernisation Theory," in Arthur P.J. Mol, David A. Sonnenfeld and Gert Spaargaren eds., Ecological Modernisation Reader: Environmental Reform in Theory and Practice, London:Routledge,2010, pp.17-18.
③ Albert Weale, The New Politics of Pollution, Manchester:Manchester University Press,1992, p.75.
① Arthur P.J. Mol and David A. Sonnenfeld, "Ecological Modernisation Around the World:An Introduction." Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.l,2000, pp.3-16.
② Martin Janicke, Ecological Modernization:Innovation and Diffusion of Policy and Technoloev. Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2000-08, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2000; Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob. Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik(FFU) Report 2002-03, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002; Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, pp.557-565.
①以上论述全部引用于耶内克教授与郇庆治教授关于“生态现代化理论”的讨论。参见郇庆治、[德]马丁·耶内克：《生态现代化理论：回顾与展望》,载《马克思主义与现实》,2010年第]期,第175-179页。
① Martin Janicke and Helmut Weidner, National Environmental Policy:A Comparative Study of Capacity-Building, Berlin:Springer,1997; Martin Janicke, "On Ecological and Political Modernization," in Arthur P.J. Mol, David A. Sonnenfeld and Gert Spaargaren eds., Ecological Modernisation Reader:Environmental Reform in Theory and Practice, London:Routledge,2010, pp.28-41.
② Joseph Huber, Die verlorene Unschuld der Okologie. Neue Technologie und superindustrielle Entwicklung, Frankfurt Fisher,1982; Joseph Huber, "Technological Environmental Innovations (TEIs) in a Chain-Analytical and Life-Cycle-Analytical Perspective," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16,2008, pp.1980-1986.
③关于“生态现代化理论”与其他理论的争论可参见Arthur P.J. Mol and Gert Spaargaren, "Ecological Modernization Theory in Debate:A Review," Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.1,2000, pp.17-49.
④ Maarten Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse-Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995.
⑤ Peter Christoff, "Ecological Modernisation, Ecological Modernities," Environmental Politics, Vol.5, No.3,1996, pp.476-500.
⑥ Arthur P.J. Mol and David A. Sonnenfeld eds., Ecological Modernisation Around the World:Perspective and Critical Debates, London and Portland:Frank Cass,2000.
① Martin Janicke, Ecological Modernisation:Innovation and Diffusion of Policy and Technology, Forschungsstelle fUr Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2000-08, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2000; Martin Janicke, "Industrial transformation between ecological modernisation and structural change." In:K. Jacob, M. Binder, and A. Wieczorek, eds. Governance for industrial transformation. Proceedings of the 2003 Berlin Conference on the Human Dime Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik nsions of Global Environmental Change. Berlin:Environmental Policy Research Centre,2004.
① Jose Manuel Barroso, "Europe's Energy Policy and the Third Industrial Revolution," SPEECH/07/580, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/580&format=HTML, accessed on 22 May 2010; Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, A Third Industrial Revolution? Solutions to the crisis of resource-intensive growth, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2009-02, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2009.
② Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik(FFU) Report 2002-03, p.2.
③ Arthur P.J. Mol and Martin Janicke, "The Origins and Theoretical Foundations of Ecological Modernisation Theory,' in Arthur P.J. Mol, David A. Sonnenfeld and Gert Spaargaren eds., Ecological Modernisation Reader:Environmental Reform in Theory and Practice, London:Routledge,2010, pp.18-20.
④ Martin Janicke, State Failure:the Impotence of Politics in Industrial Society, Cambridge:Polity Press,1990.
① Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, p.558.
② Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, pp.557-565.
③ Ibid, p.561.
④[澳]约翰·德赖泽克著,蔺雪春、郭晨星译：《地球政治学：环境话语》,济南：山东大学出版社,2008年版,第193页。
① Joseph Huber, Die Rengenbogengesellschaft. Okologie und Sozialpolitik (The Rainbow Society. Ecology and Social Policy). Frankfurt am Main:Fisher,1985.
② Maarten Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse-Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995, p.25.
① Albert Weale, "Ecological Modernisation and the Integration of European Environmental Policy," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and Arthur P.J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, pp.196-216.
② Michael E. Porter and Claas van der Linde, "Green and Competitive:Ending the Stalemate," Harvard Business Review, Vol.73.1995.
③ Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fiir Umweltpolitik(FFU) Report 2002-03, pp.6-7.
① Debra Johnson, "Ecological Modernization, Globalization and Europeanization:A Mutually Reinforcing Nexus?" in John Barry, Brian Baxter and Richard Dunphy eds., Europe, Globalization and Sustainable Development, London: Routledge,2004, pp.152-167.
② Arthur P.J. Mol, "Ecological Modernization and the Environmental Transition of Europe:Between National Variations and Common Denominators," Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, Vol.1, No.2,1999, pp.167-181; Arthur P.J. Mol, "Ecological Modernization and the Global Economy," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.2, No.2,2002, pp.92-115.
③ Andrew Gouldson and Joseph Murphy, "Ecological Modernization and the European Union," Geoforum, Vol.27, No.1, 1996, pp.11-21.
④例如J.A. Hanigan曾指出生态现代化理论“被一种镇定自若的技术乐观主义所束缚”,see J.A. Hanigan, Environmental Sociology:A Social Constructivist Perspective, London and New York:Routledge,1995, p.184.
① Joseph Huber, Die Rengenbogengesellschaft.Okologie und Sozialpolitik (The Rainbow Society. Ecology and Social Policy). Frankfurt am Main:Fisher,1985, p.20.
② Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, p.559.
① Martin Janicke, The Role of Nation State in Environmental Policy:The Challenge of Globalisation, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2002-07, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002, p.1.
① Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik(FFU) Report 2002-03; Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, "Lead Markets for Environmental Innovations:A New Role for the Nation State," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.4, No.1,2004, pp.29-46; Klaus Jacob et al., Lead Markets for Environmental Innovations, Heidelberg:Physica-Verlag,2005.
① Marian Beise, Lead Markets. Country-Specific Success Factors of the Global Diffusion of Innovations, Heidelberg, 2001; Marian Beise and Klaus Rennings, Lead Markets for Environmental Innovations:A Framework for Innovations and Environmental Economics, ZEW Discussion Paper 03-01, Mannheim,2003.
②在美国,管制规章由各个州独自制定,但每个州都要相互承认对方的规章。在相互竞争的情况下,特拉华州通过降低对雇员、股东和客户的保障水平而赢得了竞争胜利,从而形成了企业竞相“放松管制”。
① Martin Janicke, Manfred Binder, and Harald Monch, "Dirty Industries:Patterns of Change in Industrial Countries," Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol.9, No.4, pp.467-491.
② David Vogel, Environmental Policy and Industrial Innovation:Strategies in Europe, the USA and Japan, London: Earthscan,1995; David Vogel, "Trading up and Governing across:Transnational Governance and Environmental Protection," Journal of European Public Policy,1997, pp.556-571; David Vogel, "Is There a Race to the Bottom? The Impact of Globalization on National Regulatory Policies," In:The Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville, Vol. XXII, No.1,2001.
③ Albert Weale, "Ecological Modernisation and the Integration of European Environmental Policy," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and Arthur P.J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, p.208.
④ Martin Janicke, Ecological Modernisation:Innovation and Diffusion of Policy and Technology, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2000-08; Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, pp.557-565.
① Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, p.558.
① Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2002-03, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002, p.14.
①于宏源：《波兹南气候谈判和全球气候治理的发展》,载杨洁勉主编：《世界气候外交和中国的应对》,北京：时事出版社2009年版,第129页。
②潘家华：《国家利益的科学论争与国际政治妥协——联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会<关于减缓气候变化社会经济分析评估报告>述评》,载《世界经济与政治》2002年第2期,第55页。
①关于气候变化的科学认知与气候政治之间的关系可参加Jill JaGer and Tim O'Riordan, "The History of Climate Change Science and Politics," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change:A European Perspective, London:Routledge,1996, pp.1-31.
② Miranda A. Schreurs, Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany and the United States, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002, p.146.
③ Michael Howlett and M. Ramesh, Studying Public Policy:Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems,2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2003.
④本文主要参考了Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts关于国际气候机制与欧盟气候政策演进历程的划分,参见Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts, "The EU's Internal and External Climate Change Policies:and Historical Overview," in Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts eds., The New Climate Policies of the European Union:Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy, Brussels:VUBPRESS, Brussels University Press,2010, pp.27-63;也有的研究者根据国际气候机制形成发展的演进历程,甚至把国际气候机制的形成背景追溯到20世纪50年代晚期,把这段历史划分为议程形成阶段(20世纪50年代晚期到1991年),国际谈判阶段(1991年到1997年12月《京都议定书》的达成)和国际机制的实施阶段(1997年之后),参见Steinar Andrensen and Shardul Agrawala, "Leaders, Pushers and Laggards in the Making of the Climate Regime," Global Environmental Change, Vol.12, No.l,2002, pp.41-51;还有研究者把国际气候机制的演进划分为五个阶段：(1)奠基阶段(20世纪80年代之前),国际科学界对全球气候变化问题的科学研究阶段：(2)议程形成阶段(1985到1988年),全球气候变化问题从科学问题转为政治和政策问题；(3)国际气候谈判的准备阶段(1988到1990年),国家行为体(政府)对全球气候变化问题进程的影响越来越大；(4)正式的政府间谈判阶段(1991到1992),导致《框架公约》的达成；(5)公约的具体化阶段(1992到1997年),主要是关于《议定书》的谈判与达成,参见Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge: The MIT Press,2001, pp.23-40.
①关于气候变化早期的科学认知可参见Irving M. Mintzer and J. Amber Leonard eds., Negotiating Climate Change: the Inside Story of the Rio Convention, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994; Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
② John W. Zillman, A History of Climate Activities,参见世界气象组织网站http://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/58_3_zillman_en.html#top, accessed on 5 February 2010.
③ Steinar Andrensen and Shardul Agrawala, "Leaders, Pushers and Laggards in the Making of the Climate Regime, Global Environmental Change, Vol.12, No.1,2002, pp.41-51; Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, p.27.
① John W. Zillman, A History of Climate Activities,参见世界气象组织网站：http://www.wmo. int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/58_3_zillman_en.html#top, accessed on 5 February 2010.
② Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, p.28; Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts, "The EU's Internal and External Climate Change Policies:and Historical Overview," in Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts eds., The New Climate Policies of the European Union:Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy, Brussels:VUBPRESS, Brussels University Press,2010, pp.28-29.
① Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, pp.28-31.
②关于INC的谈判历程可参见Daniel Bodansky, "Prologue of the Climate Change Convention," in Irving M. Mintzer and J. Amber Leonard eds., Negotiating Climate Change:the Inside Story of the Rio Convention, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994, pp.60--70.
① Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, p.32.
② Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, pp.33-34.
①《框架公约》根据“共同但有区别的责任”原则,分别规定了发达国家和发展中国家不同的责任和义务。在公约的两个附件中分别列出了率先采取行动的发达国家和经济转型国家的名单以及提供金融援助和技术转让的国家,也就是所谓附件一国家和附件二国家。
②鉴于本文的主要目的在于考察国际气候谈判的发展历程,关于《框架公约》具体内容的分析不在本文的范围之内。关于公约内容的分析可参见Elizabeth J. Rowbotham, "Legal Obligations and Uncertainties in the Climate Change Convention," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change:A European Perspective, London: Routledge,1996, pp.32-50; Sebastian Oberthur and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin:Springer,1999.
① IPCC:《气候变化1995：IPCC第二次评估》,第22页。
② Sebastian Oberthiir and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin: Springer,1999, p.51.
① Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol.12, No.66,3 November 1997.
② Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, pp.35-36.
① Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol.12, No.66,3 November 1997.
② Sebastian Oberthur and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin: Springer,1999, pp.79-80.
③ Ibid, p.88.
① Hermann E. Ott, "The Kyoto Protocol:Unfinished Business," Environment Vol.40, No.6,1998, pp.16-20 and pp.41-45.
② Michael Grubb and Farhana Yamin, "Climatic Collapse at The Hague:what happened, why and where do we go from here?" International Affairs, Vol.77, No.2,2001, pp.261-276.
①参见FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1.30 March 2010 (中文版),第4-9页。
②Louise van Schaik and Christian Engohofer, "Improving the Climate:Will the New Constitution Strengthen EU's Performance in International Climate Negotiations?" CEPS Policy Brief, No.63/February 2005; Nikolaos Lavranos, "Multilateral Environmental Agreements:Who Makes the Binding Decisions?" European Environmental Law Review, Vol.11, No.2,2002, pp.44-55.
① Agnethe Dahl, "Competence and Subsidiarity:Legal Basis and Political Realities," in Joyeeta Gupta and Micheal Grubb eds., Climate Change and European Leadership:A Sustainable Role for Europe? Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000, p.205.
② Tom Delreux, "The European Union in International Environmental Negotiations:A Legal Perspective on the Internal Decision-making Process," International Environmental Agreements, Vol.6, No.3,2006, pp.231-248.
① Ute Collier, "The EU and Climate Change Policy:The Struggle over Policy Competences," in Ute Collier and Ragnar E. Lofstedt eds., Cases in Climate Change Policy:Political Reality in the European Union, London:Earthscan,1997, pp.43-64.
② Rafael Leal-Arcas, "The European Community and Mixed Agreements", European Foreign Affairs Review Vol.6, No.4,2001,pp.483-513.
