低钾下不同耐性玉米钾素积累及其延缓衰老的生理特性
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摘要
本研究以典型的耐低钾玉米自交系90-21-3、099和低钾敏感自交系D937、835为试验材料，于2009-2011年在辽宁省沈阳市满都户乡天然低钾土壤（速效钾含量为50.7ppm）进行大田试验，以施钾肥为对照，通过比较低钾胁迫下不同耐性玉米在苗期、孕穗期和灌浆期根系形态、叶片持绿性、钾素积累特性、光合参数、叶绿素荧光特性、叶片衰老上的差异，试图明确耐低钾玉米钾素吸收和积累特性及叶片延缓衰老的生理机制，为玉米钾高效利用奠定的理论基础。主要结果如下：
1低钾胁迫下，与低钾敏感玉米自交系相比，耐低钾玉米的总根长有所增加，根体积、根表面积和根平均直径下降幅度较小，比根长（根长/根干重）增加幅度较大，细根有所增加；同时，根系伤流速率、活跃吸收面积和根系还原力下降幅度小，仍保持在较高水平，根系活力相对较强，有利于保持根系对地上部的钾素供应。
2低钾胁迫下，与低钾敏感自交系相比，耐低钾玉米各器官钾积累量下降幅度小，穗部叶片和叶鞘表现最为突出。说明在钾素缺乏时，耐低钾玉米穗部叶片和叶鞘的含钾量能够稳定保持，从而保证籽粒的发育；耐低钾玉米的钾利用效率和相对钾效率提高的幅度大，能吸收相对较多的钾素，并将之有效利用，以维持植株正常生长和代谢。
3低钾胁迫下，耐低钾玉米自交系的光合速率下降幅度小，未发生明显的光抑制，ATP酶和光合关键酶活性下降幅度小。研究发现，持绿性与净光合速率、最大光化学效率、NADK和PEPC存在极显著的正相关关系，表明较高的NADK和PEPC活性能有效延缓叶片衰老；而气孔限制值则与持绿性存在极显著负相关关系，气孔限制值的增大会加快叶片衰老进程。与低钾敏感自交系相比，耐低钾玉米叶片延缓衰老的生理机制为叶片持绿性较好，功能期较长；通过相对较高Ca~(2+)-ATPase的活性，清除低钾胁迫产生的多余的Ca~(2+)，Mg~(2+)-ATPase的活性也相对较高，确保了有足够的Mg~(2+)存在，使NADK活性稳定保持，为光反应提供电子受体NADP，同时PEPC的活性较高，暗反应又能固定相对较多的CO_2，从而保证了CO_2的供应，光反应和暗反应的协同使耐低钾玉米具有相对较高的光合速率，光系统Ⅱ所受破坏程度较轻，能维持相对较高的光化学效率。
4低钾胁迫下，与低钾敏感自交系相比，耐低钾玉米自交系抗氧化酶活性下降幅度较小，能有效减轻活性氧的毒害。主要表现在MDA含量增加幅度小，SOD、POD和CAT的酶活性降低幅度小，叶绿体受损程度较轻。叶片衰老指标与抗氧化酶活性的相关分析结果表明，MDA与叶片持绿性呈极显著负相关关系，说明MDA含量越高，叶片衰老越快；SOD、POD和CAT与持绿性呈极显著正相关，这三种酶活性越高，对叶片延缓衰老越有利，因此耐低钾玉米生育后期衰老缓慢，膜脂过氧化程度较轻。
5低钾胁迫下，与低钾敏感自交系相比，耐低钾玉米产量下降幅度小。具体表现为秃尖长增加幅度小，穗粒数和穗长下降幅度小。单株产量与各性状的相关分析表明，单株产量与灌浆期的总根长、根体积、钾含量呈显著正相关，表明灌浆期发达的根系对产量的贡献率较大。
耐低钾玉米自交系与低钾敏感自交系相比，根系相对发达，能吸收相对较多的钾素，叶片持绿性较好，光合功能相对较强，光合产物积累下降幅度小，衰老相对缓慢，为产量的保持奠定了物质基础。
Based on the previous studies, maize inbred lines tolerant to K deficiency (90-21-3,099)and sensitive to K deficiency (D937,835) were grown in potassium deficiency fieldconditions. The current experiment was conducted from2009to2011in Manduhu village,Liaozhong County, Shenyang City. The objective of this experiment was to measure theimpact of low potassium stress on root morphology and activity, leaves stay green,photosynthetic and chlorphyll fluorscent parameters and leaf senescense from seedling stageto grain filling stage. This paper will propose to verify the features of maize inbred linestolerant to low potassium stress including root function in K absorption and utilization,physiological mechanism of delaying leaf senescence. The main findings were as follows.
1Compare with maize inbred lines sensitive to potassium deficiency, the tolerant maizedemonstrated some obvious advantages in root morphology and activity under low potassiumstress, which was beneficial to potassium uptake. The effect of low potassium stress on totalroot length, root volume, root surface area and average diameter in maize tolerant topotassium deficiency were more slightly. Specific root length increased more soundly, thisindicated the fine root increased more, which was benefit to absorb much more potassium.Moreover, root exude rate, active absorption area and root activity were relatively higher,which could ensure the supply of nutrient for shoot development.
