亏水处理对梨树生理生态指标影响的研究
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摘要
本文就亏水处理条件下梨枣树的生理响应机制进行了研究。主要研究了梨枣树各生育阶段的耗水规律、亏水条件下梨枣树的生理生态反应以及亏水对梨枣品质的影响,按梨枣树的生理生长特性将梨枣树生育阶段划分为五个：越冬休眠期、萌芽展叶期、开花坐果期、果实膨大期和果实成熟期。试验在西北农林科技大学节水灌溉试验站的大型日光温室内进行,试验设置5个处理,2个重复。取得了如下研究结果：
(1)与对照相比,各阶段亏水处理均能有效减缓土壤水分的消耗。各亏水处理表层土壤水分的变化速率要小于对照,且各处理灌水前期水分变化速率要高于灌水后期。不同处理的土壤水分变化主要集中在0～80cm土层,地表至40cm深的土壤水分变化比较剧烈,是水分的速变层。各处理不同土壤深度的水分变化规律具有相似的规律,但随着土壤深度的增加土壤水分变化幅度有所减小。各处理不同时期的变化规律也具有较好的相似性。
(2)水分调控对梨枣树的茎液流的日变化有较明显的影响。在前人研究梨枣树茎液流变化和同时期蒸腾速率之间的关系的基础上,对相对于蒸腾速率延后0.5h及1h的茎液流进行了研究,结果表明：茎液流的变化与蒸腾速率的变化之间有一定的时滞性,梨枣树蒸腾速率与延后1小时的茎液流的相关性要好于同时期的茎液流与蒸腾速率的相关性,这可能是由于水分在植物体内运输需要一定时间所致；各处理梨枣树茎液流的日变化规律均呈抛物线型,在持续水分胁迫下,梨枣树茎液流出现明显波动,亏水处理下梨枣树茎液流比充分供水条件下梨枣树茎液流有所减少；各个生育时期梨枣树茎液流量大小有所不同,在萌芽展叶期和果实膨大期茎液流量较大,梨枣树的开花坐果期、果实膨大期和果实成熟期梨枣树茎液流之和占到整个生育时期茎液流总量的75%左右,说明这三个时期是梨枣树用水的关键时期；分析了充分灌水条件下梨枣树茎液流与太阳辐射、日平均温度的关系,梨枣树茎液流与太阳辐射和日平均温度具有较好的相关性,与日平均温度的相关系数达到了0.7235,与太阳辐射的相关性系数为0.5594。
(3)地温变化是太阳辐射量、大气温度及土壤含水量共同作用的结果。不同亏水处理下的地温变化规律是一致的,随着土壤深度的增加,温度有所减小,地温变化的幅度也逐渐平缓。夏季充分灌水条件下地温要低于亏水处理条件下,且充分灌水条件下地温变化幅度要小,而冬季充分灌水条件下,地温明显高于亏水处理,说明灌水可调节地温。研究结果表明夏季地温的变化与太阳辐射量显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈负相关。
(4)亏水处理对梨枣树的产量和品质均有一定的影响,对照处理亩产1400Kg左右,处理3的产量降幅最大,而处理2和处理5的产量与对照相差不多,这说明梨枣树的开花坐果期和果实膨大期对水分的敏感程度较高；
亏水处理并不是对所有的品质指标均起到提高和改善的作用,亏水处理对梨枣的品质的影响主要表现在对维生素C、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖分和糖酸比等品质指标的影响上。亏水处理能显著提高果实的硬度、维生素C、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖分和糖酸比且达到极显著水平(α=0.01),试验数据表明各处理均可使果实可溶糖含量提高,与对照相比T2提高37.5%,T3、T4、T5分别提高了18.1%、26.1%和9.5%,使得果实口感更好达到了以水调控品质的效果。
处理2能较大程度上减小果实的单果重、体积和果实有机酸的含量,T2～T5处理下梨枣单果重分别较对照下降了10.6%、8.4%、8.0%、3.7%。充分灌水条件下梨枣的平均体积为25.20cm3,而T2处理为20.15 cm3,比充分灌水条件下减小了20%,减小幅度最大。但是亏水处理对梨枣果实的含水率和可溶性蛋白的含量影响不是很大。
(5)亏水处理对各处理的梨枣树树叶单叶WUE有不同的影响,轻度亏水处理的梨枣树树叶WUE要高于中度亏水处理的。在部分时间段内,干旱胁迫能提高梨枣树叶片的水分利用效率。亏水处理的梨枣树新梢生长量均小于对照,亏水处理能明显的抑制梨枣树的新梢生长,这将有利于树体以后的生殖生长。
The paper studied physiological mechanism to pear-jujube tree under RDI,The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Northwest A&F University, shanxi province.According to growth characteristic of pear-jujube tree, five growth stages was use for deficit stages of the experiment as follows:Winter dormancy, leaf stage, flowering and fruit setting, fruit enlargement and fruit maturity, There were five treatments.The deficit of single and whole growth stages was used. The research fruit wan as follows:
(1)The relationship between evaporation and surface soil water content is linear 90% root of pear-jujube tree concentrated on the 0-80cm soil layer, which is the main layer for tree absorb water and nutrients.So this experiment designed 0-80cm soil layer for the scheming humid layer. The variation of soil water content under different treatments is same. The vary of soil water content change is smaller than fully irrigation. It proves that RDI could save water.