③ Richard Macrory and Martin Hession, "The European Community and Climate Change:The Role of Law and Legal Competence," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change:A European Perspective, London: Routledge,1996, pp.106-154.
①“三驾马车”起初由前任、现任和继任轮值主席国组成,自从1999年《阿姆斯特丹条约》以来由现任、继任轮值主席国和欧盟委员会组成。参见Rudiger K.W. Wurzel and James Connelly eds., The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, London:Routledge,2010, p.11.
① Martina Jung, Axel Michaelowa, Ingrid Nestle, Sandra Greiner and Michael Dutschke, "Common Policy on Climate Change:Land Use, Domestic Stakeholders and EU Foreign Policy," in Paul Harris ed., Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2007, p.239.
②欧盟环境部长理事会专门设置了国际环境事务工作组(Working Party on International Environment Issues),分为两个工作组：一是可持续发展的全球环境方面的工作组,二是气候变化工作组。
③常设代表委员会由各成员国驻欧盟的大使组成,这些各成员国驻欧盟大使成为“常设代表”。常设代表委员会由两部分组成：常设代表委员会-Ⅰ,主要解决共同体事务,诸如内部市场问题(包括环境问题在内)：常设代表委员会-Ⅱ,主要解决外交政策之类的“高级政治”问题。常设代表委员会主要是为部长理事会的召开进行准备,可以解决一些次要问题或程序性问题以便减轻理事会召开期间的工作负担。
④ Martijn L.P. Groenleer and Louise G van Schaik, "United We Stand? EU's International Actorness in the Cases of International Criminal Court and Kyoto Protocol," Journal of Common Markets Study, Vol.45, No.5,2007, pp.969-998.
① Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Roche Kelly, "EU Leadership in International Climate Policy:Achievements and Challenges," The International Spectator, Vol.43, No.3,2008, p.38.
① European Council, Presidency Conclusions, Goteborg European Council-15 and 16 June,2001 (SN 200/01), Goteburg.
② C. Burns, "The European Parliament:The EU's Environmental Champion," in Andrew ed., Environmental Policy in the European Union,2nd edition, London:Earthscan,2005, pp.87-105.
③ Louise van Schaik, "The Sustainability of the EU's Model for Climate Diplomacy," in Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts eds., The New Climate Policies of the European Union:Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy, Brussels:VUBPRESS, Brussels University Press,2010, p.261.
④ Louise van Schaik and Christian Engohofer, "Improving the Climate:Will the New Constitution Strengthen EU's Performance in International Climate Negotiations?" CEPS Policy Brief, No.63/February 2005, p.4.
① Charlotte Burns and Neil Carter, "The European Parliament and Climate Change:From Symbolism to Heroism and Back again," in Rudiger K.W. Wurzel and James Connelly eds., The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, London:Routledge,2010, pp.58-73.
② CEC, Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, COM (1999)230 final, Brussels,19.05.1999, p.1.
① Oriol Costa, "Is Climate Change Changing the EU? The Second Image Reversed in Climate Politics," Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol.21, No.4,2008, pp.527-544.
② Nigel Haigh, "Climate Change Policies and Politics in the European Community," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change. London:Routledge,1996, p.161.
③ CEC, The Greenhouse Effect and the Community. Commission Work programme concerning the evaluation of policy options to deal with the greenhouse effect, COM (88)656 final, Brussels,16 November 1988; Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
④ Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema and Harro van Asselt, "Cliamte Change Policy in the European Union:an Introduction," in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union:Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010, p.9.
⑤ Presidency Conclusions of European Council,25 and 26 June 1990, Dublin;也可参见 Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
①引自Nigel Haigh, "Climate Change Policies and Politics in the European Community," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change, London:Routledge,1996, pp.161-162.
② Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner, "The Evolution of Cliamte Policy in the European Union:an Historical Overview," in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union:Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2010,pp.52-80.
③ CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emission and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91)1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991.
④ Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001, p.29.
① Decision 94/69/EC of the Council of the European Union of 15 December 1993 Concerning the Conclusion of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Official Journal of the European Union,7 February, L 33/11.
② CEC, Proposal for a Council Directive Introducing a Tax on Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy. COM (92) 226 final, Brussels,30 June 1992.
③ CEC, Proposal for a Council Decision for a monitoring mechanism of Community CO2 and other greenhouse gas emission, Brussels, COM (92)181 final, Brussels,1 June 1992.
④ CEC, Proposal for a Council Directive to limit carbon dioxide emission by improving energy efficiency (SAVE programme), Brussels, COM (92)182 final, Brussels,26 June 1992; CEC, Specific action for greater penetration for renewable energy sources ALTENER, COM (92)180 final, Brussels,29 June 1992.
⑤ Lasse Ringius, The European Community and Climate Protection:What's behind the 'Empty Rhetoric'? Center for International Climate and Environment Research-Oslo (CICERO), Report 1999:8.
① Sebastian Oberthilr and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin: Springer,1999, pp.65-66.
② Council of the European Union (Environment), Conclusions of the 1939th Environment Council, Meeting 25-26 June, 1996, Brussels:Council of Ministers.
③关于欧盟“负担共享”协定的谈判及达成可参见Constanze Haug and Andrew Jordan, "Burden Sharing:Distributing Burdens or Sharing Efforts?" in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union:Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2010, pp.83-102; Lasse Ringius, "Differentiation, leaders, and fairness," International Negotiation, Vol.4, No.2,1999, pp.133-166; Loren R. Cass, The Failures of American and European Climate Policy: International Norms, Domestic Politics, and Unachievable Commitments, New York:State University of New York Press, 2006,pp.143-145.
④ Lasse Ringius, "Differentiation, Leaders, and Fairness:Negotiating Climate Commitments in the European Community," International Negotiation, Vol.4, No.2,1999, pp.133-166; Sebastian Oberthur and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin:Springer,1999, pp.54-58.
⑤ Decision 2002/358/EC of the Council of the European Union of 25 April 2002 Concerning the Approval, on Behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Joint Fulfilment of Commitments Thereunder. Official Journal of the European Union,15 May, L 130/1.
①CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997)481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997.
① Loren R. Cass, The Failures of American and European Climate Policy:International Norms, Domestic Politics, and Unachievable Commitments, New York:State University of New York Press,2006, p.153.
② Sebastian Oberthiir and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin: Springer,1999, p.51.
③《京都议定书》第九条规定对《京都议定书》的第一次审查应该在《京都议定书》缔约方第二次会议上进行。参见Farhana Yamin, "The Role of the EU in Climate Negotiations," in Joyeeta Gupta and Michael Grubb eds., Climate Change and European Leadership:A Sustainable Role for Europe? Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000, pp.62-63.
④ CEC, Climate Change-Towards an EU Post-Kyoto Strategy, COM (1998)353 final, Brussels,03.06.1998.
⑤ CEC, Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, COM (1999)230 final, Brussels,19.05.1999.
① Michael Grubb and Farhana Yamin, "Climatic Collapse at The Hague:what happened, why and where do we go from here?" International Affairs, Vol.77, No.2,2001, pp.261-276.
② European Council, Presidency Conclusions, Goteborg European Council-15 and 16 June,2001 (SN 200/01), Goteburg.
③ Miranda A. Schreurs, "The Climate Change Divide:the European Union, the United States, and the Future of the Kyoto Protocol," in Norman J. Vig and Michael G Faure eds., Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United States and the European Union, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2004, pp.207-230; Miranda A. Schreurs, Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany and the United States, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.
④ Miranda A. Schreurs, "The Climate Change Divide:the European Union, the United States, and the Future of the Kyoto Protocol," in Norman J. Vig and Michael G. Faure eds., Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United States and the European Union, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2004, pp.218-219.
⑤ Decision 2002/358/EC of the Council of the European Union of 25 April 2002 Concerning the Approval, on Behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Joint Fulfilment of Commitments Thereunder. Official Journal of the European Union,15 May, L 130/1.
⑥ CEC, on EU Policies and Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Towards a European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), COM (2000)88 final, Brussels,8.3.2000.
① Wybe TH. Douma, "The European Union, Russia and the Kyoto Protocol," in Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere eds., EU Climate Change Policy:the Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2006, pp.51-66.
② CEC, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, COM (2001)581 final, Brussels.23.10.2001.
③ CEC, Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change, COM (2005)35 final, Brussels,9.2.2005.
④ Marc Pallememaerts and Rhiannon Williams, "Climate Change:the International and European Policy Framework," in Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere eds., EU Climate Change Policy:the Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2006, pp.47-48.
① CEC, An Energy Policy for Europe, COM (2007)1 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
② CEC, Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 Degrees Celsius—The Way Ahead for 2020 and Beyond, COM (2007)2 final.10.1.2007.
③ European Council, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels European Council,8-9 March 2007,7224/1/07 REV1. Brussels: European Council.
④ CEC,20 20 by 2020—Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008)30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
⑤ CEC, Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package,2008. Availible at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/climate action.htm, accessed on 13 May 2010.
⑥ CEC,20 20 by 2020—Europe s Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008)30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.3.
① Markus Jachtenfuchs and Michael Huber, "Institutional Learning in the European Community:the Response to the Greenhouse Effect," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and A.P.J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, p.37.
②[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版,第13页。
① Maarten A. Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse:Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995.
② Albert Weale, "Ecological Modernisation and the Integration of European Environmental Policy," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and Arthur P.J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, p.208.
③ Markus Jachtenfuchs and Michael Huber, "Institutional Learning in the European Community:the Response to the Greenhouse Effect," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and A.P. J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, pp.36-58.
④[澳]约翰·德赖泽克著,蔺雪春、郭晨星译：《地球政治学：环境话语》,第9页。
① Maarten Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse-Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995, p.44.
②蔡守秋：《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉：武汉大学出版社,2002年版,第79页。
③ Resolution of the Council of the European Communities and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, of 7 February 1983 on the continuation and implementation of a European Community policy and action programme on the environment (1982 to 1986), The Official Journal, OJ C 046,17.2.1983, p.3.
④ CEC, Fourth Environmental Action Programme,1987-92, COM (86) 485 final,1986, p.3.
① Resolution of the Council of the European Communities and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, of 1 February 1993 on a Community programme of policy and action in relation to the environment and sustainable development, The Official Journal, OJ C 138,17.5.1993.
② CEC, "Environment 2010:our future, our choice"-The Sixth Environment Action Programme, COM (2001) 31 final, Brussels,24.1.2001.
①第一章已经指出,欧盟气候政策及其国际气候谈判立场主要由欧盟环境部长理事会进行决定,但政策倡议与制定程序上一般是由欧盟委员会提出政策建议,然后提交理事会和欧洲议会进行“联合决策”,但欧洲议会的影响力不大。所以,影响欧盟气候政策及其立场最主要的机构是欧盟委员会和理事会。欧盟绝大多数气候政策都是由委员会首先提出或应理事会的要求由委员会研究制定。鉴于此,本文重点对欧盟委员会和理事会具有代表性的政策文件进行分析。
② CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91) 1744 final, Brussels.14 October 1991.
③ CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997.
④ CEC,2020 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.12008.
⑤ Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Dupont, "The Council, the European Council and International-Climate Policy:From Symbolic Leadership to Leadership by Example," in ROdiger K.W. Wurzel and James Connelly eds., The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, London:Routledge,2010, pp.74-91.
① Pamela M. Barnes, "The Role of the Commission of the European Union:Creating External Coherence from Internal Diversity," in in Rudiger K.W. Wurzel and James Connelly eds., The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, London:Routledge,2010, p.51:
① CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91) 1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991, p.1; CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997, p.4.
② CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997.
③ CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe s Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.2.
④ CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91)1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991, p.3.
⑤ CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997, p.4.
① CEC, Climate Change-The EUApproach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997, p.4.
② CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91)1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991, p.4.
③ CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.5.
④ CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91)1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991, p.3.
⑤ CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997, p.8.
⑥ CEC, on EU policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:Towards a European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), COM (2000)88 final, Brussels,8.3.2000
① CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.2.
② CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.2.
Ibid.p.3.
① European Union Ratifies the Kyoto Protocol, http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article 1420 en.htm, accessed on 21 June 2010.
② Stavros Dimas, "Environment Policy to 2010-A Sustainable Road to Lisbon," Speech at Meeting of G9 group of environmental NGOs, European Parliament (Brussels), January 26,2005.
③ Stavros Dimas, "Sustainable Development and Competitiveness," EPC Meeting, Brussels,5 October 2005.
④ Stavros Dimas, "Climate Change-International and EU Action," Climate Change Conference, Prague,31 October, 2008.
① CEC, The Greenhouse Effect and the Community. Commission Work programme concerning the evaluation of policy options to deal with the greenhouse effect, COM (88)656 final, Brussels; Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol: An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
② Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
③ Jon Birger Skj(?)rseth, "The Climate Policy of the EC:Too Hot to Handle?" Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.32, No.l,1994, pp.25-45.
④ CEC, Specific action for greater penetration for renewable energy sources ALTENER, COM (92)180 final, Brussles
⑤ CEC, Proposal for a Council Decision for a monitoring mechanism of Community CO2 and other greenhouse gas emission, Brussels, COM (92)181 final, Brussles.
① CEC, Proposal for a Council Directive to limit carbon dioxide emission by improving energy efficiency (SAVE programme), COM (92)182 final, Brussles.
② CEC, Proposal for a Council Directive introducing a tax on carbon dioxide emission and energy, Brussels, COM (92)226 final, Brussles.