2The decline of potassium accumulation in various organs in maize inbred lines tolerant tolow potassium stress were smaller than sensitive ones, especially embodied in panicle leaves.K content of root, leaf, ear increased slightly in tolerant maize, but the K content of eachorgans in sensitive maize were decreased much more; K content of each leaf and leaf sheathsin tolerant maize declined much smaller than that in sensitive ones, particularly where itfound in three ear-leaves and sheaths, which could ensure the growth of grain. And that thedry matter accumulation was much more. K use efficiency was higher.
3Compared with D937,90-21-3showed a lower stomatal restriction and a higher electronictransition capacity after accelerated ageing due to K deficiency; FPSⅡ、Fv、Fm in90-21-3were higher than that in D937, while F0was lower than that in D937; In addition, under lowpotassium stress, activities of PEPC and NADK in90-21-3were less decreased and PSⅡ was less damaged. Therefore, compared with D937, the leaf senescence of90-21-3wasrelatively slower, which could prolong the functional period of leaves; The activity of NADKcould provide NADP to electronic receptors for photoreaction, at the same time the increasedactivities of PEPC and led to more effective fixation of CO_2, and the synergistic effect oflight reactions and dark reactions contributed to the higher photosynthetic rate and yield of90-21-3. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that extremly significant positivecorrelation was between the leaf stay green and net photosynthetic rate, the biggestphotochemical efficiency, NADK and PEPC activities. That indicated higher NADK andPEPC activities could delay leaf senescence; On the contrary, the correlation of Ls and leafstay green was extremely significant negative, the increase in Ls could accelerate the leafsenescense process.
4Results of antioxidant enzymes showed that, during the period of grain filling, theactivities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in ear leafof90-21-3were obviously higher than those of D937under low potassium stress. And thecontent of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in90-21-3than that in D937under lowpotassium stress, which indicated that the antioxidant enzymes could eliminate reactiveoxygen species, inhibit the membrane lipid peroxidation and decrease the content of MDAmore efficiently in90-21-3. Correlation analysis results showed that the MDA and leaf greenwere extremely significant negative correlation That means the more MDA content, the fasterthe leaf senescence; SOD, POD and CAT and leaf stay green were extremely significantpositive correlation, so the three enzymes could delay leaf senescense effectively.
5Under low potassium stress, the root system of90-21-3and099was relatively strongenough to absorb K, moreover the K contents in three ear leaves and sheaths were maintained.The leaf stay-green could keep longer photosynthesis prolonged. Thus dry weight and yieldwere relatively higher than that of D937and835. The correlation analysis between yield androot system indicated that total root length, root volume and potassium content were benefitfor yield per plant.
1低钾胁迫下，与低钾敏感玉米自交系相比，耐低钾玉米的总根长有所增加，根体积、根表面积和根平均直径下降幅度较小，比根长（根长/根干重）增加幅度较大，细根有所增加；同时，根系伤流速率、活跃吸收面积和根系还原力下降幅度小，仍保持在较高水平，根系活力相对较强，有利于保持根系对地上部的钾素供应。
2低钾胁迫下，与低钾敏感自交系相比，耐低钾玉米各器官钾积累量下降幅度小，穗部叶片和叶鞘表现最为突出。说明在钾素缺乏时，耐低钾玉米穗部叶片和叶鞘的含钾量能够稳定保持，从而保证籽粒的发育；耐低钾玉米的钾利用效率和相对钾效率提高的幅度大，能吸收相对较多的钾素，并将之有效利用，以维持植株正常生长和代谢。
3低钾胁迫下，耐低钾玉米自交系的光合速率下降幅度小，未发生明显的光抑制，ATP酶和光合关键酶活性下降幅度小。研究发现，持绿性与净光合速率、最大光化学效率、NADK和PEPC存在极显著的正相关关系，表明较高的NADK和PEPC活性能有效延缓叶片衰老；而气孔限制值则与持绿性存在极显著负相关关系，气孔限制值的增大会加快叶片衰老进程。与低钾敏感自交系相比，耐低钾玉米叶片延缓衰老的生理机制为叶片持绿性较好，功能期较长；通过相对较高Ca~(2+)-ATPase的活性，清除低钾胁迫产生的多余的Ca~(2+)，Mg~(2+)-ATPase的活性也相对较高，确保了有足够的Mg~(2+)存在，使NADK活性稳定保持，为光反应提供电子受体NADP，同时PEPC的活性较高，暗反应又能固定相对较多的CO_2，从而保证了CO_2的供应，光反应和暗反应的协同使耐低钾玉米具有相对较高的光合速率，光系统Ⅱ所受破坏程度较轻，能维持相对较高的光化学效率。
4低钾胁迫下，与低钾敏感自交系相比，耐低钾玉米自交系抗氧化酶活性下降幅度较小，能有效减轻活性氧的毒害。主要表现在MDA含量增加幅度小，SOD、POD和CAT的酶活性降低幅度小，叶绿体受损程度较轻。叶片衰老指标与抗氧化酶活性的相关分析结果表明，MDA与叶片持绿性呈极显著负相关关系，说明MDA含量越高，叶片衰老越快；SOD、POD和CAT与持绿性呈极显著正相关，这三种酶活性越高，对叶片延缓衰老越有利，因此耐低钾玉米生育后期衰老缓慢，膜脂过氧化程度较轻。
5低钾胁迫下，与低钾敏感自交系相比，耐低钾玉米产量下降幅度小。具体表现为秃尖长增加幅度小，穗粒数和穗长下降幅度小。单株产量与各性状的相关分析表明，单株产量与灌浆期的总根长、根体积、钾含量呈显著正相关，表明灌浆期发达的根系对产量的贡献率较大。
耐低钾玉米自交系与低钾敏感自交系相比，根系相对发达，能吸收相对较多的钾素，叶片持绿性较好，光合功能相对较强，光合产物积累下降幅度小，衰老相对缓慢，为产量的保持奠定了物质基础。