(2)RDI had significant effects on the sap flow of pear-jujube tree. This experiment reference to the previous experiment on the relationship between transpiration rate and sap flow found that:the change of sap flow behind the change of transpiration rate about 1 hour.This because water transport in the plant need time.this experiment show that:the variation of sap flows in the peer-jujube trees during the day and the night are obviously different.During the day they exhibit an irregular inverted-U relationship and obviously fluctuate at noon.The total amount of sap flow are different in every grow stages. Based on the test data can be obtained that the number of sap flow on stage of bud leaf expansion, stage of fruit enlargement and ripe stage can account to 75% for the whole growing period. The study indicates that, the variation of sap flows is a combined result of solar radiation and daily average temperature. The variation of sap flow linearly with solar radiation and daily average temperature, the coefficient is 0.7235 and 0.5594.
(3)The variation of geotemperature in green house is a combined result of solar radiation, outside air temperature and soil water content. There are significant correlation between geotemperature and solar radiation and correlates negatively linearly with soil water content. The variation of geotemperature under different treatments is same. With the increase of depth the geotemperature is reduce. The geotemperature under fully irrigation below than RDI in summer.
(4)The results indicate that:RDI had impact on quality and yield.The yield is biggest for fully irrigation which is 1400kg/a,Expect treatment 3,other treatments yield are not reduce greatly compact with the controlled treatment. But the treatment that suffered serious water deficit during flowering decreased average fruit weight, fruit volume and Vc. The decrease of T2-T5 average fruit weight 10.6%、8.4%、8.0%、3.7% respectively. The volume of fruit under fully irrigation is 25.20cm3 while it is 20.15 cm3 under 2 treatment,Compared with fully irrigation,the volume was deceased 20%.The influence to the fruit water content and soluble protein content for all the treatments are similar. All the treatments could elevated the content of Vc, soluble solid matter and sugar.The results indicate that all the treatments elevated the content of sugar about 37.5%,18.1%,26.1% and 9.5%respectively compact with the controlled treatment. It indicates that RDI could elevate the quality of fruit.
(5)RDI have different influence to the leaf water use efficiency(WUE). The WUE under lightly is high then moderately irrigation. In some grow stages RDI could increasing WUE. According to the study showed that:different water regulated controlled on different growth period had inhibition role to plant branch.