③ CEC, Commission Communication to the Council Amendment to Commission Decision No 3855/91/ECSC of 27 November 1991 establishing Community rules for aid to the steel industry, SEC (92)992 fina 1, Brussles.
④ CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emission and to Improve Energy Efficiency, Brussels, COM (92)246 final, Brussles,1 June 1992.
⑤ CEC, Proposal for a Council Decision concerning the conclusion of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, Brussels, COM (92)508 final, Brussels,14 December 1992.
⑥ Council Decision 94/69/EC of 15 December 1993 concerning the conclusion of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, OJ L033,7.2.1994.
⑦ John McCormick, Environmental Policy in the European Union, Hampshire:Palgrave,2001, p.281.
⑧ CEC, Climate Change-Towards an EUPost-Kyoto Strategy, Brussels, COM (1998)353 final, Brussels.
⑨ CEC, "Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol", Brussels, COM (1999)230 final, Brussels.
① CEC, Green Paper on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading within the European Union, COM (2000)87 final, Brussels, 8.3.2000.
②关于欧盟的温室气体排放交易体系可参见庄贵阳：《欧盟温室气体排放交易机制及其对中国的启示》,载《欧洲研究》2006年第3期。
③ CEC, on EU Policies and Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Towards a European Climate Change Programme(ECCP), COM (2000)88 final, Brussels.
④ CEC, A European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development, Office for Official Publications of the EU,2002, p.12.
⑤ CEC, On the Review of the Sustainable Development Strategy-A Platform for Action, COM(2005) 658 final, Brussels.
① Council Decision 2002/358/EC concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder,25 April,2002.
② Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, OJ L275,25.10.2003.
③ CEC, Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change, COM (2005)35 final, Brussels,9.2.2005.
④ CEC, Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degree Celsius:The Way Ahead for 2020 and Beyond, COM (2007)2 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
⑤ CEC, Renewable Energy Road Map-Renewable Energies in the 21st century:building a more sustainable future, COM (2006)848 final, Brussels,10.1.2007; CEC, An Energy Policy for Europe, COM (2007)1 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
① CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe s Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008)30 final, Brussels.
② http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/climate_action.htm, accessed on 5 March 2010.; Pew Center on Global Climate Change, European Commission's Proposed "Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package" January 2008, http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/EU_Proposal_23Jan2008.pdf, accessed on 5 March 2010.
③ CEC, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community, COM (2008)16 final, Brussels, 23.1.2008.
④ CEC, Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emission to meet the Community's greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020, COM (2008)17 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
⑤ CEC, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directives 85/337/EEC,96/61/EC, Directives 2000/60/EC,2001/80/EC,2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006, COM (2008)18 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
⑨ CEC, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, COM (2008) 19 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
①[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,第17页。
②[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,第13页。
① German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conversation and Nuclear Safety, Environment-Innovation-Employment:Elements of a European Ecological Industrial Policy, Working Paper to the Informal Meeting of Environment Ministers in Essen,1st-3rd June,2007, p.5.
① Maarten Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse-Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995, pp.31-32.
①[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,第18页。
② Miranda A. Schreurs and Yves Tiberghien, "Multi-Level Reinforcement:Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.7, No.4,2007, pp.27-28.
① Lasse Ringuis, European Community and Climate Protection:What's behind the 'Empty Rhetoric'? Center for International Environment and Climate Research-Oslo(CICERO) Report 1998-8.
①郇庆治、[德]马丁·耶内克：《生态现代化理论：回顾与展望》,载《马克思主义与现实》,2010年第1期,第175页。
②关于荷兰的“生态现代化”战略与环境治理可参见山东大学李彦文2009年的博士论文《生态现代化理论视角下的荷兰环境治理》。
③ Miranda A. Schreurs and Yves Tiberghien, "Multi-Level Reinforcement:Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.7, No.4,2007, p.32.
④ Lasse Ringius, "Differentiation, leaders, and fairness:Negotiating Climate Commitments in the European Community," International Negotiation, Vol.4, No.2,1999, pp.133-166; John Vogler, Climate Change and EU Foreign Policy:The Negotiation of Burden-Sharing, VCD Dublin European Institute Working Paper 08-11, July 2008.
① Lasse Ringuis, European Community and Climate Protection:What's behind the 'Empty Rhetoric'? Center for International Environment and Climate Research-Oslo(CICERO) Report 1998-8, p.17.
②[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,第21页。
① CEC, on EUpolicies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:Towards a European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), COM(2000) 88 final, Brussels,8.3.2000.
② Second European Climate Change Programme,参见http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eccp/second en.htm. accessed on 2010-11-2
③ Stavros Dimas, "Developing the EU Climate Change Programme," Speech at Stakeholder Coference launching the Second European Climate Change Programme, Brussels,24 October 2005.
① European Commission, The European Climate Change Programme:EU Action Against Climate Change,2006.
② European Commission. The European Climate Change Programme:EU Action Against Climate Change,2006. Second European Climate Change Programme, Brussels,24 October 2005.
③ Stavros Dimas, "Developing the EU Climate Change Programme," Speech at Stakeholder Coference launching the
①国家气候变化对策协调小组公办室,中国21世纪议程管理中心：《全球气候变化——人类面临的挑战》,前言第1页。
②世界环境与发展委员会,王之佳等译：《我们共同的未来》,长春：吉林人民出版社,1997年版,第31页。
③张海滨：《环境问题与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》,第18页。
① Martin Janicke, The Role of the Nation State in Environmental Policy:The Challenge ofGlobalisationy, Forschungsstelle fiir Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2002-07, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002, p.6.
①胡鞍钢、管清友：《中国应对全球气候变化》,北京：清华大学出版社,2009年版,前言第Ⅳ页。
②参见百度百科“低碳经济”条目,http://baike.baidu.com/view/1494637.htm,2010-11-3登录。
③胡鞍钢、管清友：《中国应对全球气候变化》,北京：清华大学出版社,2009年版,前言第Ⅳ页。
④经合组织(OECD):《绿色增长战略中期报告：为拥有可持续的未来履行我们的承诺》,2010年5月27-28日,经合组织部长级理事会会议。
⑤ DTI (Department of Trade and Industry), UK Energy White Paper:Our energy future-creating a low carbon economy, published by TSO (The Stationery Office),2003.
⑥庄贵阳、朱仙丽、赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》,杭州：浙江人民出版社,2009年版,第284页。
①CEC, Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, COM (1999)230 final, Brussels,1999, p.1.
① ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EUeco-industry, Final report-Part 1, Brussles,09 October,2009,p.90.
①郇庆治：《环境政治国际比较》,导言第3页。
②经合组织(OECD):《绿色增长战略中期报告：为拥有可持续的未来履行我们的承诺》,2010年5月27-28日,经合组织部长级理事会会议。
① CEC, Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change, Brussels, COM (2005)35 final, Brussels,9.2.2005.
② Presidency Conclusion, Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000
③ Presidency Conclusion, Goteborg European Council 15 and 16 June 2001.
④ The High Level Group Chaired by Wim Kok, Facing the challenge:The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment, November 2004.
① The High Level Group Chaired by Wim Kok, Facing the challenge:The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment, November 2004.
② Presidency Conclusion, Brussels European Council 22 and 23 March 2005.
③ CEC, On the review of the Sustainable Development Strategy:A Platform for action, COM(2005) 658 final, Brussels.
④冯建中：《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》,北京：时事出版社,2010年版,第339-340页。
⑤ EC, An Energy Policy for Europe, COM (2007) 1 final, Brussels, p.5.
⑥ Presidency Conclusion, Brussels European Council 8/9 March 2007, pp.10-14.
① CEC, Boosting growth and jobs by meeting our climate change commitments. Press Release IP/08/08 Brussels 23 January 2008.
②冯建中：《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》,第342页。
①蔡林海：《低碳经济：绿色革命与全球创新竞争大格局》,北京：经济科学出版社,2009年版,第46页。
② European Communities, EU action against climate change:Research and development to fight climate change,2007, p.6.
③ CEC, Stimulating Technologies for Sustainable Development:An Environmental Technologies Action Plan for the European Union, COM(2004) 38 final, Brussels,28.1.2004, p.23.
① CEC, A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan):Towards a low carbon future, COM(2007) 723 final, Brussels,22.11.2007.
①蔡林海：《低碳经济：绿色革命与全球创新竞争大格局》,第165-166页。
②Esko Aho et al., Creating an Innovative Europe. Report of the Independent Expert Group on R&D and Innovation appointed following the Hampton Court Summit, Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. January 2006. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/investin-research/pdf/download_en/aho_report.pdf
③ CEC, A Lead Market Initiative for Europe, COM(2007) 860 final, Brussels,21.12.2007.
④ ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EU eco-industry, Final report-Part 1, Brussles,09 October,2009, p.38.
① Harro van Asselt, "Emission Trading:the Enthusiastic Adoption of an'Alien'Instrument?" in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010, pp.125-144.
② CEC, Green Paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union, COM(2000) 87 final, Brussels, 8.3.2000.
③庄贵阳：《欧盟温室气体排放贸易机制及其对中国的启示》,载《欧洲研究》2006年第3期,第80页。
Antoine Dechezlepretre, Invention and International Diffusion of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies:An Empirical Approach,2009. Availible at http://pastel.paristech.org/6166/01/th%C3%A8se_AD_2_oct.pdf, accessed on 21 October 2010.
②OECD, Climate Policy and Technological Innovation and Transfer:An Overview of Trends and Recent Empirical Results,2010. Availible at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/52/45648463.pdf, accessed on 18 October 2010.
③ OECD, Compendium of Patent Statistics 2008, availible at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/19/37569377.pdf, accessed on 18 October 2010.
①欧盟大企业对华技术转让战略的调查,2005。转引自张焕波：《中国、美国和欧盟气候政策分析》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2010年版,第91页。
① OECD, Eurostat, The Environmental Goods and Services Industry:Manual for Data Collection and Analysis,1999, p.9.
② Ibid, p.12-13限于本文的篇幅及研究需要,本文不再详细列举这36种生态产业。
③ Ernst & Young, Eco-industry, its size, employment, perspectives and barriers to growth in an enlarged EU,2006.
④ ECORYS, Study on the competitiveness of the EU eco-industry,2009.
①蔡林海：《低碳经济：绿色革命与全球创新竞争大格局》,第169-170页。
① ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EU eco-industry, Final Report-Part 1, October 2009, p.39.
① ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EU eco-industry, Final Report-Part 1, October 2009, p.95.
② ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EU eco-industry, Final Report-Part 1, October 2009, p.41.
①可参见联合国环境规划署(UNEP)的报告,United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Green Jobs:Towards Sustainable Work in a Low-carbon World,2008; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Green Jobs:Towards Decent Work in A Sustainable, Low-carbon World,2008.
② CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008)30 final, Brussels.
①关于国际关系研究方法中定量分析的数据计量尺度问题,可参见李少军：《国际关系学研究方法》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2008年版,第五章。
① EC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
②例如CEC, COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Impact Assessment Report for the Action Plan for Energy Efficiency 2006, SEC(2006)1174, Brussels,19.10.2006; CEC, Commission Staff Working Document State of play in the EU energy policy, SEC(2010) 1346 final, Brussels,10.11.2010.
① Lasse Ringuis, European Community and Climate Protection:What's behind the 'Empty Rhetoric'? Center for International Environment and Climate Research-Oslo(CICERO) Report 1998-8, p.8.
① Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Roche Kelly, "EU Leadership in International Climate Policy:Achievements and Challenges," The International Spectator, Vol.43, No.3,2008, pp.36-37.
② EC, on EU Policies and Measures to Reduce Greenhuose Gas Emission:Towards a European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), COM (2000)88 final, Brussels,8.3.2000.
① Stavros Dimas, Developing European Climate Change Programme, Speech at Stakeholder conference launching the Second European Climate Change Programme, Brussels,24 October 2005.
①Michael Grubb, "European Climate Change Policy in a Global Context," in Helge O le Bergesen, Georg Parmann, and (?)ystein B. Thommessen eds.,Green Globe Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development 1995, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995, pp.41-50;
② Sebastian Oberthilr, EU Leadership on Climate Change:Living up to the Challenges, availible at: http://ec.europa.eu/education/ajmforum07/oberthur.pdf,5 March 2010.
①周文：《欧美“气候立法”的法律、外交和经济内涵》,载《学习时报》,2007年4月2日。
① Rob Bradley, EU Leadership in Climate Change Policy? Awailible at: www.inforse.org/europe/ppt_docs/CAN-Europe.ppt, accessed on 5 November 2010.
② Climate Action Network Europe, Global Leadership Means Domestic Action,2009. Availible at: http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/consultation_responses/eu_ets_review.pdf, accessed on 5 November 2010.
① Volker von Prittwitz, Das Katastrophenparadox:Elemente einer Theorie der Umweltpolotik [The Catrastrophe Paradox:Elements of a Theory of Environmental Policy], Oplanden:Leske+ Budrich,1990.
① European Environment Agency(EEA), Annual European Union Greenhouse Gas Invetory 1990-2008 and Invetory Report 2010:Submission to UNFCCC Secretaiat, EEA Technical Report No.6 2010.
①“凝聚国家”是指欧盟成员国中收入相对较低,受到欧盟“凝聚基金(Cohesion Fund)"金融援助的国家集团,包括：西班牙、葡萄牙、爱尔兰和希腊。
② Martin Janicke, The Role of the Nation State in Environmental Policy:The Challenge of Globalisationy, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2002-07, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002, p.3.
① Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
① Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, March 25/26,2004; Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, March 22/23,2005; CEC, Working together for Growth and Jobs:A New Htart for the Lisbon Strategy, COM (2005) 24, Brussels,02.02.2005; CEC, Common Actions for Growth and Employment:The Community Lisbon Programme, COM (2005) 330,final, Brissels,20.7.2005.
② CEC, Winning the Battle against Global Climate Change, COM(2005) 35 final, Brussels,9.2.2005.
① Council of the European Union, Press Release 2647th Council Meeting Environment,6693/05(Presse 40), Brussels,10 March 2005; Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, March 22/23 2005.
② Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, December 14/15 2006.
③ CEC, Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius:The way ahead for 2020 and beyond, COM (2007) 2 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
①European Parliament resolution on climate change adopted on 14 February 2007 (P6_TA(2007)0038).
① Council of the European Union, Press Release 2785th Council Meeting Environment,6272/07(Presse 25), Brussels,20 February 2007.
② Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, March 8/9,2007, pp.10-12.
③ CEC,20 20 by 2020:Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
④ DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directive 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC; DIRECTIVE 2009/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community; Decision No 406/2009/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community's greenhouse gas emisson reduction commitments up to 2020.
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② Sebastian Oberthur, "The Role of the EU in Global Environmental and Climate Governance," in Mario Telo ed., European Union and Global Governance, London:Routledge,2009, p.194; Claire Roche Kelly, Sebastian Oberthur qnd Marc Pallemaerts, "Introduction," in Sebastian Oberthur qnd Marc Pallemaerts eds., The New Climate Policies of the European Union:Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy, Brussels:VUBPRESS, Brussels University Press,2010, p.12.
③崔大鹏：《国际气候合作的政治经济学分析》,北京：商务印书馆,2003年版,第103页。
④薄燕：《“京都进程”的领导者：为什么是欧盟不是美国?》,载《国际论坛》,2008年第5期,第1-7页；Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Roche Kellz, "EU Leadership in International Climate Policy:Achievements and Challenges," The International Spectator, Vol.43, No.3,2008, pp.35-50.
⑤ Bert Metz, Marcel T.J. Kok, Jelle G Van Minnen, Andre De Moor and Albert Faber, "How Can the European Union Contribute to a COP-6 Agreement? An Overview for Policy Makers," International Environmental Agreements:politics, Law and Economics, Vol.1, No.2,2001, pp.167-185; Magnus Andersson and Arthur P.J. Mol, "The Netherland in the UNFCCC Process—Leadership between Ambition and Reality," International Environmental Agreements:politics. Law and Economics, Vol.2, No.l,2002, pp.49-68.
⑥参见张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》,上海：上海人民出版社,2008年版,第267-277 页,本文根据其论述稍做了修改。
① Nigel Haigh, Climate Change Policies and Politics in the European Community, in:Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change, London:Routledge,1996, p.161; Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001, p.27.
② CEC, The Greenhouse Effect and the Community. Commission Work programme concerning the evaluation of policy options to deal with the greenhouse effect, COM (88)656 final, Brussels.
③ Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001; Nigel Haigh, Climate Change Policies and Politics in the European Community, in Tim O'Riordan and Jill Jager eds., Politics of Climate Change:a European perspective, London:Routledge,1996, pp.161-162.
④ Council of The European Union, Presidency Conclusions on COP15-Copenhagen Climate Conference, availible at:http://www.consilium.europa.eu/App/NewsRoom/loadDocument.aspx?id=356&lang=EN&directory;=en/envir/&fileNa me=112067.pdf, accessed on 22 February 2010.
⑤张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》,第268页。
① Council of the European Union (Energy and Environment), Press Release.1436th Joint Council Meeting: Energy/Environment.29 October 1990.9482/90. Luxembourg:Council of the European Communities,1990.
② Michael Grubb et al., The Kyoto Protocol-A Guide and Assessment, London:Royal Institute of International Affairs,1999,p.58.转引自薄燕：《“京都进程”的领导者：为什么是欧盟不是美国?》,载《国际论坛》,2008年第5期,第2页。
① Commission of European Communities, Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius:The way ahead for 2020 and beyond, COM (2007) 2 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
② Commission of European Communities, Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius:The way ahead for 2020 and beyond, COM (2007) 2 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
① Nuno S. Lacasta, Suraje Dessai, Eva Kracht and KatharineVincent, "Articulating a Consensus:the EU's Position on Climate Change," in Paul G. Harris ed., Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2007, p.216.
①中国环境与发展国际合作委员会、中共中央党校国际战略研究所编：《中国环境与发展：世纪挑战与战略抉择》,北京：中国环境科学出版社2007年版,第111页。
① John Barkdull and Paul G. Harris, "Environmental Change and Foreign Policy:A Survey of Theorv." Global Environmental Politics, Vol.2, No.2,2002, pp.63-91.
① Detlef Sprinz and Tapani vaahtoranta, "The Interest-Based Explanation of International Environmental Policy," International Organization, Vol.48, No.1,1994, pp.77-105.
② Detlef Sprinz and Tapani vaahtoranta, "The Interest-Based Explanation of International Environmental Policy,' International Organization, Vol.48, No.1,1994, p.104.
① Ian H. Rowlands, "Explaining National Climate Change Policies," Global Environmental Change, Vol.5, No.3,1995, pp.235-249.
② Volker von Prittwitz, UmweltauBenpolitik:Grenzulberschreitende Luftverschmutzung in Europa[Foreign Environmental Policy:Transboundary Air Pollution in Europe], Frankfurt a.M.:Campus,1984; Volker von Prittwitz, Das Katastrophenparadox:Elemente einer Theorie der Umweltpolotik [The Catrastrophe Paradox:Elements of a Theory of Environmental Policy], Oplanden:Leske+ Budrich,1990.
① Detlef F. Sprinz and Martin Weiβ, "Domestic Politics and Global Climate Policy," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, p.67.
② Robert D. Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics:The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization, Vol.42, No.3,1988, pp.427-460.
① Robert D. Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics:The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization, Vol.42, No.3,1988, p.434.
② Helen V. Milner, Interests, Institutions and Information:Domestic Politics and International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1997, Chapter Three.
③ Dana R. Fisher, National Governance and the Global Climate Change Regime, Lanham:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.2004.
① Michele M. Betsill, "The United States and the Evolution of International Climate Change Norms," in Paul G. Harris ed., Climate Change and American Foreign Policy, New York:St. Martin's Press,2000, pp.205-224.
② See Environmental Politics, Vol.17, No.4,2008.
① Steve Vanderheiden ed.. Political Theory and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press.2008.
② Paul G Harris ed., Climate Change and American Foreign Policy, New York:St. Martin's Press,2000. Unachievable Commitments, New York:State University of New York Press,2006.
③ Loren R. Cass, The Failures of American and European Climate Policy:International Norms, Domestic Politics and
④ Arild Moe and Kristian Tangen, The Kyoto Mechanisms and Russian Climate Politics, London:Royal Institute of International Affairs.2000.
⑤ Anna Korppoo Jacqueline Karas and Michael Grubb, Russia And the Kyoto Protocol:Opportunities And Challenges, London:The Royal Institute of International Affairs,2006.
① Shizuka Oshitani, Global Warming Policy in Japan and Britain:Interactions between Institutions and Issue Characteristics, Manchester:Manchester University Press,2006.
② Joshua Su-Ya Wu, "Toward a Model of International Environmental Action:A Case Study of Japan's Environmental Conversion and Participation in the Climate Change Environmental Regime," Review of Policy Research, Vol.26, No.3, 2009.
①[挪威]唐更克、何秀珍和本约朗：《中国参与全球气候变化国际协议的立场与挑战》,载《世界经济与政治》,2002年第8期,第34～40页。
② Joanna I. Lewis, "China's Strategic Priorities in International Climate Change Negotiations," The Washington Quarterly, vol.31, No.1,2007/2008, pp.155-174.
③ Martina Jung, Axel Michaelowa, Ingrid Nestle, Sandra Greiner and Michael Dutschke, "Common Policy on Climate Change:Land Use, Domestic Stakeholders and EU Foreign Policy," in Paul Harris ed., Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2007, pp.233-254.
④ Paul G. Harris, "Sharing the Burdens of Global Climate Change:International Equity and Justice in European Policy," in Paul Harris ed., Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2007, pp.349-390.
⑤比如Tim O'Riordan and Jill Jager eds., Politics of Climate Change:A European Perspective, London and New York: Routledge,1996.该书从气候变化科学与气候变化政治相互影响的视角考察了气候变化问题中科学、政治和社会
① Miranda A. Schreurs and Yves Tiberghien, "Multi-Level Reinforcement:Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.7, No.4,2007, pp.19-46.
② John Vogler, "The European Contribution to Global Environmental Governance," International Affairs, Vol.81, No.4, 2005, pp.835-850; Sebastian Oberthur, "The European Union in International Climate Policy:The Prospect for Leadership," Intereconomics, March/April 2007, pp.77-83; Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Roche Kelly, "EU Leadership in International Climate Policy:Achievements and Challenges," The International Spectator, Vol.43, No.3,2008, pp.35-50; Sebastian Oberthur, "The Role of the EU in Global Environmental and Climate Governance," in Mario Telo ed., European Union and Global Governance, London:Routledge,2009, pp.192-208.
③ Paul G. Harris, "Explaining European Responses to Global Climate Change:Power, Interests and Ideas in Domestics and International Politics," in Paul Harris ed., Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2007, pp.393-406.
① Sebastian Oberthur, "The European Union in International Climate Policy:The Prospect for Leadership," Intereconomics, March/April,2007, pp.77-83.
② William Antholis, "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly:EU-US Cooperation on Climate Change," paper presented to the International Conference on "The Great Transformation:Climate Change as Cultural Change," Essen, Germany, June 10, 2009.
③ Miranda A. Schreurs and Yves Tiberghien, "Multi-Level Reinforcement:Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.7, No.4,2007, pp.19-46.
① Jon Hovi, Tora Skodvin and Steinar Andresen, "The Persistence of the Kyoto Protocol:Why Other Annex I Countries Move on Without the United States," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.3, No.4,2003, pp.1-23.
② Sebastian Oberthur, "The European Union in International Climate Policy:The Prospect for Leadership,' Intereconomics, March/April,2007, p.81.
③ Ian Manners, "Normative Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms?" Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.40, No.2, 2002, pp.235-58; Ian Manners, "The European Union as a Normative Power:A Response to Thomas Diez," Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol.35, No.1,2006, pp.167-180.
④ Robert Falkner, "The European Union as a'Green Normative Power'? EU Leadership in International Biotechnology Regulation," Center for European Studies Working Paper Series#140, Harvard University,2006.
⑤ Vanden Brande, "EU Normative Power on Climate Change:A Legitimacy Building Strategy?" see http://www.uaces.org/pdf/papers/0801/2008_VandenBrande.pdf, accessed on 12 March 2010.
① Lyn Jaggard, Germany Climate Change Policy:Best Practice for International Relations? Berlin:WZB,2005.
② Lyn Jaggard, Climate Change Politics in Europe:Germany and the International Relations of the Environment, London:Tauris Academic Studies Press,2007.
① Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Roche Kelly, "EU Leadership in International Climate Policy:Achievements and Challenges," The International Spectator, Vol.43, No.3,2008, pp.35-50; Sebastian Oberthur, "The Role of the EU in Global Environmental and Climate Governance," in Mario Telo ed., European Union and Global Governance, London: Routledge,2009, pp.192-208; Claire Roche Kelly, Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts, "Introduction," in Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts eds., The New Climate Policies of the European Union:Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy, Brussels:VUBPRESS, Brussels University Press,2010, pp.11-25.
② Frank Biermann, "Between the USA and the South:strategic choices for European climate policy," Climate Policy, Vol.5, No.3,2005, pp.273-290.
