基于GIS的烟田土壤养分空间变异特征及分区管理研究
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摘要
土壤是由母质、地形、时间、生物、气候和人为等因素形成的不均一、变化的连续体,在空间上存在着变异性。我国传统农业生产通常是以农户作为基本生产单位以田块作为均质耕种单元,在同一地区因耕作习惯和传统所有的农田上,单位面积上的肥料施入量基本一致。这种传统的耕作模式使得施肥缺乏针对性,容易导致农田内养分供给不平衡、肥料利用率低。正确、全面地认识土壤养分含量的空间变异情况并在此基础上合理地确定土壤养分管理单元,并据此相应调整肥料的投入量和投入的种类,是实现烟田土壤精准管理的基础,也是实现现代烟草农业的重要途径。
为了实现烟田土壤养分的精准管理,探索出烟田土壤养分分区管理模式,本研究以重庆市彭水县现代烟草科技示范园为实验点展开烟田土壤养分精准管理研究,本研究通过GPS定位技术,对科技示范园区内的烟田进行了50×50m的网格取样,通过室内分析得到土壤个养分指标的含量,并基于地理信息系统平台,综合应用地统计学工具和DPS、SPSS等数据处理工具,对园区内烟田土壤养分的空间变异情况进行分析并制作出土壤养分的空间变异分布图。进一步应用主成分分析法和模糊聚类分析结合农户边界坐标实现了园区内烟田土壤养分分区的划分,为烟区的差异化管理和精准施肥奠定基础。
本研究的主要结果如下:
(1)通过室内试验分析,得出各取样点土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质和各种速效微量矿质元素的含量以及土壤pH值。其中碱解氮、速效磷、土壤全氮的平均含量分别78.32mg/kg、4.94 mg/kg、0.84g/kg属于含量偏低的范围,速效钾、有机质的平均含量为176.76 mg/kg、34.44g/kg属于含量较高的范围,,土壤微量元素中有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌的平均含量分别为3.94、8.17、0.80、0.33 mg/kg基本上都属于适中的等级范围。
(2)各土壤养分具有空间变异特征,变异系数范围在4.45%-33.56%之间,有效锰的变异系数最高为33.56%,有效锌、速效钾的变异系数均在30%以上,pH值的变异系数最低为4.45%,土壤全钾和有效铁含量的变异系数也较低为8.67%和10.16%,其余各土壤养分含量的变异系数在15.41%-20.19%之间,表明存在一定的空间变异性,有必要进行分区管理。
(3)应用GS+软件对养分数据进行半方差分析并拟合出各个土壤养分含量变异函数的理论模型,pH值、全氮、有效铜的最佳理论模型为指数模型,其余各土壤养分属性的最佳理论模型均为球状模型,碱解氮的最佳理论模型决定系数为0.489,其他各养分属性的最佳理论模型决定系数都比较高,所以理论模型的拟合度比较高。利用ArcGIS软件,采用普通克立格法进行最优内插,绘制出各土壤养分含量的空间分布图,能直观地对土壤养分的丰缺状况进行概括。
(4)研究区域内碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜及有效锌的C0/(C+ C0)比值都小于25%,均表现出较强的空间相关性;其余土壤pH值、全磷和全钾土壤养分的C0/(C+ C0)比值都在25%-50%之间,表现出中等程度的空间相关性。
(5)利用主成分分析在SPSS软件中提取两个主成分而后应用模糊-c聚类分析把研究区域分区,聚类分析结果表明将研究区域分为3个管理等级最为合理,最后将各个农户的田块边界集成在三个分区单元中,使之能更加直观地看出各户烟田的土壤养分肥力情况。为进一步的精准施肥管理打下基础。
Soil is composed with the parent material, topography, time, biology, climate, and human factors such as the heterogeneity of the formation, change continuum, there exists in the space variability. China's traditional agricultural production as the basic production units farmers usually cultivated by farmland as homogeneous units, in the same area due to farming practices and traditions, all the farmland on the flat area on the amount of fertilizer applied with basically the same. This traditional farming patterns lack of specificity made the fertilizer, easily leaded to nutrient imbalances within farmland, fertilizer use is low. Correct and comprehensive understanding of the spatial variation of soil nutrient situation and reasonable on this basis to determine soil nutrient management unit, and accordingly the corresponding contral fertilizer inputs and inputs of the type, achieve Tobacco Soil Precise management of the foundation, was also Modern tobacco farming to achieve an important way.