(1)与对照相比,各阶段亏水处理均能有效减缓土壤水分的消耗。各亏水处理表层土壤水分的变化速率要小于对照,且各处理灌水前期水分变化速率要高于灌水后期。不同处理的土壤水分变化主要集中在0～80cm土层,地表至40cm深的土壤水分变化比较剧烈,是水分的速变层。各处理不同土壤深度的水分变化规律具有相似的规律,但随着土壤深度的增加土壤水分变化幅度有所减小。各处理不同时期的变化规律也具有较好的相似性。
(2)水分调控对梨枣树的茎液流的日变化有较明显的影响。在前人研究梨枣树茎液流变化和同时期蒸腾速率之间的关系的基础上,对相对于蒸腾速率延后0.5h及1h的茎液流进行了研究,结果表明：茎液流的变化与蒸腾速率的变化之间有一定的时滞性,梨枣树蒸腾速率与延后1小时的茎液流的相关性要好于同时期的茎液流与蒸腾速率的相关性,这可能是由于水分在植物体内运输需要一定时间所致；各处理梨枣树茎液流的日变化规律均呈抛物线型,在持续水分胁迫下,梨枣树茎液流出现明显波动,亏水处理下梨枣树茎液流比充分供水条件下梨枣树茎液流有所减少；各个生育时期梨枣树茎液流量大小有所不同,在萌芽展叶期和果实膨大期茎液流量较大,梨枣树的开花坐果期、果实膨大期和果实成熟期梨枣树茎液流之和占到整个生育时期茎液流总量的75%左右,说明这三个时期是梨枣树用水的关键时期；分析了充分灌水条件下梨枣树茎液流与太阳辐射、日平均温度的关系,梨枣树茎液流与太阳辐射和日平均温度具有较好的相关性,与日平均温度的相关系数达到了0.7235,与太阳辐射的相关性系数为0.5594。
(3)地温变化是太阳辐射量、大气温度及土壤含水量共同作用的结果。不同亏水处理下的地温变化规律是一致的,随着土壤深度的增加,温度有所减小,地温变化的幅度也逐渐平缓。夏季充分灌水条件下地温要低于亏水处理条件下,且充分灌水条件下地温变化幅度要小,而冬季充分灌水条件下,地温明显高于亏水处理,说明灌水可调节地温。研究结果表明夏季地温的变化与太阳辐射量显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈负相关。
(4)亏水处理对梨枣树的产量和品质均有一定的影响,对照处理亩产1400Kg左右,处理3的产量降幅最大,而处理2和处理5的产量与对照相差不多,这说明梨枣树的开花坐果期和果实膨大期对水分的敏感程度较高；
亏水处理并不是对所有的品质指标均起到提高和改善的作用,亏水处理对梨枣的品质的影响主要表现在对维生素C、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖分和糖酸比等品质指标的影响上。亏水处理能显著提高果实的硬度、维生素C、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖分和糖酸比且达到极显著水平(α=0.01),试验数据表明各处理均可使果实可溶糖含量提高,与对照相比T2提高37.5%,T3、T4、T5分别提高了18.1%、26.1%和9.5%,使得果实口感更好达到了以水调控品质的效果。
处理2能较大程度上减小果实的单果重、体积和果实有机酸的含量,T2～T5处理下梨枣单果重分别较对照下降了10.6%、8.4%、8.0%、3.7%。充分灌水条件下梨枣的平均体积为25.20cm3,而T2处理为20.15 cm3,比充分灌水条件下减小了20%,减小幅度最大。但是亏水处理对梨枣果实的含水率和可溶性蛋白的含量影响不是很大。
(5)亏水处理对各处理的梨枣树树叶单叶WUE有不同的影响,轻度亏水处理的梨枣树树叶WUE要高于中度亏水处理的。在部分时间段内,干旱胁迫能提高梨枣树叶片的水分利用效率。亏水处理的梨枣树新梢生长量均小于对照,亏水处理能明显的抑制梨枣树的新梢生长,这将有利于树体以后的生殖生长。
The paper studied physiological mechanism to pear-jujube tree under RDI,The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Northwest A&F University, shanxi province.According to growth characteristic of pear-jujube tree, five growth stages was use for deficit stages of the experiment as follows:Winter dormancy, leaf stage, flowering and fruit setting, fruit enlargement and fruit maturity, There were five treatments.The deficit of single and whole growth stages was used. The research fruit wan as follows:
(1)The relationship between evaporation and surface soil water content is linear 90% root of pear-jujube tree concentrated on the 0-80cm soil layer, which is the main layer for tree absorb water and nutrients.So this experiment designed 0-80cm soil layer for the scheming humid layer. The variation of soil water content under different treatments is same. The vary of soil water content change is smaller than fully irrigation. It proves that RDI could save water.