③比如庄贵阳：《欧盟温室气体排放交易机制及其对中国的启示》,载《欧洲研究》2006年第3期,第68～87页;王伟男：《欧盟应对气候变化的基本经验及其对中国的借鉴意义》,上海社会科学院博士论文,2009年4月。
④薄燕：《国际谈判与国内政治：美国与(京都议定书)谈判的实例》,上海：上海三联书店,2007年版。
①崔大鹏：《国际气候合作的政治经济学分析》,北京：商务印书馆,2003年版。
②陈刚：《(京都议定书>与国际气候合作》,北京：新华出版社,2008年版。
③张海滨：《中国在国际气候变化谈判中的立场：连续性与变化及其原因探析》,载《世界经济与政治》2006年第10期,第36-43页。
④陈迎：《国际制度的演进及对中国谈判立场的分析》,载《世界经济与政治》,2007年第2期,第52-59页。
①庄贵阳、陈迎：《国际气候制度与中国》,北京：世界知识出版社,2005年版。
②王毅：《全球气候谈判纷争的原因分析及其展望》,载《环境保护》,2001年第1期,第44-47页：潘家华：《国家利益的科学论争与国际政治妥协——联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会<关于减缓气候变化社会经济分析评估报告>述评》,载《世界经济与政治》,2002年第2期,第55-59页；陈迎：《中国在气候公约演化进程中的作用与战略选择》,载《世界经济与政治》,2002年第5期,第15-20页：潘家华：《减缓气候变化的经济与政治影响及其地区差异》,载《世界经济与政治》,2003年第6期,第66-71页：邵锋：《国际气候谈判中的国家利益与中国的方略》,载《国际问题研究》,2005年第4期,第45-48页;庄贵阳：《后京都时代国际气候治理与中国的战略选择》,载《世界经济与政治》,2008年第8期,第6-15页。
① Max Weber, "The Social Psychology of the World Religions," in From Max Weber:Essay in Sociology, ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, New York:Oxford University Press,1958, p.280.转引自朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·0.基欧汉编,刘东国等译：《观念与外交政策——信念、制度与政治变迁》,北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版。
①张茂明：《欧洲联盟国际行为能力研究》,北京：当代世界出版社,2003年版。
②从20世纪50年代初欧洲煤钢共同体成立到2007年欧盟历经6次扩大,成员国从最初的6个发展到27个。欧盟15国(EU-15)包括法国、德国、意大利、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、英国、爱尔兰、丹麦、希腊、西班牙、葡萄牙、奥地利、瑞典和芬兰。关于欧盟的发展概况可参见刘雪莲主编：《欧洲一体化与全球政治》,长春：吉林大学出版社,2008年版。
③这里需要强调指出,本文在行文过程中有两个密切相关且容易混淆的概念：“生态现代化理论”与“生态现代化理念”。一般研究者把关于环境问题及其解决办法的思想潮流和观念称为“生态政治理论”。一般而言,“理论”是一种系统化的“理念”,而“理念”也可以是某种“理论”所反映出来的特定“信念”或“思想观念”。因而,本文的“生态现代化理论”更多是从学术视角来讲比较宽泛的一种说法,是指运用“生态现代化”信念或思想观念来解释本文的研究问题时的一种泛称,而“生态现代化理念”是指“生态现代化理论”所反映出来的特定环境政治“信念”或“思想观念”,它与某种特定的环境政策行为相对。二者既有区别又密切联系,“生态现代化理论”是用“生态现代化理念”对特定环境政策的解释。
①阎学通：《国际关系研究中使用科学方法的意义》,载《世界经济与政治》2004年第1期,第16-17页。
②参见秦亚青：《霸权体系与国际冲突：美国在国际武装冲突中的支持行为(1945-1988)》,上海：上海人民出版社,2008年版,引言部分。
①国家气候变化对策协调小组公办室,中国21世纪议程管理中心：《全球气候变化——人类面临的挑战》,北京：商务印书馆,2004年版,第17页。
②IPCC:《气候变化2007：综合报告——决策者摘要》,第2页。
③IPCC:《气候变化2007：综合报告——决策者摘要》,第2页。
④IPCC:《气候变化2007：综合报告——决策者摘要》,第5页。
①有关数据参见：http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/data/atmospheric_co2.html, accessed on 8 July 2010.
②国家气候变化对策协调小组公办室,中国21世纪议程管理中心：《全球气候变化——人类面临的挑战》,第38页。
①以上论述和科学数据全部引自国家气候变化对策协调小组公办室,中国21世纪议程管理中心：《全球气候变化——人类面临的挑战》,第49-50页。
①对全球气候变化影响的分类本文参考了胡鞍钢和管清友的论述。参见胡鞍钢、管清友：《中国应对全球气候变化》,北京：清华大学出版社,2009年版,第6-11页。
①IPCC:《气候变化2007：综合报告》,第31页。
②联合国开发计划署：《人类发展报告2007/2008——应对气候变化：分化世界中的人类团结》,第22页。
②Nicolas Stern. The Economics of Climate Change The Stem Review, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
①联合国开发计划署：《人类发展报告2007/2008—应对气候变化：分化世界中的人类团结》,第74页。
①高级代表和欧盟委员会提交给欧洲理事会的报告：Climate change and international security,参见www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/reports/99387.pdf, accessed on 14 May 2010.
②关于全球气候变化的科学研究和预测,目前科学界和学术界已经做了大量深入研究,鉴于本文的研究目的和主题,本文对此只做一个大致的描述,详细的资料除IPCC已经发布的四次评估报告,还可参见联合国开发计划署(UNDP)、世界银行以及其他一些权威机构的研究报告。
③郇庆治：环境政治学译丛总序,参见[澳]约翰德赖泽克著,蔺雪春、郭晨星译：《地球政治学：环境话语》,济南：山东大学出版社,2008年版,总序第1页。
① Arthur P. J. Mol, "Ecological Modernization and the Global Economy," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.2, No.2, 2002, pp.92-115.
② Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Tim Rayner and Harro van Asselt, "Governing the European Union:Policy Choices and Governance Dilemmas," in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union:Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2010, pp.29-51.
③[英]克莱夫·庞廷著,王毅等译：《绿色世界史：环境与伟大文明的衰落》,上海：上海人民出版社,2002年版。
①有学者把近代工业革命以来环境问题的演变划分为四个阶段：公害发生期(从18世纪末-20世纪初),公害发展期(20世纪20-40年代),公害泛滥期(20世纪50-60年代)和环境全球化时期(20世纪70年代以后)。参见张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》,导论。
②郇庆治：《环境政治国际比较》,济南：山东大学出版社,2007年版,第35页；Wolfgang Rudig, "Peace and Ecology Movements in Western Europe," West European Politics, Vol.11, No.l,1988, p.27; Christopher Rootes, "Conclusion: Environmental Protest Transformed?" in Christopher Rootes ed., Environmental Protest in Western Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2003, p.234.
③关于环境问题根源于这两种失灵的论述可参见方世南、张伟平：《生态环境问题的制度根源及其出路》,载《自然辩证法研究》2004年第5期,第1-4页。
④ Ronald Inglehart, Cultural Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1990.
⑤ John Dryzek and David Schlosberg eds., Debating the Earth:The Environmental Politics Reader, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998, p.1.
⑥[美]丹尼尔·A.科尔曼：《生态政治——建设一个绿色社会》,梅俊杰译,上海：上海世纪出版集团,2006年版；张海滨：《环境与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》,导论。
⑦关于“生态政治理论”的发展演变本文主要参考了郇庆治教授的研究视角和阶段划分。参见郇庆治：《环境政治国际比较》,第1-2页。
① Edward Goldsmith et al., A Blueprint for Survival, Ecologist 2/1(1972), preface较》,第36页。转引自郇庆治：《环境政治国际比
② World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, New York:Oxford University Press, 1987, p.43.
③ United Nations, Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, A/CONF.199/20. available at http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/636/93/PDF/N0263693.pdf7OpenElement, accessed on 30 Julv 2010.
④参见Maarten A. Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse:Ecological Modernization and the Policv Process, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995, p.26.
① G. Spaargaren and Arthur P.J. Mol, "Sociology, Environment and Modernity:Ecological Modernisation as a Theory of Social Change," Society and Natural Resources, Vol.5, No.4,1992, p.333.
②郇庆治、[德]马丁·耶内克：《生态现代化理论：回顾与展望》,载《马克思主义与现实》,2010年第1期,第175页。关于‘生态现代化”的起源和发展还可参见Martin Janicke, Ecological Modernization:Innovation and Diffusion of Policy and Technology, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2000-08, Berlin:Free University of Berlin, 2000; Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, pp.557-565; Arthur P.J. Mol and Martin Janicke, "The Origins and Theoretical Foundations of Ecological Modernisation Theory," in Arthur P.J. Mol, David A. Sonnenfeld and Gert Spaargaren eds., Ecological Modernisation Reader: Environmental Reform in Theory and Practice, London:Routledge,2010, pp.17-18.
③ Albert Weale, The New Politics of Pollution, Manchester:Manchester University Press,1992, p.75.
① Arthur P.J. Mol and David A. Sonnenfeld, "Ecological Modernisation Around the World:An Introduction." Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.l,2000, pp.3-16.
② Martin Janicke, Ecological Modernization:Innovation and Diffusion of Policy and Technoloev. Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2000-08, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2000; Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob. Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik(FFU) Report 2002-03, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002; Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, pp.557-565.
①以上论述全部引用于耶内克教授与郇庆治教授关于“生态现代化理论”的讨论。参见郇庆治、[德]马丁·耶内克：《生态现代化理论：回顾与展望》,载《马克思主义与现实》,2010年第]期,第175-179页。
① Martin Janicke and Helmut Weidner, National Environmental Policy:A Comparative Study of Capacity-Building, Berlin:Springer,1997; Martin Janicke, "On Ecological and Political Modernization," in Arthur P.J. Mol, David A. Sonnenfeld and Gert Spaargaren eds., Ecological Modernisation Reader:Environmental Reform in Theory and Practice, London:Routledge,2010, pp.28-41.
② Joseph Huber, Die verlorene Unschuld der Okologie. Neue Technologie und superindustrielle Entwicklung, Frankfurt Fisher,1982; Joseph Huber, "Technological Environmental Innovations (TEIs) in a Chain-Analytical and Life-Cycle-Analytical Perspective," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16,2008, pp.1980-1986.
③关于“生态现代化理论”与其他理论的争论可参见Arthur P.J. Mol and Gert Spaargaren, "Ecological Modernization Theory in Debate:A Review," Environmental Politics, Vol.9, No.1,2000, pp.17-49.
④ Maarten Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse-Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995.
⑤ Peter Christoff, "Ecological Modernisation, Ecological Modernities," Environmental Politics, Vol.5, No.3,1996, pp.476-500.
⑥ Arthur P.J. Mol and David A. Sonnenfeld eds., Ecological Modernisation Around the World:Perspective and Critical Debates, London and Portland:Frank Cass,2000.
① Martin Janicke, Ecological Modernisation:Innovation and Diffusion of Policy and Technology, Forschungsstelle fUr Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2000-08, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2000; Martin Janicke, "Industrial transformation between ecological modernisation and structural change." In:K. Jacob, M. Binder, and A. Wieczorek, eds. Governance for industrial transformation. Proceedings of the 2003 Berlin Conference on the Human Dime Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik nsions of Global Environmental Change. Berlin:Environmental Policy Research Centre,2004.
① Jose Manuel Barroso, "Europe's Energy Policy and the Third Industrial Revolution," SPEECH/07/580, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/07/580&format=HTML, accessed on 22 May 2010; Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, A Third Industrial Revolution? Solutions to the crisis of resource-intensive growth, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2009-02, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2009.
② Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik(FFU) Report 2002-03, p.2.
③ Arthur P.J. Mol and Martin Janicke, "The Origins and Theoretical Foundations of Ecological Modernisation Theory,' in Arthur P.J. Mol, David A. Sonnenfeld and Gert Spaargaren eds., Ecological Modernisation Reader:Environmental Reform in Theory and Practice, London:Routledge,2010, pp.18-20.
④ Martin Janicke, State Failure:the Impotence of Politics in Industrial Society, Cambridge:Polity Press,1990.
① Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, p.558.
② Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, pp.557-565.
③ Ibid, p.561.
④[澳]约翰·德赖泽克著,蔺雪春、郭晨星译：《地球政治学：环境话语》,济南：山东大学出版社,2008年版,第193页。
① Joseph Huber, Die Rengenbogengesellschaft. Okologie und Sozialpolitik (The Rainbow Society. Ecology and Social Policy). Frankfurt am Main:Fisher,1985.
② Maarten Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse-Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995, p.25.
① Albert Weale, "Ecological Modernisation and the Integration of European Environmental Policy," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and Arthur P.J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, pp.196-216.
② Michael E. Porter and Claas van der Linde, "Green and Competitive:Ending the Stalemate," Harvard Business Review, Vol.73.1995.
③ Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fiir Umweltpolitik(FFU) Report 2002-03, pp.6-7.
① Debra Johnson, "Ecological Modernization, Globalization and Europeanization:A Mutually Reinforcing Nexus?" in John Barry, Brian Baxter and Richard Dunphy eds., Europe, Globalization and Sustainable Development, London: Routledge,2004, pp.152-167.
② Arthur P.J. Mol, "Ecological Modernization and the Environmental Transition of Europe:Between National Variations and Common Denominators," Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, Vol.1, No.2,1999, pp.167-181; Arthur P.J. Mol, "Ecological Modernization and the Global Economy," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.2, No.2,2002, pp.92-115.
③ Andrew Gouldson and Joseph Murphy, "Ecological Modernization and the European Union," Geoforum, Vol.27, No.1, 1996, pp.11-21.
④例如J.A. Hanigan曾指出生态现代化理论“被一种镇定自若的技术乐观主义所束缚”,see J.A. Hanigan, Environmental Sociology:A Social Constructivist Perspective, London and New York:Routledge,1995, p.184.
① Joseph Huber, Die Rengenbogengesellschaft.Okologie und Sozialpolitik (The Rainbow Society. Ecology and Social Policy). Frankfurt am Main:Fisher,1985, p.20.
② Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, p.559.
① Martin Janicke, The Role of Nation State in Environmental Policy:The Challenge of Globalisation, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2002-07, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002, p.1.
① Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik(FFU) Report 2002-03; Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, "Lead Markets for Environmental Innovations:A New Role for the Nation State," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.4, No.1,2004, pp.29-46; Klaus Jacob et al., Lead Markets for Environmental Innovations, Heidelberg:Physica-Verlag,2005.
① Marian Beise, Lead Markets. Country-Specific Success Factors of the Global Diffusion of Innovations, Heidelberg, 2001; Marian Beise and Klaus Rennings, Lead Markets for Environmental Innovations:A Framework for Innovations and Environmental Economics, ZEW Discussion Paper 03-01, Mannheim,2003.
