秦岭地区白粉菌寄生孢研究
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摘要
白粉寄生孢(Ampelomyces quisqualis,AQ) 是白粉菌上较为重要的重寄生菌，
其因较宽的寄主范围及对部分用于防治白粉菌杀菌剂的抗耐性能力而较有希望在作物
白粉菌生物防治中发挥重要作用，国外关于生物学及应用方面已有研究，但由于其可能
在不同地域和寄主上存在的生理和遗传差异而使种群分化程度及对不同寄主生态适合
度不同，以至在不同生境范围内应用时具有一定局限性，故而明确我国白粉寄生孢资源
状况进而为筛选和研发对作物白粉病有生防潜力菌株即显得极为重要，基于此，笔者对
秦岭地区白粉寄生孢自然资源进行了初步调查，研究了其部分分离菌株培养特征和基本
培养条件，同时对其侵染和越冬特性进行了观察，而后于室内采用人工接种方法对其防
治黄瓜白粉病(S.fuliginea)进行了测定，结果如下：
1．在生长季节采集秦岭山区、渭河两岸、渭北旱塬及沈阳等不同小生境白粉菌寄
生植株标样以研究其寄生范围，在15科34属寄主植物白粉菌落上标样中共发现自然寄
生白粉寄生孢标样40个，寄主菌寄生植物则分布于包括菊科、茄科、旋花科、十字花
科、唇形科等在内的11个科、亚科中，17株白粉寄生孢菌株中，七成是从草本植物上
分离到的，就其寄生强度而言，田旋花和野枸杞白粉菌落上较高，采集时其部分叶片上
白粉菌落完全被白粉寄生孢分生孢子器覆盖，其余采集植株白粉菌标样中虽然亦有寄生
菌株分生孢子器，但强度均较小，证明在自然界中植物白粉菌落分布略有差异，在国内
首次明确了白粉寄生孢在自然界寄生范围较宽。
2．于室内采用常规培养方法研究了不同寄主植物白粉菌落上采集分离白粉寄生孢
培养特征，相同培养条件下，其菌落依生长速度划分可分为两类，一类以野枸杞、蓖麻
白粉上分离菌株为代表，生长速度较慢，而其中野枸杞白粉上分离菌株略显桔红色，其
余则显棉白色，另一类以大巢菜、香艾、小刺槐、刺儿菜等白粉菌落上分离菌株为代表，
生长速度较快，颜色从亮黄到暗褐，个别菌株则在培养基质中还形成一个明显区别于别
的菌株的菌环。其培养菌落形态及分生孢子尺度亦有差异，故而表明白粉寄生孢存在不
同形态和生理类群。
3．培养条件较为温和。将分离到的白粉寄生孢菌株于不同条件下测定其生物学特
性，绝大多数菌株在16～24℃范围内生长较为合适，而在<8℃时很难生长，28℃以上
亦较难存活，pH值测定中，其在6～7间有利其生长，在碳源需求上，单糖和双糖略好，
多糖则抑制其生长，氮源需求上几者之间差异不明显，但在不同来源上则较为明显，在
供试的几种氮源中以L-甘氨酸最有利于白粉寄生孢生长。
4.对室黄瓜白粉菌接种白粉寄生孢后在光学显微镜下观察发现，部分菌丝上某
些部位逐渐隆起、膨胀，最后产生米黄色的分生孢子器，部分分生孢子梗内部发现少许
略显弯月状分生孢子，证明其可以在寄主菌菌丝体和分生孢子梗内寄生，同时于户外放
置采集的有白粉寄生孢分生孢子器寄生的白粉菌植株标样以进行越冬观察，在从2002
年秋末到2003年春初均分离到了叶片白粉菌上寄生的白粉菌寄生孢菌株，表明其可以
在户外以分生孢子器越冬。
5.白粉寄生孢生物防治效果受环境条件影响较大，在温室接种白粉菌后以白粉寄
生孢分生孢子悬浮液接种，其可发生激烈变化：在接种量较大时，其均能显著寄生黄瓜
白粉，但未能有效控制其扩展，然而，在接种量较低、湿度较大时其控制效果相当好
一接种后2～3天即很快控制了白粉菌扩展，寄生效果最高达97.78％。
本文初步明确了白粉寄生孢在陕西秦岭山区的资源分布、寄生范围、形态和生物学
特性，并通过室内培养及温室人工接种实验，从理论和实践上均证明了白粉寄生孢对作
物白粉病菌的寄生性，从而为进一步筛选具有生防潜力的AQ菌株防治作物白粉病提供
了理论基础。
Natural resources of Ampelomyces quisqualis(AQ)in the zone of Qinling mountains were investigated．The culture characters and preliminary culture conditions of some isolates were studied．The characters of infecting and overwintering of them were also observed．After that，the determination of control of the S. fuliginea under artificial inoculation in laboratory were carried out and the results were obtained as follows：
1．The spectrum of Ampelomyces quisqualis parasite was widely．Since 2002，the identifications of the samples infected by Erysiphauceae in different biotopes，in which they were in dry plain on the north of the Wei River,two sides of the Wei River,north slope of Qinling mountains in Shaanxi province and Shenyang city in Liaoning province．There were forty AQ parasite samples found and seventeen isolates isolated．The host range of AQ parasited on thirty-nine genera host plants belonged to seventeen families．Parasites on herbaceous plant were higher than others．But their natural incidences and the intensity on other host plants were not different．
2．There were more biotypes of Ampleomyces quisqualis identified．The colony shape，colour and size of conidia isolated from the Erysiphauceac infected different plants were significantly different under the same culture conditions．So they might belong to different biotypes．
3．The natural characters of AQ isolates under different conditions were determinate．The results
