秋季施肥对长白落叶松苗木质量的影响
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摘要
长白落叶松(Larix olgensis Henry)是我国东北地区的重要造林树种,由于该树种自然更新困难,长白落叶松大面积造林的苗木来源以苗圃供应为主。施肥是苗圃培育过程中必不可少的关键环节,合理施肥对于提高苗木质量和造林成活率有着重要作用。秋季施肥作为提高苗木养分含量,促进造林苗木成活率和生长的有效方法之一,在欧美主要造林树种中已有很好的应用,但在我国涉及较少。
本研究以秋季养分加载理论为基础,在大田育苗中分1-0播种苗和1-1移植苗两种苗型,分别探讨秋季施肥对其生长、抗寒性以及造林效果的影响；从速生期施肥和秋季施肥的关系,来分析长白落叶松整个生长季对养分的需求特征；以15N同位素示踪定量研究秋季施肥后苗木落叶之前叶片向根和茎的转移量,结合苗木形态和生理指标,首次确定落叶针叶树种苗木自身的养分循环利用量以及秋季施肥对其养分循环的影响。通过探讨秋季养分加载、苗木体内养分浓度变化和落叶针叶树种养分转移三者之间的关系进一步完善秋季施肥理论,为我国培育高质量长白落叶松苗木提供确实可行的施肥依据。
本研究主要结论有：(1)长白落叶松播种苗1-0秋季持续施N肥在平均茎和根N浓度分别为2.0%和2.1%时,抗寒性有明显提高；(2)1-1苗木木质化期施肥苗木造林后的苗高与苗高增长量均表现出与根、茎N浓度的极显著相关。秋季施N肥的苗木比仅速生期施肥的1-1苗木造林后苗高相对生长量高出13.8%和62.8%；(3)速生期施肥与秋季施肥对长白落叶松苗木的养分积累存在交互效应,低剂量的速生期施肥有利于后期的秋季施肥对苗木养分进行加载；(4)N浓度和含量在长白落叶松苗木组织内分布模式为：茎>细根>粗根>针叶。长白落叶松苗木在生长季末,针叶于凋落前可将N转移至茎和细根中以抵消N的养分稀释,所有针叶N浓度于凋落前下降至同一水平。(5)长白落叶松苗木在衰老针叶转移N的同时伴随着发生从秋季施肥中吸收N,苗木组织中N浓度和含量随秋季施N肥的增加而上升,但落叶松的秋季施肥利用效率随施氮量的增加而减小。(6)本实验中以25mgN/株常规施肥和10mgN/株秋季施肥共同作用的苗木茎和根表现出最大N浓度和含量,且肥料利用率最高,该施肥方法可能作为提高落叶松容器播种苗在苗圃生长期间养分加载量的一种途径。(7)秋季施N肥可以显著提高长白叶松苗木翌年新生针叶的生物量,各组织中N浓度和N含量均随秋季施N量的增大而提高。苗木茎无论是在生长季末的养分贮存,还是翌年的初期生长中,其N浓度与含量变化率均为最大,表明秋季施N肥提高茎N贮将有利于长白落叶松苗木翌年的移栽或造林初期生长。
Olga Bay larch (Larix olgensis Henry) is an important forestation species in northeast China. Because of the poor natural regeneration of this species, efforts to plant large areas with Olga Bay larch have focused on planting seedlings from nurseries. Fertilization is the necessary step for the seedling cultivation so that optimum fertilization would play a key role in promoting seedling quality and forestation survival rate.
Fall fertilization has proved to be an effective way to increase the nutrient content, survival rate and growth of new planted seedlings, which was widely used in Europe and America reforestation but little attention was received in China. Based on the theory of fall nutrient loading, we evaluated how fall nitrogen (N) fertilization affected the growth, cold hardiness and filed performance of bareroot Olag Bay larch with two seedling types (germinated seedling (1-0) and transplanted seedling (1-1)); The interaction between primary fertilization and fall fertilization was also studied to analyed the nutrient demanding characteristic of Olag Bay larch in the whole growing season; By using15N, the effects on N storage and translocation within seedlings for the deciduous conifer species Olga Bay larch were examined during the hardening period. The relations among fall nutrient loading, nutrient concentration change within seedlings and nutrient interal cycling in decidous conifer seedlings were discussed, which would help with improving the fall fertilization theory and providng feasible way to produce high quality Olag Bay larch seedlings.
Our research shows that (1) the cold hardiness of fall N applied1-0seedlings were significant promoted when the average N concentration of stem and roots came to2.0%and2.1%, respectively.(2) Compared to the only primary fertilization seedlings (1-1), the height and relative height growth of outplanted fall fertilization represented high correlations with the stem and root N concentration, and the relevant increased values were13.8%and62.8%.(3) The interaction between primary fertilization and fall fertilization were found. Low rates of primary fertilization would make for the nutrient loading of seedling during hardening period.(4) The distribution pattern of N concentration and content in seedlings was found in this order:stems> fine roots> coarse roots> needles. Ttranslocation of N from needles to stems and fine roots prior to abscission negated overall N dilution in the seedling at the end of the growing season, and needle N concentrations were similar among all N fertilization levels.(5) Reduced N in foliage concurrent with an increase of N in stems and roots. Tissue N concentrations and contents of this deciduous species would increase as a result of fall additions of N, but fall fertilization use efficiency (FUE) decreased as N rate increased.(6) Our rate of25mg N-seedling-1of primary fertilization and10mg N-seedling-1of fall fertilization appeared to yield the highest N concentration and content in stem and root and was achieved with high FUE, suggesting fall N fertilization may be a way to promote the nutrient loading of deciduous conifer seedlings during nursery production.(7) Greater nutrient storage in Larix olgensis seedling stem could be used later to benefit future growth.