②在美国,管制规章由各个州独自制定,但每个州都要相互承认对方的规章。在相互竞争的情况下,特拉华州通过降低对雇员、股东和客户的保障水平而赢得了竞争胜利,从而形成了企业竞相“放松管制”。
① Martin Janicke, Manfred Binder, and Harald Monch, "Dirty Industries:Patterns of Change in Industrial Countries," Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol.9, No.4, pp.467-491.
② David Vogel, Environmental Policy and Industrial Innovation:Strategies in Europe, the USA and Japan, London: Earthscan,1995; David Vogel, "Trading up and Governing across:Transnational Governance and Environmental Protection," Journal of European Public Policy,1997, pp.556-571; David Vogel, "Is There a Race to the Bottom? The Impact of Globalization on National Regulatory Policies," In:The Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville, Vol. XXII, No.1,2001.
③ Albert Weale, "Ecological Modernisation and the Integration of European Environmental Policy," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and Arthur P.J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, p.208.
④ Martin Janicke, Ecological Modernisation:Innovation and Diffusion of Policy and Technology, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2000-08; Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, pp.557-565.
① Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, p.558.
① Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2002-03, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002, p.14.
①于宏源：《波兹南气候谈判和全球气候治理的发展》,载杨洁勉主编：《世界气候外交和中国的应对》,北京：时事出版社2009年版,第129页。
②潘家华：《国家利益的科学论争与国际政治妥协——联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会<关于减缓气候变化社会经济分析评估报告>述评》,载《世界经济与政治》2002年第2期,第55页。
①关于气候变化的科学认知与气候政治之间的关系可参加Jill JaGer and Tim O'Riordan, "The History of Climate Change Science and Politics," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change:A European Perspective, London:Routledge,1996, pp.1-31.
② Miranda A. Schreurs, Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany and the United States, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002, p.146.
③ Michael Howlett and M. Ramesh, Studying Public Policy:Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems,2nd Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2003.
④本文主要参考了Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts关于国际气候机制与欧盟气候政策演进历程的划分,参见Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts, "The EU's Internal and External Climate Change Policies:and Historical Overview," in Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts eds., The New Climate Policies of the European Union:Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy, Brussels:VUBPRESS, Brussels University Press,2010, pp.27-63;也有的研究者根据国际气候机制形成发展的演进历程,甚至把国际气候机制的形成背景追溯到20世纪50年代晚期,把这段历史划分为议程形成阶段(20世纪50年代晚期到1991年),国际谈判阶段(1991年到1997年12月《京都议定书》的达成)和国际机制的实施阶段(1997年之后),参见Steinar Andrensen and Shardul Agrawala, "Leaders, Pushers and Laggards in the Making of the Climate Regime," Global Environmental Change, Vol.12, No.l,2002, pp.41-51;还有研究者把国际气候机制的演进划分为五个阶段：(1)奠基阶段(20世纪80年代之前),国际科学界对全球气候变化问题的科学研究阶段：(2)议程形成阶段(1985到1988年),全球气候变化问题从科学问题转为政治和政策问题；(3)国际气候谈判的准备阶段(1988到1990年),国家行为体(政府)对全球气候变化问题进程的影响越来越大；(4)正式的政府间谈判阶段(1991到1992),导致《框架公约》的达成；(5)公约的具体化阶段(1992到1997年),主要是关于《议定书》的谈判与达成,参见Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge: The MIT Press,2001, pp.23-40.
①关于气候变化早期的科学认知可参见Irving M. Mintzer and J. Amber Leonard eds., Negotiating Climate Change: the Inside Story of the Rio Convention, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994; Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
② John W. Zillman, A History of Climate Activities,参见世界气象组织网站http://www.wmo.int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/58_3_zillman_en.html#top, accessed on 5 February 2010.
③ Steinar Andrensen and Shardul Agrawala, "Leaders, Pushers and Laggards in the Making of the Climate Regime, Global Environmental Change, Vol.12, No.1,2002, pp.41-51; Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, p.27.
① John W. Zillman, A History of Climate Activities,参见世界气象组织网站：http://www.wmo. int/pages/publications/bulletin_en/58_3_zillman_en.html#top, accessed on 5 February 2010.
② Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, p.28; Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts, "The EU's Internal and External Climate Change Policies:and Historical Overview," in Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts eds., The New Climate Policies of the European Union:Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy, Brussels:VUBPRESS, Brussels University Press,2010, pp.28-29.
① Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, pp.28-31.
②关于INC的谈判历程可参见Daniel Bodansky, "Prologue of the Climate Change Convention," in Irving M. Mintzer and J. Amber Leonard eds., Negotiating Climate Change:the Inside Story of the Rio Convention, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1994, pp.60--70.
① Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, p.32.
② Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, pp.33-34.
①《框架公约》根据“共同但有区别的责任”原则,分别规定了发达国家和发展中国家不同的责任和义务。在公约的两个附件中分别列出了率先采取行动的发达国家和经济转型国家的名单以及提供金融援助和技术转让的国家,也就是所谓附件一国家和附件二国家。
②鉴于本文的主要目的在于考察国际气候谈判的发展历程,关于《框架公约》具体内容的分析不在本文的范围之内。关于公约内容的分析可参见Elizabeth J. Rowbotham, "Legal Obligations and Uncertainties in the Climate Change Convention," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change:A European Perspective, London: Routledge,1996, pp.32-50; Sebastian Oberthur and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin:Springer,1999.
① IPCC:《气候变化1995：IPCC第二次评估》,第22页。
② Sebastian Oberthiir and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin: Springer,1999, p.51.
① Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol.12, No.66,3 November 1997.
② Daniel Bodansky, "The History of the Global Climate Change Regime," in Urs Luterbacher and Detlef F. Sprinz eds., International Relations and Global Climate Change, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2001, pp.35-36.
① Earth Negotiations Bulletin, Vol.12, No.66,3 November 1997.
② Sebastian Oberthur and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin: Springer,1999, pp.79-80.
③ Ibid, p.88.
① Hermann E. Ott, "The Kyoto Protocol:Unfinished Business," Environment Vol.40, No.6,1998, pp.16-20 and pp.41-45.
② Michael Grubb and Farhana Yamin, "Climatic Collapse at The Hague:what happened, why and where do we go from here?" International Affairs, Vol.77, No.2,2001, pp.261-276.
①参见FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1.30 March 2010 (中文版),第4-9页。
②Louise van Schaik and Christian Engohofer, "Improving the Climate:Will the New Constitution Strengthen EU's Performance in International Climate Negotiations?" CEPS Policy Brief, No.63/February 2005; Nikolaos Lavranos, "Multilateral Environmental Agreements:Who Makes the Binding Decisions?" European Environmental Law Review, Vol.11, No.2,2002, pp.44-55.
① Agnethe Dahl, "Competence and Subsidiarity:Legal Basis and Political Realities," in Joyeeta Gupta and Micheal Grubb eds., Climate Change and European Leadership:A Sustainable Role for Europe? Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000, p.205.
② Tom Delreux, "The European Union in International Environmental Negotiations:A Legal Perspective on the Internal Decision-making Process," International Environmental Agreements, Vol.6, No.3,2006, pp.231-248.
① Ute Collier, "The EU and Climate Change Policy:The Struggle over Policy Competences," in Ute Collier and Ragnar E. Lofstedt eds., Cases in Climate Change Policy:Political Reality in the European Union, London:Earthscan,1997, pp.43-64.
② Rafael Leal-Arcas, "The European Community and Mixed Agreements", European Foreign Affairs Review Vol.6, No.4,2001,pp.483-513.
③ Richard Macrory and Martin Hession, "The European Community and Climate Change:The Role of Law and Legal Competence," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change:A European Perspective, London: Routledge,1996, pp.106-154.
①“三驾马车”起初由前任、现任和继任轮值主席国组成,自从1999年《阿姆斯特丹条约》以来由现任、继任轮值主席国和欧盟委员会组成。参见Rudiger K.W. Wurzel and James Connelly eds., The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, London:Routledge,2010, p.11.
① Martina Jung, Axel Michaelowa, Ingrid Nestle, Sandra Greiner and Michael Dutschke, "Common Policy on Climate Change:Land Use, Domestic Stakeholders and EU Foreign Policy," in Paul Harris ed., Europe and Global Climate Change:Politics, Foreign Policy and Regional Cooperation, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2007, p.239.
②欧盟环境部长理事会专门设置了国际环境事务工作组(Working Party on International Environment Issues),分为两个工作组：一是可持续发展的全球环境方面的工作组,二是气候变化工作组。
③常设代表委员会由各成员国驻欧盟的大使组成,这些各成员国驻欧盟大使成为“常设代表”。常设代表委员会由两部分组成：常设代表委员会-Ⅰ,主要解决共同体事务,诸如内部市场问题(包括环境问题在内)：常设代表委员会-Ⅱ,主要解决外交政策之类的“高级政治”问题。常设代表委员会主要是为部长理事会的召开进行准备,可以解决一些次要问题或程序性问题以便减轻理事会召开期间的工作负担。
④ Martijn L.P. Groenleer and Louise G van Schaik, "United We Stand? EU's International Actorness in the Cases of International Criminal Court and Kyoto Protocol," Journal of Common Markets Study, Vol.45, No.5,2007, pp.969-998.
① Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Roche Kelly, "EU Leadership in International Climate Policy:Achievements and Challenges," The International Spectator, Vol.43, No.3,2008, p.38.
① European Council, Presidency Conclusions, Goteborg European Council-15 and 16 June,2001 (SN 200/01), Goteburg.
② C. Burns, "The European Parliament:The EU's Environmental Champion," in Andrew ed., Environmental Policy in the European Union,2nd edition, London:Earthscan,2005, pp.87-105.
③ Louise van Schaik, "The Sustainability of the EU's Model for Climate Diplomacy," in Sebastian Oberthur and Marc Pallemaerts eds., The New Climate Policies of the European Union:Internal Legislation and Climate Diplomacy, Brussels:VUBPRESS, Brussels University Press,2010, p.261.
④ Louise van Schaik and Christian Engohofer, "Improving the Climate:Will the New Constitution Strengthen EU's Performance in International Climate Negotiations?" CEPS Policy Brief, No.63/February 2005, p.4.
① Charlotte Burns and Neil Carter, "The European Parliament and Climate Change:From Symbolism to Heroism and Back again," in Rudiger K.W. Wurzel and James Connelly eds., The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, London:Routledge,2010, pp.58-73.
② CEC, Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, COM (1999)230 final, Brussels,19.05.1999, p.1.
① Oriol Costa, "Is Climate Change Changing the EU? The Second Image Reversed in Climate Politics," Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol.21, No.4,2008, pp.527-544.
② Nigel Haigh, "Climate Change Policies and Politics in the European Community," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change. London:Routledge,1996, p.161.
③ CEC, The Greenhouse Effect and the Community. Commission Work programme concerning the evaluation of policy options to deal with the greenhouse effect, COM (88)656 final, Brussels,16 November 1988; Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
④ Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema and Harro van Asselt, "Cliamte Change Policy in the European Union:an Introduction," in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union:Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010, p.9.
⑤ Presidency Conclusions of European Council,25 and 26 June 1990, Dublin;也可参见 Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
①引自Nigel Haigh, "Climate Change Policies and Politics in the European Community," in Tim O'Riordan and Jill JaGer eds., Politics of Climate Change, London:Routledge,1996, pp.161-162.
② Andrew Jordan and Tim Rayner, "The Evolution of Cliamte Policy in the European Union:an Historical Overview," in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union:Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2010,pp.52-80.
③ CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emission and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91)1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991.
④ Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001, p.29.
① Decision 94/69/EC of the Council of the European Union of 15 December 1993 Concerning the Conclusion of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Official Journal of the European Union,7 February, L 33/11.
② CEC, Proposal for a Council Directive Introducing a Tax on Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Energy. COM (92) 226 final, Brussels,30 June 1992.
③ CEC, Proposal for a Council Decision for a monitoring mechanism of Community CO2 and other greenhouse gas emission, Brussels, COM (92)181 final, Brussels,1 June 1992.
④ CEC, Proposal for a Council Directive to limit carbon dioxide emission by improving energy efficiency (SAVE programme), Brussels, COM (92)182 final, Brussels,26 June 1992; CEC, Specific action for greater penetration for renewable energy sources ALTENER, COM (92)180 final, Brussels,29 June 1992.
⑤ Lasse Ringius, The European Community and Climate Protection:What's behind the 'Empty Rhetoric'? Center for International Climate and Environment Research-Oslo (CICERO), Report 1999:8.
① Sebastian Oberthilr and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin: Springer,1999, pp.65-66.
② Council of the European Union (Environment), Conclusions of the 1939th Environment Council, Meeting 25-26 June, 1996, Brussels:Council of Ministers.
③关于欧盟“负担共享”协定的谈判及达成可参见Constanze Haug and Andrew Jordan, "Burden Sharing:Distributing Burdens or Sharing Efforts?" in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union:Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2010, pp.83-102; Lasse Ringius, "Differentiation, leaders, and fairness," International Negotiation, Vol.4, No.2,1999, pp.133-166; Loren R. Cass, The Failures of American and European Climate Policy: International Norms, Domestic Politics, and Unachievable Commitments, New York:State University of New York Press, 2006,pp.143-145.