showed that most ofthem grew well under 16～24℃，but grew badly at temperature under 8℃ and nearly no growth over 28℃．In acidity condition，they grew well from pH6.0 to pH7.0 and there were no significant different in culture conditions for most of other isplates．In requirement for resource of carbon，single sugar and double sugar were good for their growth and poly-sugar seemed to inhibit the growth of them under the same conditions．There were no significantly difference of AQ isolates in requirement for amount of nitrogen but significant to the resource of nitrogen．From the results，L-glycine was most suitable nitrogen resource for isolates growth in the experiment．
4．The parasiting characters of A.quisqualis were observed．The results showed that AQ could parasite in the hypha，condophore and cleistothecium of powdery mildew．It also could over-winter with the pycnidium in winter period．
5．The effect of biocontrol of A.quisqualis was greatly affected by environment factors．The extrimely changes were observed after inoculating to Erysiphaucea with conidia suspension of A.quisqualis．It could significantly parasite the Sfuliginea but could not effectively control the spreading and development of powdery mi ldew under higher pressure．However,the control results of AQ were well obtained under low pressure of powdery mildew and high relative humidity．AQ could rapidly control the spread of Erysiphauceae inoculated with AQ after 2～3d and the control effect could reach to 97.78％．
其因较宽的寄主范围及对部分用于防治白粉菌杀菌剂的抗耐性能力而较有希望在作物
白粉菌生物防治中发挥重要作用，国外关于生物学及应用方面已有研究，但由于其可能
在不同地域和寄主上存在的生理和遗传差异而使种群分化程度及对不同寄主生态适合
度不同，以至在不同生境范围内应用时具有一定局限性，故而明确我国白粉寄生孢资源
状况进而为筛选和研发对作物白粉病有生防潜力菌株即显得极为重要，基于此，笔者对
秦岭地区白粉寄生孢自然资源进行了初步调查，研究了其部分分离菌株培养特征和基本
培养条件，同时对其侵染和越冬特性进行了观察，而后于室内采用人工接种方法对其防
治黄瓜白粉病(S.fuliginea)进行了测定，结果如下：
1．在生长季节采集秦岭山区、渭河两岸、渭北旱塬及沈阳等不同小生境白粉菌寄
生植株标样以研究其寄生范围，在15科34属寄主植物白粉菌落上标样中共发现自然寄
生白粉寄生孢标样40个，寄主菌寄生植物则分布于包括菊科、茄科、旋花科、十字花
科、唇形科等在内的11个科、亚科中，17株白粉寄生孢菌株中，七成是从草本植物上
分离到的，就其寄生强度而言，田旋花和野枸杞白粉菌落上较高，采集时其部分叶片上
白粉菌落完全被白粉寄生孢分生孢子器覆盖，其余采集植株白粉菌标样中虽然亦有寄生
菌株分生孢子器，但强度均较小，证明在自然界中植物白粉菌落分布略有差异，在国内
首次明确了白粉寄生孢在自然界寄生范围较宽。
2．于室内采用常规培养方法研究了不同寄主植物白粉菌落上采集分离白粉寄生孢
培养特征，相同培养条件下，其菌落依生长速度划分可分为两类，一类以野枸杞、蓖麻
白粉上分离菌株为代表，生长速度较慢，而其中野枸杞白粉上分离菌株略显桔红色，其
余则显棉白色，另一类以大巢菜、香艾、小刺槐、刺儿菜等白粉菌落上分离菌株为代表，
生长速度较快，颜色从亮黄到暗褐，个别菌株则在培养基质中还形成一个明显区别于别
的菌株的菌环。其培养菌落形态及分生孢子尺度亦有差异，故而表明白粉寄生孢存在不
同形态和生理类群。
3．培养条件较为温和。将分离到的白粉寄生孢菌株于不同条件下测定其生物学特
性，绝大多数菌株在16～24℃范围内生长较为合适，而在<8℃时很难生长，28℃以上
亦较难存活，pH值测定中，其在6～7间有利其生长，在碳源需求上，单糖和双糖略好，
多糖则抑制其生长，氮源需求上几者之间差异不明显，但在不同来源上则较为明显，在
供试的几种氮源中以L-甘氨酸最有利于白粉寄生孢生长。
4.对室黄瓜白粉菌接种白粉寄生孢后在光学显微镜下观察发现，部分菌丝上某
些部位逐渐隆起、膨胀，最后产生米黄色的分生孢子器，部分分生孢子梗内部发现少许
略显弯月状分生孢子，证明其可以在寄主菌菌丝体和分生孢子梗内寄生，同时于户外放
置采集的有白粉寄生孢分生孢子器寄生的白粉菌植株标样以进行越冬观察，在从2002
年秋末到2003年春初均分离到了叶片白粉菌上寄生的白粉菌寄生孢菌株，表明其可以
在户外以分生孢子器越冬。
5.白粉寄生孢生物防治效果受环境条件影响较大，在温室接种白粉菌后以白粉寄
生孢分生孢子悬浮液接种，其可发生激烈变化：在接种量较大时，其均能显著寄生黄瓜
白粉，但未能有效控制其扩展，然而，在接种量较低、湿度较大时其控制效果相当好
一接种后2～3天即很快控制了白粉菌扩展，寄生效果最高达97.78％。
本文初步明确了白粉寄生孢在陕西秦岭山区的资源分布、寄生范围、形态和生物学
特性，并通过室内培养及温室人工接种实验，从理论和实践上均证明了白粉寄生孢对作