In order to achieve the precision tobacco field soil nutrient management, soil nutrient Tobacco explored regional management model, this study conducted at Pengshui County tobacco science and technology garden of modern experimental spots for the Nutrient Management in tobacco field, and used the GPS positioning technology, the Tobacco Science and Technology Demonstration conducted 50×50 grid sampling, through laboratory analysis by the content of the soil a nutrient indicator, and based on geographic information system platform, integrated application to statistical tools and DPS, SPSS and other data processing tool, the park Tobacco soil spatial variation of the analysis and create spatial variability of soil nutrients distribution. Taking a step forward using principal component analysis and fuzzy cluster analysis combined with farmers to achieve the park boundary coordinate tobacco field soil nutrient partition divided the difference for the tobacco area management and laid the foundation for precision fertilization.
The main research contents and results are as follows:
(1)40 samples were collected , by analyzing indoor , available nitrogen , available phosphorus,available potassium, pH value, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus,total potassium,available iron, available manganese, available copper and available zinc content were measured.They were analyzed by using traditional statistics.Result shows that, the average content of AT、AP、TN are 78.32mg/kg、4.94 mg/kg and 0.84g/kg .belong to the low concentration range, the average content of AK、OM are 176.76 mg/kg、34.44g/kg , belong to the high concentration range,Soil trace elements belong to moderate level range basically.
(2)The spatial variability of soil nutrients. All of soil nutrients have the spatial variability , coefficient of variation ranging from 4.45% to 3.56%. Coefficient of variation of available is the highest and up to 33.56%, The results show that it needs for regional management. the lowest coefficient of variation of pH value was 4.45%.The result indicates there was a certain degree of spatial variability, and it needs for regional management.
(3)With the application of GS+ software to make semi-variance analysis of nutrient data and to obtain the theoretical model of each kind of soil nutrient . The best model of Ph, total nitrogen, available copper is exponential models, the best model of the remaining soil nutrient properties were spherical model. By the application of ArcGIS software, to get Optimal interpolation used the ordinary kriging , to map out the spatial distribution of soil nutrients map, which can be directly on the soil nutrients of the Status generalize.
(4)TN, TP, TK, OM, TFe, TMn, TCu and TZn in the [C0/(C+ C0)] ratios were less than 25% showed strong spatial correlation; the rest of the soil pH value, total phosphorus and total potassium in soil nutrients [C0/(C+ C0)] ratio is between 25% -50%, showing moderate degree of spatial correlation.
(5)Using principal component analysis in the SPSS software, and then extracted two principal components of fuzzy-c cluster analysis to study the regional district, cluster analysis showed that the study area is divided into three management levels is most reasonable, the final field with the various farmers border integration in the three regional units, so that it can more directly see the tobacco fields of soil fertility and household situation.
为了实现烟田土壤养分的精准管理,探索出烟田土壤养分分区管理模式,本研究以重庆市彭水县现代烟草科技示范园为实验点展开烟田土壤养分精准管理研究,本研究通过GPS定位技术,对科技示范园区内的烟田进行了50×50m的网格取样,通过室内分析得到土壤个养分指标的含量,并基于地理信息系统平台,综合应用地统计学工具和DPS、SPSS等数据处理工具,对园区内烟田土壤养分的空间变异情况进行分析并制作出土壤养分的空间变异分布图。进一步应用主成分分析法和模糊聚类分析结合农户边界坐标实现了园区内烟田土壤养分分区的划分,为烟区的差异化管理和精准施肥奠定基础。
本研究的主要结果如下:
(1)通过室内试验分析,得出各取样点土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质和各种速效微量矿质元素的含量以及土壤pH值。其中碱解氮、速效磷、土壤全氮的平均含量分别78.32mg/kg、4.94 mg/kg、0.84g/kg属于含量偏低的范围,速效钾、有机质的平均含量为176.76 mg/kg、34.44g/kg属于含量较高的范围,,土壤微量元素中有效铁、有效锰、有效铜、有效锌的平均含量分别为3.94、8.17、0.80、0.33 mg/kg基本上都属于适中的等级范围。
(2)各土壤养分具有空间变异特征,变异系数范围在4.45%-33.56%之间,有效锰的变异系数最高为33.56%,有效锌、速效钾的变异系数均在30%以上,pH值的变异系数最低为4.45%,土壤全钾和有效铁含量的变异系数也较低为8.67%和10.16%,其余各土壤养分含量的变异系数在15.41%-20.19%之间,表明存在一定的空间变异性,有必要进行分区管理。
(3)应用GS+软件对养分数据进行半方差分析并拟合出各个土壤养分含量变异函数的理论模型,pH值、全氮、有效铜的最佳理论模型为指数模型,其余各土壤养分属性的最佳理论模型均为球状模型,碱解氮的最佳理论模型决定系数为0.489,其他各养分属性的最佳理论模型决定系数都比较高,所以理论模型的拟合度比较高。利用ArcGIS软件,采用普通克立格法进行最优内插,绘制出各土壤养分含量的空间分布图,能直观地对土壤养分的丰缺状况进行概括。
(4)研究区域内碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、有效铁、有效锰、有效铜及有效锌的C0/(C+ C0)比值都小于25%,均表现出较强的空间相关性;其余土壤pH值、全磷和全钾土壤养分的C0/(C+ C0)比值都在25%-50%之间,表现出中等程度的空间相关性。