(2)RDI had significant effects on the sap flow of pear-jujube tree. This experiment reference to the previous experiment on the relationship between transpiration rate and sap flow found that:the change of sap flow behind the change of transpiration rate about 1 hour.This because water transport in the plant need time.this experiment show that:the variation of sap flows in the peer-jujube trees during the day and the night are obviously different.During the day they exhibit an irregular inverted-U relationship and obviously fluctuate at noon.The total amount of sap flow are different in every grow stages. Based on the test data can be obtained that the number of sap flow on stage of bud leaf expansion, stage of fruit enlargement and ripe stage can account to 75% for the whole growing period. The study indicates that, the variation of sap flows is a combined result of solar radiation and daily average temperature. The variation of sap flow linearly with solar radiation and daily average temperature, the coefficient is 0.7235 and 0.5594.
(3)The variation of geotemperature in green house is a combined result of solar radiation, outside air temperature and soil water content. There are significant correlation between geotemperature and solar radiation and correlates negatively linearly with soil water content. The variation of geotemperature under different treatments is same. With the increase of depth the geotemperature is reduce. The geotemperature under fully irrigation below than RDI in summer.
(4)The results indicate that:RDI had impact on quality and yield.The yield is biggest for fully irrigation which is 1400kg/a,Expect treatment 3,other treatments yield are not reduce greatly compact with the controlled treatment. But the treatment that suffered serious water deficit during flowering decreased average fruit weight, fruit volume and Vc. The decrease of T2-T5 average fruit weight 10.6%、8.4%、8.0%、3.7% respectively. The volume of fruit under fully irrigation is 25.20cm3 while it is 20.15 cm3 under 2 treatment,Compared with fully irrigation,the volume was deceased 20%.The influence to the fruit water content and soluble protein content for all the treatments are similar. All the treatments could elevated the content of Vc, soluble solid matter and sugar.The results indicate that all the treatments elevated the content of sugar about 37.5%,18.1%,26.1% and 9.5%respectively compact with the controlled treatment. It indicates that RDI could elevate the quality of fruit.
(5)RDI have different influence to the leaf water use efficiency(WUE). The WUE under lightly is high then moderately irrigation. In some grow stages RDI could increasing WUE. According to the study showed that:different water regulated controlled on different growth period had inhibition role to plant branch.
引文
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刘金泉,崔世茂.2007.CO2施肥对黄瓜光合作用及相关生理过程的影响研究进展.内蒙古农业大学学报,28(3)：322-326
山仑.2003.我国节水农业发展中的科技问题.干旱地区农业研究,3：57-62
山仑,陈培元.1998.旱地农业生理生态基础.科学出版社,113-117
孙红勇,刘昌明,张永强,张喜英.2003.不同时期干早对冬小麦产量效应和耗水特性研究.灌溉排水学报,22(2)：13-16
汤莹,郭永杰,蔡德荣.2002.调亏灌溉对河西绿洲春小麦生长发育和产量的影响.甘肃农业科技，(6)：22-24
唐薇,罗振,温四民,董合忠,李维江,辛承松.2007.干旱和盐胁迫对棉苗光合抑制效应的比较.棉花学报,19(1)：282-290
王和洲,张晓萍.2001.调亏灌溉条件下的作物水分生理生态研究进展.灌溉排水,20(4)：73-75.
