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稀土元素在金刚石工具中的应用及作用机理
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摘要
金刚石工具作为一种特殊的复合材料,包镶金刚石颗粒的胎体材料的性能是影响工具性能的关键因素之一。本研究以热压烧结金刚石工具(胎体)材料为研究对象,在切割花岗岩锯片胎体中分别添加富镧稀土-Ni合金粉、混合稀土-Ni合金粉和CeO_2,在切割玻璃水晶锯片中添加Al-Ce合金粉,在全面提高金刚石工具(胎体)材料性能上均获得了成功。
     通过分析稀土元素参与金属胎体/金刚石复合材料界面反应的热力学条件及微观作用机理,指出在本试验烧结条件下,稀土元素参与反应的热力学条件已得到满足,可还原金属颗粒表面的氧化物薄膜,并可直接与金刚石反应。
     本文对稀土材料的添加形态和添加量等一系列问题进行了研究,并进行了优化。本研究以添加稀土-Ni合金粉的胎体配方为重点,试验结果表明添加适量的稀土-Ni合金粉可显著提高金刚石复合材料的磨损性能,而CeO_2有使降低磨损性能降低的趋势。与未添加稀土元素的金刚石工具(胎体)材料相比,添加0.8~1.0%稀土-Ni合金粉时,抗弯强度提高了32%以上,硬度提高了13%以上,孔隙率减少到0.52%。
     通过扫描电镜,能谱分析和X射线物相分析、比较和归纳,发现加入适量的稀土-Ni合金粉,使胎体中的氧化物颗粒细小、弥散;在添加稀土合金粉的胎体中,稀土向Ti富集并向金刚石与金属基体界面偏聚。经X射线衍射分析发现,合金粉中的活性La、Ce能够还原Ti颗粒表面的氧化物薄膜,提高了Ti的活性,从而促进了Ti和金刚石的反应。证实了稀土对胎体材料具有催化活化、弥散强化和净化金刚石与金属基体界面等作用,这些机理的综合作用导致了胎体材料综合性能的提高。
     通过厂家切割试验证明,添加适量稀土-Ni合金的金刚石锯片,切割速度和使用寿命均比未加稀土的锯片有很大的提高;加入适量CeO_2能降低胎体的粘滞性,适宜切割研磨性较弱的石材。在切割玻璃、水晶的锯片胎体中添加Al-Ce,也取得了很好的效果,实验成果已被厂家用于实际生产。本次课题设计为提高锯片的性能价格比提供了简单可行的参考依据。
As a kind of special composite, the properties of matrix to diamond particles impregnated on that of tools is the most key factor. This thesis investigated effects of compounds of rare earth, La-Ni alloy powder, mixed rare earth and Ni alloy powder, and Ce02, on the matrix properties of granite saw blade, and Al-Ce alloy powder on the matrix for cutting glass.
    Through thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the rare earth elements' action in metal matrix/diamond composite interface reaction, it was found that La, Ce can play an active role in the interface reaction under the sintering condition.
    This paper is focused on a series of relatively complex issues such as the adding type, adding form and adding amounts of the rare earth material. At the same time, the matrix composites in this research have been optimized. The result showed that proper amount of rare earth alloy powder notably increases the abrasive resistance of diamond/metal composite, while addition of CeO2 trended to decrease the abrasive resistance of the composite. When the rare earth alloy powder content is 0.8~1.0%, the bending strength and bonding property of composite get maximum. The flexural strength of the composites with rare earth-Ni alloy powder increases by 32% over that of the composites free of rare earth elements, the hardness increases by 13%, and the porosity decreases to 0.52%.
    SEM, EDS and X-Ray were used to investigate the fracture section, the microstructure change of matrix material, the distribution of elements and the interface of matrix-diamond. The results showed that the addition of the rare earth alloy powder can refine and disperse oxide particles. Through energy spectrum analysis, it was found that the rare earth congregates to Ti and the interface between metal matrix and diamonds. The active La and Ce in alloy powder can reduce the oxide film on Ti particles, increase the reactivity of Ti, and promote the reaction between Ti and diamond. The results showed that the combination of rare earth element La and transition element Ti is advantageous to the bonding state between diamond particles and matrix. So it can improve the materials properties.
    The research improved that the functions of the rare earth are catalysis activation, dispersion strengthening and purification of the metal matrix/diamond composite interface. Finally the
    
    
    integral properties of the matrix materials are increased.
    By cutting test, the cutting speed and longevity of the diamond saw blades with rare earth-Ni alloy are increased compared to that of the saw blades free of rare earth elements. The addition of CeO2 can decrease the viscidity of matrix. It is suitable for cutting flexible stone materials. The addition of Al-Ce powder to the saw blades matrix for cutting glass, crystal has reached a promising result and has applied to production. This research has proved a reference to improve the saw blade's performance.
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