④ Lasse Ringius, "Differentiation, Leaders, and Fairness:Negotiating Climate Commitments in the European Community," International Negotiation, Vol.4, No.2,1999, pp.133-166; Sebastian Oberthur and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin:Springer,1999, pp.54-58.
⑤ Decision 2002/358/EC of the Council of the European Union of 25 April 2002 Concerning the Approval, on Behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Joint Fulfilment of Commitments Thereunder. Official Journal of the European Union,15 May, L 130/1.
①CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997)481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997.
① Loren R. Cass, The Failures of American and European Climate Policy:International Norms, Domestic Politics, and Unachievable Commitments, New York:State University of New York Press,2006, p.153.
② Sebastian Oberthiir and Hermann E. Ott, The Kyoto Protocol:International Climate Policy for the 21st Cencury, Berlin: Springer,1999, p.51.
③《京都议定书》第九条规定对《京都议定书》的第一次审查应该在《京都议定书》缔约方第二次会议上进行。参见Farhana Yamin, "The Role of the EU in Climate Negotiations," in Joyeeta Gupta and Michael Grubb eds., Climate Change and European Leadership:A Sustainable Role for Europe? Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000, pp.62-63.
④ CEC, Climate Change-Towards an EU Post-Kyoto Strategy, COM (1998)353 final, Brussels,03.06.1998.
⑤ CEC, Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, COM (1999)230 final, Brussels,19.05.1999.
① Michael Grubb and Farhana Yamin, "Climatic Collapse at The Hague:what happened, why and where do we go from here?" International Affairs, Vol.77, No.2,2001, pp.261-276.
② European Council, Presidency Conclusions, Goteborg European Council-15 and 16 June,2001 (SN 200/01), Goteburg.
③ Miranda A. Schreurs, "The Climate Change Divide:the European Union, the United States, and the Future of the Kyoto Protocol," in Norman J. Vig and Michael G Faure eds., Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United States and the European Union, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2004, pp.207-230; Miranda A. Schreurs, Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany and the United States, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.
④ Miranda A. Schreurs, "The Climate Change Divide:the European Union, the United States, and the Future of the Kyoto Protocol," in Norman J. Vig and Michael G. Faure eds., Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United States and the European Union, Cambridge:The MIT Press,2004, pp.218-219.
⑤ Decision 2002/358/EC of the Council of the European Union of 25 April 2002 Concerning the Approval, on Behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Joint Fulfilment of Commitments Thereunder. Official Journal of the European Union,15 May, L 130/1.
⑥ CEC, on EU Policies and Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Towards a European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), COM (2000)88 final, Brussels,8.3.2000.
① Wybe TH. Douma, "The European Union, Russia and the Kyoto Protocol," in Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere eds., EU Climate Change Policy:the Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2006, pp.51-66.
② CEC, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, COM (2001)581 final, Brussels.23.10.2001.
③ CEC, Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change, COM (2005)35 final, Brussels,9.2.2005.
④ Marc Pallememaerts and Rhiannon Williams, "Climate Change:the International and European Policy Framework," in Marjan Peeters and Kurt Deketelaere eds., EU Climate Change Policy:the Challenge of New Regulatory Initiatives, Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2006, pp.47-48.
① CEC, An Energy Policy for Europe, COM (2007)1 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
② CEC, Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 Degrees Celsius—The Way Ahead for 2020 and Beyond, COM (2007)2 final.10.1.2007.
③ European Council, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels European Council,8-9 March 2007,7224/1/07 REV1. Brussels: European Council.
④ CEC,20 20 by 2020—Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008)30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
⑤ CEC, Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package,2008. Availible at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/climate action.htm, accessed on 13 May 2010.
⑥ CEC,20 20 by 2020—Europe s Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008)30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.3.
① Markus Jachtenfuchs and Michael Huber, "Institutional Learning in the European Community:the Response to the Greenhouse Effect," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and A.P.J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, p.37.
②[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,北京：北京大学出版社,2005年版,第13页。
① Maarten A. Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse:Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995.
② Albert Weale, "Ecological Modernisation and the Integration of European Environmental Policy," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and Arthur P.J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, p.208.
③ Markus Jachtenfuchs and Michael Huber, "Institutional Learning in the European Community:the Response to the Greenhouse Effect," in J.D. Liefferink, P.D. Lowe and A.P. J. Mol eds., European Integration and Environmental Policy, London:Belhaven Press,1993, pp.36-58.
④[澳]约翰·德赖泽克著,蔺雪春、郭晨星译：《地球政治学：环境话语》,第9页。
① Maarten Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse-Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995, p.44.
②蔡守秋：《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉：武汉大学出版社,2002年版,第79页。
③ Resolution of the Council of the European Communities and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, of 7 February 1983 on the continuation and implementation of a European Community policy and action programme on the environment (1982 to 1986), The Official Journal, OJ C 046,17.2.1983, p.3.
④ CEC, Fourth Environmental Action Programme,1987-92, COM (86) 485 final,1986, p.3.
① Resolution of the Council of the European Communities and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, of 1 February 1993 on a Community programme of policy and action in relation to the environment and sustainable development, The Official Journal, OJ C 138,17.5.1993.
② CEC, "Environment 2010:our future, our choice"-The Sixth Environment Action Programme, COM (2001) 31 final, Brussels,24.1.2001.
①第一章已经指出,欧盟气候政策及其国际气候谈判立场主要由欧盟环境部长理事会进行决定,但政策倡议与制定程序上一般是由欧盟委员会提出政策建议,然后提交理事会和欧洲议会进行“联合决策”,但欧洲议会的影响力不大。所以,影响欧盟气候政策及其立场最主要的机构是欧盟委员会和理事会。欧盟绝大多数气候政策都是由委员会首先提出或应理事会的要求由委员会研究制定。鉴于此,本文重点对欧盟委员会和理事会具有代表性的政策文件进行分析。
② CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91) 1744 final, Brussels.14 October 1991.
③ CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997.
④ CEC,2020 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.12008.
⑤ Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Dupont, "The Council, the European Council and International-Climate Policy:From Symbolic Leadership to Leadership by Example," in ROdiger K.W. Wurzel and James Connelly eds., The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, London:Routledge,2010, pp.74-91.
① Pamela M. Barnes, "The Role of the Commission of the European Union:Creating External Coherence from Internal Diversity," in in Rudiger K.W. Wurzel and James Connelly eds., The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, London:Routledge,2010, p.51:
① CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91) 1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991, p.1; CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997, p.4.
② CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997.
③ CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe s Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.2.
④ CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91)1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991, p.3.
⑤ CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997, p.4.
① CEC, Climate Change-The EUApproach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997, p.4.
② CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91)1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991, p.4.
③ CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.5.
④ CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emissions and to Improve Energy Efficiency, SEC (91)1744 final, Brussels,14 October 1991, p.3.
⑤ CEC, Climate Change-The EU Approach for Kyoto, COM (1997) 481 final, Brussels,01.10.1997, p.8.
⑥ CEC, on EU policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:Towards a European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), COM (2000)88 final, Brussels,8.3.2000
① CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.2.
② CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.2.
Ibid.p.3.
① European Union Ratifies the Kyoto Protocol, http://www.europa-eu-un.org/articles/en/article 1420 en.htm, accessed on 21 June 2010.
② Stavros Dimas, "Environment Policy to 2010-A Sustainable Road to Lisbon," Speech at Meeting of G9 group of environmental NGOs, European Parliament (Brussels), January 26,2005.
③ Stavros Dimas, "Sustainable Development and Competitiveness," EPC Meeting, Brussels,5 October 2005.
④ Stavros Dimas, "Climate Change-International and EU Action," Climate Change Conference, Prague,31 October, 2008.
① CEC, The Greenhouse Effect and the Community. Commission Work programme concerning the evaluation of policy options to deal with the greenhouse effect, COM (88)656 final, Brussels; Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol: An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
② Heike Schoder, Negotiating The Kyoto Protocol:An analysis of negotiation dynamics in international negotiations, Munster:LIT,2001.
③ Jon Birger Skj(?)rseth, "The Climate Policy of the EC:Too Hot to Handle?" Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.32, No.l,1994, pp.25-45.
④ CEC, Specific action for greater penetration for renewable energy sources ALTENER, COM (92)180 final, Brussles
⑤ CEC, Proposal for a Council Decision for a monitoring mechanism of Community CO2 and other greenhouse gas emission, Brussels, COM (92)181 final, Brussles.
① CEC, Proposal for a Council Directive to limit carbon dioxide emission by improving energy efficiency (SAVE programme), COM (92)182 final, Brussles.
② CEC, Proposal for a Council Directive introducing a tax on carbon dioxide emission and energy, Brussels, COM (92)226 final, Brussles.
③ CEC, Commission Communication to the Council Amendment to Commission Decision No 3855/91/ECSC of 27 November 1991 establishing Community rules for aid to the steel industry, SEC (92)992 fina 1, Brussles.
④ CEC, A Community Strategy to Limit Carbon Dioxide Emission and to Improve Energy Efficiency, Brussels, COM (92)246 final, Brussles,1 June 1992.
⑤ CEC, Proposal for a Council Decision concerning the conclusion of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, Brussels, COM (92)508 final, Brussels,14 December 1992.
⑥ Council Decision 94/69/EC of 15 December 1993 concerning the conclusion of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, OJ L033,7.2.1994.
⑦ John McCormick, Environmental Policy in the European Union, Hampshire:Palgrave,2001, p.281.
⑧ CEC, Climate Change-Towards an EUPost-Kyoto Strategy, Brussels, COM (1998)353 final, Brussels.
⑨ CEC, "Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol", Brussels, COM (1999)230 final, Brussels.
① CEC, Green Paper on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading within the European Union, COM (2000)87 final, Brussels, 8.3.2000.
②关于欧盟的温室气体排放交易体系可参见庄贵阳：《欧盟温室气体排放交易机制及其对中国的启示》,载《欧洲研究》2006年第3期。
③ CEC, on EU Policies and Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Towards a European Climate Change Programme(ECCP), COM (2000)88 final, Brussels.
④ CEC, A European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development, Office for Official Publications of the EU,2002, p.12.
⑤ CEC, On the Review of the Sustainable Development Strategy-A Platform for Action, COM(2005) 658 final, Brussels.
① Council Decision 2002/358/EC concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder,25 April,2002.
② Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC, OJ L275,25.10.2003.
③ CEC, Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change, COM (2005)35 final, Brussels,9.2.2005.
④ CEC, Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degree Celsius:The Way Ahead for 2020 and Beyond, COM (2007)2 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
⑤ CEC, Renewable Energy Road Map-Renewable Energies in the 21st century:building a more sustainable future, COM (2006)848 final, Brussels,10.1.2007; CEC, An Energy Policy for Europe, COM (2007)1 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
① CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe s Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008)30 final, Brussels.
② http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/climate_action.htm, accessed on 5 March 2010.; Pew Center on Global Climate Change, European Commission's Proposed "Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package" January 2008, http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/EU_Proposal_23Jan2008.pdf, accessed on 5 March 2010.
③ CEC, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community, COM (2008)16 final, Brussels, 23.1.2008.
④ CEC, Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emission to meet the Community's greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020, COM (2008)17 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
⑤ CEC, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directives 85/337/EEC,96/61/EC, Directives 2000/60/EC,2001/80/EC,2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006, COM (2008)18 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
⑨ CEC, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, COM (2008) 19 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
①[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,第17页。
②[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,第13页。
① German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conversation and Nuclear Safety, Environment-Innovation-Employment:Elements of a European Ecological Industrial Policy, Working Paper to the Informal Meeting of Environment Ministers in Essen,1st-3rd June,2007, p.5.
① Maarten Hajer, The Politics of Environmental Discourse-Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1995, pp.31-32.
①[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,第18页。
② Miranda A. Schreurs and Yves Tiberghien, "Multi-Level Reinforcement:Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.7, No.4,2007, pp.27-28.
① Lasse Ringuis, European Community and Climate Protection:What's behind the 'Empty Rhetoric'? Center for International Environment and Climate Research-Oslo(CICERO) Report 1998-8.
①郇庆治、[德]马丁·耶内克：《生态现代化理论：回顾与展望》,载《马克思主义与现实》,2010年第1期,第175页。
②关于荷兰的“生态现代化”战略与环境治理可参见山东大学李彦文2009年的博士论文《生态现代化理论视角下的荷兰环境治理》。
③ Miranda A. Schreurs and Yves Tiberghien, "Multi-Level Reinforcement:Explaining European Union Leadership in Climate Change Mitigation," Global Environmental Politics, Vol.7, No.4,2007, p.32.
④ Lasse Ringius, "Differentiation, leaders, and fairness:Negotiating Climate Commitments in the European Community," International Negotiation, Vol.4, No.2,1999, pp.133-166; John Vogler, Climate Change and EU Foreign Policy:The Negotiation of Burden-Sharing, VCD Dublin European Institute Working Paper 08-11, July 2008.
① Lasse Ringuis, European Community and Climate Protection:What's behind the 'Empty Rhetoric'? Center for International Environment and Climate Research-Oslo(CICERO) Report 1998-8, p.17.
②[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译：《观念与外交政策：信念、制度与政治变迁》,第21页。
① CEC, on EUpolicies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:Towards a European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), COM(2000) 88 final, Brussels,8.3.2000.