王密侠,蔡焕杰,康绍忠,马祥华.2004.玉米调亏灌溉节水调控机理研究.西北农林科技大学学报,32(12)：87-90
严美玲,蔡瑞国,贾秀领,王江春,王振林.2007.不同灌溉处理对小麦蛋白组分和面团流变学特性的影响,作物学报,33(2)：337-340
於琍,于强,罗毅,刘敏华.2004.水分胁迫对冬小麦物质分配及产量构成的影响.地理科学进展,23(1)：105-112
孟兆江,卞新民,刘安能,庞鸿宾,王和洲.2008.调亏灌溉对棉花生长发育及其产量和品质的影响.棉花学报,20(1)：39-44
袁玉清,赵致,施关正.2008.干旱胁迫对玉米杂交组合叶片数和叶面积及生物产量的影响.安徽农业科学,36(25)：1063-1075
曾德超,彼得·杰里.1994.果树调亏灌溉密植节水增产技术的研究与开发.北京农业大学出版社
张俊鹏,孙景生,刘祖贵,李晓东,刘小飞.2009.不同麦秸覆盖量对夏玉米田棵间土壤蒸发和地温的影响.干旱地区农业研究,95-100
张忠学,于贵瑞.2003.不同灌水处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响.灌溉排水工程学报,22(2)：1-4
张振华,蔡焕杰,杨润亚,刘贤赵.2005.膜下滴灌棉花产量和品质与作物缺水指标的关系研究.农业工程学报,6：37-43
张正斌,徐萍,周晓果,董宝娣.2006.作物水分利用效率的遗传改良研究进展.中国农业科学,39(2)：289-294
赵广才,常旭虹,杨玉双,李姗姗,丰明,丁玉萍,王秀红,张铁恒.2009.施氮量和比例对冬小麦产量和蛋白质组分的影响.麦类作物学报,29(2)：294-298
郑健,蔡焕杰,王健,王燕.2009.调亏灌溉对温室小型西瓜水分利用效率及品质的影响.核农学报,23(1)：159-164
EbeI R C,Proebsting E L,Evans R G.1995.Deficit irrigation to control regulative growth in apple and monitoring fruit growth schedule irrigation,ort science.30(6):1229-1232
Uriel Or.2000.微灌技术发展及在发展中国家的应用.第6届国际微灌大会论文集
Musik J T, Porter K B. Wheat.1990. In B A Steward and D R Nielson. Irrigation of Agricultural Crop s. American Society of Agronomy, Inc, Crop Society of America, Inc, Soil Science Society of America, Inc 597-638
Cohen Y,Fuchs M.,Falkenfiug V, et al.1988.Calibrated heat pulse method for determined water uptake in cotton [J].Agronomy Journal,80:398-402
ZHANGJ X, KIRKHAM M B.1994.Drought, stress induced in activities of superoxide dismutase catalos and peroxides in wheat species. Plant Cell Physiology,35(5):785-791
Probsting SR,Drske,Evans RG,1984.Irrigation management fruit quality and storage life of apple. Amer Soc Hort Sci,109(2):229-232
Jordi Marshell,Joan Girona.1997,.Relationship between leaf water potential and gas exchange activity at different phonological stages and fruit loads in peach trees. J Sol Hort Sic,122(3):415-421
Peter Becker, Azman Asmat, Julaihi Mohamad, Misli Moksin, Melvin T.1997. Tree Sap flow rates of mangrove trees are not unusually low. Trees,11:432-435
Ackerson RC,et al.1997. Stomatal and noncommittal regulation of water use in cotton,corn and sorghum. Plant Physiology.60:850-853
Cohen Y.,Fuchs M.,Falkenfiug V, et al.1988. Calibrated heat pulse method for determined water uptake in cotton.Agronomy Journal,80:398-402
EbeI R C,Proebsting E L, Evans R G.1995.Deficit irrigation to control regulative growth in apple and monitoring fruit growth schedule irrigation,ort science.30(6):1229-1232
Hong Sheng Liu,Feng Min Li.2005.Root respiration, photosynthesis and grain yield of two spring wheat in response to soil drying.Plant Growth Regulation,46:233-240
Jordi Marshell, Joan Girona.1997. Relationship between leaf water potential and gas exchange activity at different phonological stages and fruit loads in peach trees.J Sol Hort Sic,122(3):415-421