物白粉病菌的寄生性，从而为进一步筛选具有生防潜力的AQ菌株防治作物白粉病提供
了理论基础。
Natural resources of Ampelomyces quisqualis(AQ)in the zone of Qinling mountains were investigated．The culture characters and preliminary culture conditions of some isolates were studied．The characters of infecting and overwintering of them were also observed．After that，the determination of control of the S. fuliginea under artificial inoculation in laboratory were carried out and the results were obtained as follows：
1．The spectrum of Ampelomyces quisqualis parasite was widely．Since 2002，the identifications of the samples infected by Erysiphauceae in different biotopes，in which they were in dry plain on the north of the Wei River,two sides of the Wei River,north slope of Qinling mountains in Shaanxi province and Shenyang city in Liaoning province．There were forty AQ parasite samples found and seventeen isolates isolated．The host range of AQ parasited on thirty-nine genera host plants belonged to seventeen families．Parasites on herbaceous plant were higher than others．But their natural incidences and the intensity on other host plants were not different．
2．There were more biotypes of Ampleomyces quisqualis identified．The colony shape，colour and size of conidia isolated from the Erysiphauceac infected different plants were significantly different under the same culture conditions．So they might belong to different biotypes．
3．The natural characters of AQ isolates under different conditions were determinate．The results
showed that most ofthem grew well under 16～24℃，but grew badly at temperature under 8℃ and nearly no growth over 28℃．In acidity condition，they grew well from pH6.0 to pH7.0 and there were no significant different in culture conditions for most of other isplates．In requirement for resource of carbon，single sugar and double sugar were good for their growth and poly-sugar seemed to inhibit the growth of them under the same conditions．There were no significantly difference of AQ isolates in requirement for amount of nitrogen but significant to the resource of nitrogen．From the results，L-glycine was most suitable nitrogen resource for isolates growth in the experiment．
4．The parasiting characters of A.quisqualis were observed．The results showed that AQ could parasite in the hypha，condophore and cleistothecium of powdery mildew．It also could over-winter with the pycnidium in winter period．
5．The effect of biocontrol of A.quisqualis was greatly affected by environment factors．The extrimely changes were observed after inoculating to Erysiphaucea with conidia suspension of A.quisqualis．It could significantly parasite the Sfuliginea but could not effectively control the spreading and development of powdery mi ldew under higher pressure．However,the control results of AQ were well obtained under low pressure of powdery mildew and high relative humidity．AQ could rapidly control the spread of Erysiphauceae inoculated with AQ after 2～3d and the control effect could reach to 97.78％．
引文
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