② Second European Climate Change Programme,参见http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eccp/second en.htm. accessed on 2010-11-2
③ Stavros Dimas, "Developing the EU Climate Change Programme," Speech at Stakeholder Coference launching the Second European Climate Change Programme, Brussels,24 October 2005.
① European Commission, The European Climate Change Programme:EU Action Against Climate Change,2006.
② European Commission. The European Climate Change Programme:EU Action Against Climate Change,2006. Second European Climate Change Programme, Brussels,24 October 2005.
③ Stavros Dimas, "Developing the EU Climate Change Programme," Speech at Stakeholder Coference launching the
①国家气候变化对策协调小组公办室,中国21世纪议程管理中心：《全球气候变化——人类面临的挑战》,前言第1页。
②世界环境与发展委员会,王之佳等译：《我们共同的未来》,长春：吉林人民出版社,1997年版,第31页。
③张海滨：《环境问题与国际关系：全球环境问题的理性思考》,第18页。
① Martin Janicke, The Role of the Nation State in Environmental Policy:The Challenge ofGlobalisationy, Forschungsstelle fiir Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2002-07, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002, p.6.
①胡鞍钢、管清友：《中国应对全球气候变化》,北京：清华大学出版社,2009年版,前言第Ⅳ页。
②参见百度百科“低碳经济”条目,http://baike.baidu.com/view/1494637.htm,2010-11-3登录。
③胡鞍钢、管清友：《中国应对全球气候变化》,北京：清华大学出版社,2009年版,前言第Ⅳ页。
④经合组织(OECD):《绿色增长战略中期报告：为拥有可持续的未来履行我们的承诺》,2010年5月27-28日,经合组织部长级理事会会议。
⑤ DTI (Department of Trade and Industry), UK Energy White Paper:Our energy future-creating a low carbon economy, published by TSO (The Stationery Office),2003.
⑥庄贵阳、朱仙丽、赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》,杭州：浙江人民出版社,2009年版,第284页。
①CEC, Preparing for Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, COM (1999)230 final, Brussels,1999, p.1.
① ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EUeco-industry, Final report-Part 1, Brussles,09 October,2009,p.90.
①郇庆治：《环境政治国际比较》,导言第3页。
②经合组织(OECD):《绿色增长战略中期报告：为拥有可持续的未来履行我们的承诺》,2010年5月27-28日,经合组织部长级理事会会议。
① CEC, Winning the Battle Against Global Climate Change, Brussels, COM (2005)35 final, Brussels,9.2.2005.
② Presidency Conclusion, Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000
③ Presidency Conclusion, Goteborg European Council 15 and 16 June 2001.
④ The High Level Group Chaired by Wim Kok, Facing the challenge:The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment, November 2004.
① The High Level Group Chaired by Wim Kok, Facing the challenge:The Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Employment, November 2004.
② Presidency Conclusion, Brussels European Council 22 and 23 March 2005.
③ CEC, On the review of the Sustainable Development Strategy:A Platform for action, COM(2005) 658 final, Brussels.
④冯建中：《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》,北京：时事出版社,2010年版,第339-340页。
⑤ EC, An Energy Policy for Europe, COM (2007) 1 final, Brussels, p.5.
⑥ Presidency Conclusion, Brussels European Council 8/9 March 2007, pp.10-14.
① CEC, Boosting growth and jobs by meeting our climate change commitments. Press Release IP/08/08 Brussels 23 January 2008.
②冯建中：《欧盟能源战略——走向低碳经济》,第342页。
①蔡林海：《低碳经济：绿色革命与全球创新竞争大格局》,北京：经济科学出版社,2009年版,第46页。
② European Communities, EU action against climate change:Research and development to fight climate change,2007, p.6.
③ CEC, Stimulating Technologies for Sustainable Development:An Environmental Technologies Action Plan for the European Union, COM(2004) 38 final, Brussels,28.1.2004, p.23.
① CEC, A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan):Towards a low carbon future, COM(2007) 723 final, Brussels,22.11.2007.
①蔡林海：《低碳经济：绿色革命与全球创新竞争大格局》,第165-166页。
②Esko Aho et al., Creating an Innovative Europe. Report of the Independent Expert Group on R&D and Innovation appointed following the Hampton Court Summit, Luxembourg:Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. January 2006. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/investin-research/pdf/download_en/aho_report.pdf
③ CEC, A Lead Market Initiative for Europe, COM(2007) 860 final, Brussels,21.12.2007.
④ ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EU eco-industry, Final report-Part 1, Brussles,09 October,2009, p.38.
① Harro van Asselt, "Emission Trading:the Enthusiastic Adoption of an'Alien'Instrument?" in Andrew Jordan, Dave Huitema, Harro van Asselt, Tim Rayner and Frans Berkhout eds., Climate Change Policy in the European Union: Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation? Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2010, pp.125-144.
② CEC, Green Paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union, COM(2000) 87 final, Brussels, 8.3.2000.
③庄贵阳：《欧盟温室气体排放贸易机制及其对中国的启示》,载《欧洲研究》2006年第3期,第80页。
Antoine Dechezlepretre, Invention and International Diffusion of Climate Change Mitigation Technologies:An Empirical Approach,2009. Availible at http://pastel.paristech.org/6166/01/th%C3%A8se_AD_2_oct.pdf, accessed on 21 October 2010.
②OECD, Climate Policy and Technological Innovation and Transfer:An Overview of Trends and Recent Empirical Results,2010. Availible at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/52/45648463.pdf, accessed on 18 October 2010.
③ OECD, Compendium of Patent Statistics 2008, availible at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/19/37569377.pdf, accessed on 18 October 2010.
①欧盟大企业对华技术转让战略的调查,2005。转引自张焕波：《中国、美国和欧盟气候政策分析》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2010年版,第91页。
① OECD, Eurostat, The Environmental Goods and Services Industry:Manual for Data Collection and Analysis,1999, p.9.
② Ibid, p.12-13限于本文的篇幅及研究需要,本文不再详细列举这36种生态产业。
③ Ernst & Young, Eco-industry, its size, employment, perspectives and barriers to growth in an enlarged EU,2006.
④ ECORYS, Study on the competitiveness of the EU eco-industry,2009.
①蔡林海：《低碳经济：绿色革命与全球创新竞争大格局》,第169-170页。
① ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EU eco-industry, Final Report-Part 1, October 2009, p.39.
① ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EU eco-industry, Final Report-Part 1, October 2009, p.95.
② ECORYS, Study on the Competitiveness of the EU eco-industry, Final Report-Part 1, October 2009, p.41.
①可参见联合国环境规划署(UNEP)的报告,United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Green Jobs:Towards Sustainable Work in a Low-carbon World,2008; United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Green Jobs:Towards Decent Work in A Sustainable, Low-carbon World,2008.
② CEC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008)30 final, Brussels.
①关于国际关系研究方法中定量分析的数据计量尺度问题,可参见李少军：《国际关系学研究方法》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2008年版,第五章。
① EC,20 20 by 2020-Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
②例如CEC, COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Impact Assessment Report for the Action Plan for Energy Efficiency 2006, SEC(2006)1174, Brussels,19.10.2006; CEC, Commission Staff Working Document State of play in the EU energy policy, SEC(2010) 1346 final, Brussels,10.11.2010.
① Lasse Ringuis, European Community and Climate Protection:What's behind the 'Empty Rhetoric'? Center for International Environment and Climate Research-Oslo(CICERO) Report 1998-8, p.8.
① Sebastian Oberthur and Claire Roche Kelly, "EU Leadership in International Climate Policy:Achievements and Challenges," The International Spectator, Vol.43, No.3,2008, pp.36-37.
② EC, on EU Policies and Measures to Reduce Greenhuose Gas Emission:Towards a European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), COM (2000)88 final, Brussels,8.3.2000.
① Stavros Dimas, Developing European Climate Change Programme, Speech at Stakeholder conference launching the Second European Climate Change Programme, Brussels,24 October 2005.
①Michael Grubb, "European Climate Change Policy in a Global Context," in Helge O le Bergesen, Georg Parmann, and (?)ystein B. Thommessen eds.,Green Globe Yearbook of International Co-operation on Environment and Development 1995, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995, pp.41-50;
② Sebastian Oberthilr, EU Leadership on Climate Change:Living up to the Challenges, availible at: http://ec.europa.eu/education/ajmforum07/oberthur.pdf,5 March 2010.
①周文：《欧美“气候立法”的法律、外交和经济内涵》,载《学习时报》,2007年4月2日。
① Rob Bradley, EU Leadership in Climate Change Policy? Awailible at: www.inforse.org/europe/ppt_docs/CAN-Europe.ppt, accessed on 5 November 2010.
② Climate Action Network Europe, Global Leadership Means Domestic Action,2009. Availible at: http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/consultation_responses/eu_ets_review.pdf, accessed on 5 November 2010.
① Volker von Prittwitz, Das Katastrophenparadox:Elemente einer Theorie der Umweltpolotik [The Catrastrophe Paradox:Elements of a Theory of Environmental Policy], Oplanden:Leske+ Budrich,1990.
① European Environment Agency(EEA), Annual European Union Greenhouse Gas Invetory 1990-2008 and Invetory Report 2010:Submission to UNFCCC Secretaiat, EEA Technical Report No.6 2010.
①“凝聚国家”是指欧盟成员国中收入相对较低,受到欧盟“凝聚基金(Cohesion Fund)"金融援助的国家集团,包括：西班牙、葡萄牙、爱尔兰和希腊。
② Martin Janicke, The Role of the Nation State in Environmental Policy:The Challenge of Globalisationy, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2002-07, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002, p.3.
① Nicholas Stern, The Economics of Climate Change, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
① Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, March 25/26,2004; Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, March 22/23,2005; CEC, Working together for Growth and Jobs:A New Htart for the Lisbon Strategy, COM (2005) 24, Brussels,02.02.2005; CEC, Common Actions for Growth and Employment:The Community Lisbon Programme, COM (2005) 330,final, Brissels,20.7.2005.
② CEC, Winning the Battle against Global Climate Change, COM(2005) 35 final, Brussels,9.2.2005.
① Council of the European Union, Press Release 2647th Council Meeting Environment,6693/05(Presse 40), Brussels,10 March 2005; Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, March 22/23 2005.
② Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, December 14/15 2006.
③ CEC, Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius:The way ahead for 2020 and beyond, COM (2007) 2 final, Brussels,10.1.2007.
①European Parliament resolution on climate change adopted on 14 February 2007 (P6_TA(2007)0038).
① Council of the European Union, Press Release 2785th Council Meeting Environment,6272/07(Presse 25), Brussels,20 February 2007.
② Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions, Brussels, March 8/9,2007, pp.10-12.
③ CEC,20 20 by 2020:Europe's Climate Change Opportunity, COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008.
④ DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directive 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC; DIRECTIVE 2009/29/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community; Decision No 406/2009/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community's greenhouse gas emisson reduction commitments up to 2020.
①生态现代化理论的主要创立者马丁·耶内克把系统的“生态效率”(或“经济效率”)(eco-efficiency)的提高视为与“生态现代化”最为接近的概念。参见Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008;郇庆治、[德]马丁·耶内克：《生态现代化理论：回顾与展望》,载《马克思主义与现实》,2010年第1期,第175-179页。
② Pamela M. Barnes, "The Role of the Commission of,the European Union:Creating External Coherence from Internal Diversity," in in Rildiger K..W. Wurzel and James Connelly eds., The European Union as a Leader in International Climate Change Politics, London:Routledge,2010, p.52.
①Ernst & Young, Eco-industry. its size, employment, perspectives and barriers to growth in an enlarged EU,2006, p.26.
① CEC,20 20 by 2020:Europe's Climate Change Opportunity. COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.3.
② CEC,20 20 by 2020:Europe's Climate Change Opportunity. COM (2008) 30 final, Brussels,23.1.2008, p.2.
①CEC, Europe 2020:A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth, COM (2010) 2020, Brussels,3.3.2010.
②庄贵阳、朱仙丽、赵行姝：《全球环境与气候治理》,第221页。
③陈迎：《国际气候政治格局的发展与前景》,载李慎明、王逸舟主编：《全球政治与安全报告(2008)》,北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007年版,第289-290页。
① Vanden Brande, "EU Normative Power on Climate Change:A Legitimacy Building Strategy?"参见http://www.uaces.org/pdf/papers/0801/2008_VandenBrande.pdf, accessed on 12 March 2010.
② Martin Janicke, Ecological Modernization:Innovation and Diffusion of Policy and Technology, Forschungsstelle fiir Umweltpolitik (FFU) Report 2000-08, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2000; Martin Janicke and Klaus Jacob, Ecological Modernisation and the Creation of Lead Markets, Forschungsstelle fur Umweltpolitik(FFU) Report 2002-03, Berlin:Free University of Berlin,2002; Martin Janicke, "Ecological Modernisation:New Perspectives," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol.16, No.5,2008, pp.557-565;郇庆治：《生态现代化理论与绿色变革》,载《马克思主义与现实》2006年第2期,第90-98页。
①潘家华：《气候变化：地缘政治的大国博弈》,载《绿叶》2008年第4期,第77-82页；陈迎：《国际气候政治格局的发展与前景》,载李慎明、王逸舟主编：《全球政治与安全报告(2008)》。
①凤凰网：《张海滨：我最担忧坎昆会议群龙无首》,参见：http://news.ifeng.com/world/special/kankun/lvsefangtan/detail_2010_11/29/3267041_0.shtml,登录日期2010年11月30日。
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