Kang shaozhong, Zhang Jianhua.2004.Controlled alternant partial root zone irrigation:its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency.Journal of Experimental Botany, 55,2437-2446
Kang shaozhong, Zhanglu, Liang Yinli.2002.Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China and Australia. Canberra, Australia:Australia Centre for International Agricultural Research,84:187-194
Lee Byun-woo, Shin JH.1998. Optimal irrigation management system of greenhouse tomato based on stem diameter and transpiration monitoring.Agric Info Tech in Asia and Oceania,87-90
Liang Yinli,Kang shaozhong, Zhanglu.2002.The effects of soil moisture and nutrients on cropland productivity in the highland area of the Loess Plateau.84:187-194
Liang Yinli., Kang shaozhong.2000. Effects of no full irrigation on physiological characters of wheat on Loess Plateau.131-136
Musik J T, Porter K B.1990. Wheat. In B A Steward and D R Nielson. Irrigation of Agricultural Crop American Society of Agronomy, Inc, Crop Society of America, Inc, Soil Science Society of America, Inc. 597-638
Peter Becker, Azman Asmat, Julaihi Mohamad, Misli Moksin, Melvin T.1997.Tree Sap flow rates of mangrove trees are not unusually low. Trees,11:432-435
Probsting SR,Drske,Evans RG,1984.Irrigation management fruit quality and storage life of apple. Amer Soc Hort Sci,109(2):229-232
Shao Liwei, ZhangXiying, Chen Suying.2009. Effects of after-anthesis defoliation on grain yield formation and water use efficiency of winter wheat.Chinese society of Agricultural Engineering,25 (1):21-26
Turner N C.1997,.Further progress in crop water relations advances in Agronomy,58:293-338.
Uriel Or.2000微灌技术发展及在发展中国家的应用.第6届国际微灌大会论文集.
ZHANGJ X, KIRKHAM M B.1994.Drought. stress induced in activities of superoxide dismutase catalase and peroxides in wheat species. Plant Cell Physiology,35(5):785-791.
张旭东,蔡焕杰,付丽娟,王健.2006.黄土区夏玉米叶面积指数变化规律的研究.干旱地区农业研究,24(2)：25-29
蔡焕杰,康绍忠.2000.作物调亏灌溉试验的适宜时间与调亏程度的研究.农业工程学报,(3)：24-27.
肖俊夫,刘站东,段爱旺,刘祖贵,李晓东.2006.不同灌水处理对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响研究.灌溉排水学报,25(2)：21-23
房孝全,陈雨海,李全起,于舜章,罗毅,于强,欧阳竹.2004.灌溉对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响研究.农业工程学报,20(4)：34-39
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郭海涛,邹志荣,杨兴娟,周贺芳.2007.调亏灌溉对番茄生理指标、产量品质及水分生产效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,25(3)：133.137
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郭相平,刘展鹏,王青梅,郭枫,袁静,陈治平.2007.采用PEG模拟干旱胁迫及复水玉米光合补偿效应.河海大学学报,35(3)：286-290
郭相平,王琴,刘展鹏,王青梅.2006.旱后复水对玉米后继新生叶片生理特性的影响.农业科学研究,27(2)：20-22
姜建初,裴建初,潘介春,赵明,薛进军.2010.葡萄果实转色期施用不同肥料对果实品质和成熟期的影响,广西热带农业.(2)：6-8
金欣欣,张喜英,陈素英,孙宏勇,王彦梅,邵立威,高丽娜.2009.不同灌溉次数和灌溉量对冬小麦氮元素吸收和转移的影响.华北农学报,24(4)：112-118
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康绍忠.1998.调亏灌溉对于玉米生理指标及水分利用效率的影响.农业工程学报,14(4)：83-88