本研究以秋季养分加载理论为基础,在大田育苗中分1-0播种苗和1-1移植苗两种苗型,分别探讨秋季施肥对其生长、抗寒性以及造林效果的影响；从速生期施肥和秋季施肥的关系,来分析长白落叶松整个生长季对养分的需求特征；以15N同位素示踪定量研究秋季施肥后苗木落叶之前叶片向根和茎的转移量,结合苗木形态和生理指标,首次确定落叶针叶树种苗木自身的养分循环利用量以及秋季施肥对其养分循环的影响。通过探讨秋季养分加载、苗木体内养分浓度变化和落叶针叶树种养分转移三者之间的关系进一步完善秋季施肥理论,为我国培育高质量长白落叶松苗木提供确实可行的施肥依据。
本研究主要结论有：(1)长白落叶松播种苗1-0秋季持续施N肥在平均茎和根N浓度分别为2.0%和2.1%时,抗寒性有明显提高；(2)1-1苗木木质化期施肥苗木造林后的苗高与苗高增长量均表现出与根、茎N浓度的极显著相关。秋季施N肥的苗木比仅速生期施肥的1-1苗木造林后苗高相对生长量高出13.8%和62.8%；(3)速生期施肥与秋季施肥对长白落叶松苗木的养分积累存在交互效应,低剂量的速生期施肥有利于后期的秋季施肥对苗木养分进行加载；(4)N浓度和含量在长白落叶松苗木组织内分布模式为：茎>细根>粗根>针叶。长白落叶松苗木在生长季末,针叶于凋落前可将N转移至茎和细根中以抵消N的养分稀释,所有针叶N浓度于凋落前下降至同一水平。(5)长白落叶松苗木在衰老针叶转移N的同时伴随着发生从秋季施肥中吸收N,苗木组织中N浓度和含量随秋季施N肥的增加而上升,但落叶松的秋季施肥利用效率随施氮量的增加而减小。(6)本实验中以25mgN/株常规施肥和10mgN/株秋季施肥共同作用的苗木茎和根表现出最大N浓度和含量,且肥料利用率最高,该施肥方法可能作为提高落叶松容器播种苗在苗圃生长期间养分加载量的一种途径。(7)秋季施N肥可以显著提高长白叶松苗木翌年新生针叶的生物量,各组织中N浓度和N含量均随秋季施N量的增大而提高。苗木茎无论是在生长季末的养分贮存,还是翌年的初期生长中,其N浓度与含量变化率均为最大,表明秋季施N肥提高茎N贮将有利于长白落叶松苗木翌年的移栽或造林初期生长。
Olga Bay larch (Larix olgensis Henry) is an important forestation species in northeast China. Because of the poor natural regeneration of this species, efforts to plant large areas with Olga Bay larch have focused on planting seedlings from nurseries. Fertilization is the necessary step for the seedling cultivation so that optimum fertilization would play a key role in promoting seedling quality and forestation survival rate.
Fall fertilization has proved to be an effective way to increase the nutrient content, survival rate and growth of new planted seedlings, which was widely used in Europe and America reforestation but little attention was received in China. Based on the theory of fall nutrient loading, we evaluated how fall nitrogen (N) fertilization affected the growth, cold hardiness and filed performance of bareroot Olag Bay larch with two seedling types (germinated seedling (1-0) and transplanted seedling (1-1)); The interaction between primary fertilization and fall fertilization was also studied to analyed the nutrient demanding characteristic of Olag Bay larch in the whole growing season; By using15N, the effects on N storage and translocation within seedlings for the deciduous conifer species Olga Bay larch were examined during the hardening period. The relations among fall nutrient loading, nutrient concentration change within seedlings and nutrient interal cycling in decidous conifer seedlings were discussed, which would help with improving the fall fertilization theory and providng feasible way to produce high quality Olag Bay larch seedlings.
Our research shows that (1) the cold hardiness of fall N applied1-0seedlings were significant promoted when the average N concentration of stem and roots came to2.0%and2.1%, respectively.(2) Compared to the only primary fertilization seedlings (1-1), the height and relative height growth of outplanted fall fertilization represented high correlations with the stem and root N concentration, and the relevant increased values were13.8%and62.8%.(3) The interaction between primary fertilization and fall fertilization were found. Low rates of primary fertilization would make for the nutrient loading of seedling during hardening period.(4) The distribution pattern of N concentration and content in seedlings was found in this order:stems> fine roots> coarse roots> needles. Ttranslocation of N from needles to stems and fine roots prior to abscission negated overall N dilution in the seedling at the end of the growing season, and needle N concentrations were similar among all N fertilization levels.(5) Reduced N in foliage concurrent with an increase of N in stems and roots. Tissue N concentrations and contents of this deciduous species would increase as a result of fall additions of N, but fall fertilization use efficiency (FUE) decreased as N rate increased.(6) Our rate of25mg N-seedling-1of primary fertilization and10mg N-seedling-1of fall fertilization appeared to yield the highest N concentration and content in stem and root and was achieved with high FUE, suggesting fall N fertilization may be a way to promote the nutrient loading of deciduous conifer seedlings during nursery production.(7) Greater nutrient storage in Larix olgensis seedling stem could be used later to benefit future growth.
引文
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