(5)利用主成分分析在SPSS软件中提取两个主成分而后应用模糊-c聚类分析把研究区域分区,聚类分析结果表明将研究区域分为3个管理等级最为合理,最后将各个农户的田块边界集成在三个分区单元中,使之能更加直观地看出各户烟田的土壤养分肥力情况。为进一步的精准施肥管理打下基础。
Soil is composed with the parent material, topography, time, biology, climate, and human factors such as the heterogeneity of the formation, change continuum, there exists in the space variability. China's traditional agricultural production as the basic production units farmers usually cultivated by farmland as homogeneous units, in the same area due to farming practices and traditions, all the farmland on the flat area on the amount of fertilizer applied with basically the same. This traditional farming patterns lack of specificity made the fertilizer, easily leaded to nutrient imbalances within farmland, fertilizer use is low. Correct and comprehensive understanding of the spatial variation of soil nutrient situation and reasonable on this basis to determine soil nutrient management unit, and accordingly the corresponding contral fertilizer inputs and inputs of the type, achieve Tobacco Soil Precise management of the foundation, was also Modern tobacco farming to achieve an important way.
In order to achieve the precision tobacco field soil nutrient management, soil nutrient Tobacco explored regional management model, this study conducted at Pengshui County tobacco science and technology garden of modern experimental spots for the Nutrient Management in tobacco field, and used the GPS positioning technology, the Tobacco Science and Technology Demonstration conducted 50×50 grid sampling, through laboratory analysis by the content of the soil a nutrient indicator, and based on geographic information system platform, integrated application to statistical tools and DPS, SPSS and other data processing tool, the park Tobacco soil spatial variation of the analysis and create spatial variability of soil nutrients distribution. Taking a step forward using principal component analysis and fuzzy cluster analysis combined with farmers to achieve the park boundary coordinate tobacco field soil nutrient partition divided the difference for the tobacco area management and laid the foundation for precision fertilization.
The main research contents and results are as follows:
(1)40 samples were collected , by analyzing indoor , available nitrogen , available phosphorus,available potassium, pH value, organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus,total potassium,available iron, available manganese, available copper and available zinc content were measured.They were analyzed by using traditional statistics.Result shows that, the average content of AT、AP、TN are 78.32mg/kg、4.94 mg/kg and 0.84g/kg .belong to the low concentration range, the average content of AK、OM are 176.76 mg/kg、34.44g/kg , belong to the high concentration range,Soil trace elements belong to moderate level range basically.
(2)The spatial variability of soil nutrients. All of soil nutrients have the spatial variability , coefficient of variation ranging from 4.45% to 3.56%. Coefficient of variation of available is the highest and up to 33.56%, The results show that it needs for regional management. the lowest coefficient of variation of pH value was 4.45%.The result indicates there was a certain degree of spatial variability, and it needs for regional management.
(3)With the application of GS+ software to make semi-variance analysis of nutrient data and to obtain the theoretical model of each kind of soil nutrient . The best model of Ph, total nitrogen, available copper is exponential models, the best model of the remaining soil nutrient properties were spherical model. By the application of ArcGIS software, to get Optimal interpolation used the ordinary kriging , to map out the spatial distribution of soil nutrients map, which can be directly on the soil nutrients of the Status generalize.
(4)TN, TP, TK, OM, TFe, TMn, TCu and TZn in the [C0/(C+ C0)] ratios were less than 25% showed strong spatial correlation; the rest of the soil pH value, total phosphorus and total potassium in soil nutrients [C0/(C+ C0)] ratio is between 25% -50%, showing moderate degree of spatial correlation.
(5)Using principal component analysis in the SPSS software, and then extracted two principal components of fuzzy-c cluster analysis to study the regional district, cluster analysis showed that the study area is divided into three management levels is most reasonable, the final field with the various farmers border integration in the three regional units, so that it can more directly see the tobacco fields of soil fertility and household situation.
引文
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