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李粉茹.2005.水分胁迫对棉花叶片的影响,农业与技术,25(6)：61-63
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梁宗锁,韩蕊莲.黄土高原树木水分生理生态学特征.北京林业出版社
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刘明池,小岛孝之,陈杭.2001.亏缺灌溉对草莓生长和果实品质的影响.园艺学报,28(4)：307-311
刘增进,刘宝萍,李远华.2004.冬小麦水分利用效率与灌溉制度的研究.农业工程学报,20(4)：58-63
马福生,康绍忠,王密侠,庞秀明,王金凤,李志军.2006.调亏灌溉对温室梨枣树水分利用效率与枣品质的影响,农业工程学报.22(1)：37-43
马福生.2005.梨枣树耗水规律与调亏灌溉模式的研究.[硕士研究生毕业论文].陕西杨凌.西北农林科技大学
刘金泉,崔世茂.2007.CO2施肥对黄瓜光合作用及相关生理过程的影响研究进展.内蒙古农业大学学报,28(3)：322-326
山仑.2003.我国节水农业发展中的科技问题.干旱地区农业研究,3：57-62
山仑,陈培元.1998.旱地农业生理生态基础.科学出版社,113-117
孙红勇,刘昌明,张永强,张喜英.2003.不同时期干早对冬小麦产量效应和耗水特性研究.灌溉排水学报,22(2)：13-16
汤莹,郭永杰,蔡德荣.2002.调亏灌溉对河西绿洲春小麦生长发育和产量的影响.甘肃农业科技，(6)：22-24
唐薇,罗振,温四民,董合忠,李维江,辛承松.2007.干旱和盐胁迫对棉苗光合抑制效应的比较.棉花学报,19(1)：282-290
王和洲,张晓萍.2001.调亏灌溉条件下的作物水分生理生态研究进展.灌溉排水,20(4)：73-75.
王密侠,蔡焕杰,康绍忠,马祥华.2004.玉米调亏灌溉节水调控机理研究.西北农林科技大学学报,32(12)：87-90
严美玲,蔡瑞国,贾秀领,王江春,王振林.2007.不同灌溉处理对小麦蛋白组分和面团流变学特性的影响,作物学报,33(2)：337-340
於琍,于强,罗毅,刘敏华.2004.水分胁迫对冬小麦物质分配及产量构成的影响.地理科学进展,23(1)：105-112
孟兆江,卞新民,刘安能,庞鸿宾,王和洲.2008.调亏灌溉对棉花生长发育及其产量和品质的影响.棉花学报,20(1)：39-44
袁玉清,赵致,施关正.2008.干旱胁迫对玉米杂交组合叶片数和叶面积及生物产量的影响.安徽农业科学,36(25)：1063-1075
曾德超,彼得·杰里.1994.果树调亏灌溉密植节水增产技术的研究与开发.北京农业大学出版社
张俊鹏,孙景生,刘祖贵,李晓东,刘小飞.2009.不同麦秸覆盖量对夏玉米田棵间土壤蒸发和地温的影响.干旱地区农业研究,95-100
张忠学,于贵瑞.2003.不同灌水处理对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响.灌溉排水工程学报,22(2)：1-4
张振华,蔡焕杰,杨润亚,刘贤赵.2005.膜下滴灌棉花产量和品质与作物缺水指标的关系研究.农业工程学报,6：37-43
张正斌,徐萍,周晓果,董宝娣.2006.作物水分利用效率的遗传改良研究进展.中国农业科学,39(2)：289-294
赵广才,常旭虹,杨玉双,李姗姗,丰明,丁玉萍,王秀红,张铁恒.2009.施氮量和比例对冬小麦产量和蛋白质组分的影响.麦类作物学报,29(2)：294-298
郑健,蔡焕杰,王健,王燕.2009.调亏灌溉对温室小型西瓜水分利用效率及品质的影响.核农学报,23(1)：159-164
EbeI R C,Proebsting E L,Evans R G.1995.Deficit irrigation to control regulative growth in apple and monitoring fruit growth schedule irrigation,ort science.30(6):1229-1232
Uriel Or.2000.微灌技术发展及在发展中国家的应用.第6届国际微灌大会论文集
Musik J T, Porter K B. Wheat.1990. In B A Steward and D R Nielson. Irrigation of Agricultural Crop s. American Society of Agronomy, Inc, Crop Society of America, Inc, Soil Science Society of America, Inc 597-638
Cohen Y,Fuchs M.,Falkenfiug V, et al.1988.Calibrated heat pulse method for determined water uptake in cotton [J].Agronomy Journal,80:398-402
ZHANGJ X, KIRKHAM M B.1994.Drought, stress induced in activities of superoxide dismutase catalos and peroxides in wheat species. Plant Cell Physiology,35(5):785-791
Probsting SR,Drske,Evans RG,1984.Irrigation management fruit quality and storage life of apple. Amer Soc Hort Sci,109(2):229-232
Jordi Marshell,Joan Girona.1997,.Relationship between leaf water potential and gas exchange activity at different phonological stages and fruit loads in peach trees. J Sol Hort Sic,122(3):415-421