Based on the previous studies, maize inbred lines tolerant to K deficiency (90-21-3,099)and sensitive to K deficiency (D937,835) were grown in potassium deficiency fieldconditions. The current experiment was conducted from2009to2011in Manduhu village,Liaozhong County, Shenyang City. The objective of this experiment was to measure theimpact of low potassium stress on root morphology and activity, leaves stay green,photosynthetic and chlorphyll fluorscent parameters and leaf senescense from seedling stageto grain filling stage. This paper will propose to verify the features of maize inbred linestolerant to low potassium stress including root function in K absorption and utilization,physiological mechanism of delaying leaf senescence. The main findings were as follows.
1Compare with maize inbred lines sensitive to potassium deficiency, the tolerant maizedemonstrated some obvious advantages in root morphology and activity under low potassiumstress, which was beneficial to potassium uptake. The effect of low potassium stress on totalroot length, root volume, root surface area and average diameter in maize tolerant topotassium deficiency were more slightly. Specific root length increased more soundly, thisindicated the fine root increased more, which was benefit to absorb much more potassium.Moreover, root exude rate, active absorption area and root activity were relatively higher,which could ensure the supply of nutrient for shoot development.
2The decline of potassium accumulation in various organs in maize inbred lines tolerant tolow potassium stress were smaller than sensitive ones, especially embodied in panicle leaves.K content of root, leaf, ear increased slightly in tolerant maize, but the K content of eachorgans in sensitive maize were decreased much more; K content of each leaf and leaf sheathsin tolerant maize declined much smaller than that in sensitive ones, particularly where itfound in three ear-leaves and sheaths, which could ensure the growth of grain. And that thedry matter accumulation was much more. K use efficiency was higher.
3Compared with D937,90-21-3showed a lower stomatal restriction and a higher electronictransition capacity after accelerated ageing due to K deficiency; FPSⅡ、Fv、Fm in90-21-3were higher than that in D937, while F0was lower than that in D937; In addition, under lowpotassium stress, activities of PEPC and NADK in90-21-3were less decreased and PSⅡ was less damaged. Therefore, compared with D937, the leaf senescence of90-21-3wasrelatively slower, which could prolong the functional period of leaves; The activity of NADKcould provide NADP to electronic receptors for photoreaction, at the same time the increasedactivities of PEPC and led to more effective fixation of CO_2, and the synergistic effect oflight reactions and dark reactions contributed to the higher photosynthetic rate and yield of90-21-3. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that extremly significant positivecorrelation was between the leaf stay green and net photosynthetic rate, the biggestphotochemical efficiency, NADK and PEPC activities. That indicated higher NADK andPEPC activities could delay leaf senescence; On the contrary, the correlation of Ls and leafstay green was extremely significant negative, the increase in Ls could accelerate the leafsenescense process.
4Results of antioxidant enzymes showed that, during the period of grain filling, theactivities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in ear leafof90-21-3were obviously higher than those of D937under low potassium stress. And thecontent of malondialdehyde (MDA) was lower in90-21-3than that in D937under lowpotassium stress, which indicated that the antioxidant enzymes could eliminate reactiveoxygen species, inhibit the membrane lipid peroxidation and decrease the content of MDAmore efficiently in90-21-3. Correlation analysis results showed that the MDA and leaf greenwere extremely significant negative correlation That means the more MDA content, the fasterthe leaf senescence; SOD, POD and CAT and leaf stay green were extremely significantpositive correlation, so the three enzymes could delay leaf senescense effectively.
5Under low potassium stress, the root system of90-21-3and099was relatively strongenough to absorb K, moreover the K contents in three ear leaves and sheaths were maintained.The leaf stay-green could keep longer photosynthesis prolonged. Thus dry weight and yieldwere relatively higher than that of D937and835. The correlation analysis between yield androot system indicated that total root length, root volume and potassium content were benefitfor yield per plant.
引文
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