Peter Becker, Azman Asmat, Julaihi Mohamad, Misli Moksin, Melvin T.1997. Tree Sap flow rates of mangrove trees are not unusually low. Trees,11:432-435
Ackerson RC,et al.1997. Stomatal and noncommittal regulation of water use in cotton,corn and sorghum. Plant Physiology.60:850-853
Cohen Y.,Fuchs M.,Falkenfiug V, et al.1988. Calibrated heat pulse method for determined water uptake in cotton.Agronomy Journal,80:398-402
EbeI R C,Proebsting E L, Evans R G.1995.Deficit irrigation to control regulative growth in apple and monitoring fruit growth schedule irrigation,ort science.30(6):1229-1232
Hong Sheng Liu,Feng Min Li.2005.Root respiration, photosynthesis and grain yield of two spring wheat in response to soil drying.Plant Growth Regulation,46:233-240
Jordi Marshell, Joan Girona.1997. Relationship between leaf water potential and gas exchange activity at different phonological stages and fruit loads in peach trees.J Sol Hort Sic,122(3):415-421
Kang shaozhong, Zhang Jianhua.2004.Controlled alternant partial root zone irrigation:its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency.Journal of Experimental Botany, 55,2437-2446
Kang shaozhong, Zhanglu, Liang Yinli.2002.Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China and Australia. Canberra, Australia:Australia Centre for International Agricultural Research,84:187-194
Lee Byun-woo, Shin JH.1998. Optimal irrigation management system of greenhouse tomato based on stem diameter and transpiration monitoring.Agric Info Tech in Asia and Oceania,87-90
Liang Yinli,Kang shaozhong, Zhanglu.2002.The effects of soil moisture and nutrients on cropland productivity in the highland area of the Loess Plateau.84:187-194
Liang Yinli., Kang shaozhong.2000. Effects of no full irrigation on physiological characters of wheat on Loess Plateau.131-136
Musik J T, Porter K B.1990. Wheat. In B A Steward and D R Nielson. Irrigation of Agricultural Crop American Society of Agronomy, Inc, Crop Society of America, Inc, Soil Science Society of America, Inc. 597-638
Peter Becker, Azman Asmat, Julaihi Mohamad, Misli Moksin, Melvin T.1997.Tree Sap flow rates of mangrove trees are not unusually low. Trees,11:432-435
Probsting SR,Drske,Evans RG,1984.Irrigation management fruit quality and storage life of apple. Amer Soc Hort Sci,109(2):229-232
Shao Liwei, ZhangXiying, Chen Suying.2009. Effects of after-anthesis defoliation on grain yield formation and water use efficiency of winter wheat.Chinese society of Agricultural Engineering,25 (1):21-26
Turner N C.1997,.Further progress in crop water relations advances in Agronomy,58:293-338.
Uriel Or.2000微灌技术发展及在发展中国家的应用.第6届国际微灌大会论文集.
ZHANGJ X, KIRKHAM M B.1994.Drought. stress induced in activities of superoxide dismutase catalase and peroxides in wheat species. Plant Cell Physiology,35(5):785-791.