华南沿海海雾及其边界层结构的观测分析
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摘要
不同区域海雾的形成机制和边界层结构特征有一定的差异,这与不同区域的地理和气候背景密切相关。本论文主要利用中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所茂名博贺海洋气象科学试验基地2007-2012年海雾季节的观测资料和其它的一些气象资料,一方面对华南沿海海雾过程及其边界层结构和海气界面交换特征进行了分析研究；另一方面在认识到海雾近地层存在逆温和等温这一关键特征的基础上,尝试了用近地层温差因子改进广东沿海海雾区域预报。本论文得到的主要结论如下：
(1)华南沿海海雾主要发生在1-4月,峰值在3月份；海雾往往发生在两次冷空气入侵之间；海雾发生的天气型主要与出海变性高压、冷锋、西南低压等天气系统密切相关；在海雾发生区域的天气形势背景上具有一些共性的特征。当海雾发生时,华南沿海地区低空多为东南风输送的海上暖湿气流；当海雾消散时,低空多为东北风输送的北方干冷气流。
(2)从饱和湿空气稳定度定义出发,发现在海雾的饱和湿空气中存在着位势稳定和位势不稳定两种性质完全不同的大气层结。在此基础上,定义了假相当位温梯度为零((?)θse/(?)z=0)的高度为海雾中热力湍流分界面的高度(观测值为180-380m)。指出了海雾中存在明显的分层湍流结构特征：在热力湍流分界面以上,以雾顶长波辐射冷却引起的热力湍流交换为主；而在分界面以下,则以风切变引起的动力湍流交换为主。明确了华南沿海海雾的边界层结构的演变过程可大致分为生成、发展和消散三个阶段；其中热力湍流分界面既是海雾发生发展中重要的湍流分界面,又是海雾消散抬升为层云后的主要维持因子。
(3)华南沿海海雾经常伴随着低云出现,而且还有因海雾发展断裂后形成低云的现象。同时,在雾顶和云顶一般都有逆温(等温)层与之相对应。华南沿海海雾雾顶高度的发展与水平方向的水汽输送、雾顶长波辐射作用、垂直方向的湍流发展等因素密切相关。在有充足的水汽输送的背景下,雾顶长波辐射作用会使雾迅速向高层发展;而如果雾顶高度抬升过快,或在水汽输送减弱的背景下,雾顶长波辐射作用虽然仍使雾向高层发展,但在湍流、夹卷等作用下,往往会导致雾层发生断裂,反而导致雾顶高度降低。
(4)分析了海雾的海气界面交换特征。分别从海气温差、海面辐射和湍流通量等三个方面进行了分析,得到了一些新的结果：在海雾发生期间,2011年的4个海雾过程中有3个的海气温差出现了近海面气温低于海温的现象。当海气温差为正,气温高于海温时,会出现向下长波辐射大于向上长波辐射的现象,而且当海气温差正值越大时这一现象越明显；当海气温差为负,气温低于海温时,此时会出现向下长波辐射小于向上长波辐射的现象。从通量数据上看,在海雾发生期间,动量通量同样一直维持在低值。感热通量基本以负值为主,量级一般在10W.m-2以内,表现为由大气向海洋输送热量,这与气温高于海温相吻合；当气温持续下降,出现气温低于海温时,感热通量以正值为主,此时表现为由海洋向大气输送热量。潜热通量的数据在轻雾时表现为低值：在海雾维持期间数据比较不规则,看不出其明显变化规律。
(5)分析了海雾中近海面气温低于海温的原因。导致华南沿海海雾出现近海面气温低于海温的主要原因是近海面大气的混合机制：从东北方向来的冷湿空气与从上层通过机械湍流向下输送的暖湿空气发生混合,导致近海面气温低于海面温度。统计分析表明,华南沿海平流冷却雾中主要以近海面气温高于海温的个例居多,达到69%；而可能出现近海面气温低于海温的个例占28%。
(6)近地层温差因子与海雾发生有着比较明确的对应关系：当台站出现海雾时,近地层温差一般处于某一时间段的高值区,近地层温差负值明显减小或转为正值。这反映出近地层气温与海面上2m温度相比较,是逐渐上升的,这是近地层暖湿空气平流逐渐加强的结果,因此存在海雾发生发展的可能；反之,当近地层温差的负值明显增大,说明该地区是受到冷空气平流影响,从而导致海雾趋于消散。GRAPES模式能够较好地引入近地层温差因子,引入该预报变量因子后,广东沿海2010、2011两个年度海雾区域预报的准确率以及Ts和Hss评分都有明显的提高,说明近地层温差因子确实是比较有效、关键的预报变量因子。
Some degree of difference exists in the formation mechanism and the structure of boundary layer of sea fog at different regions, because of the difference of the regional geography and climate. By using the data of the sea fog during winter and spring season in2007-2012obtained at the Science Experiment Base for Marine Meteorology (SEBMM) at Bohe, Maoming, Guangdong Province (the SEBMM is established by the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine and Meteorology (ITMM) of the China Meteorological Administration) and other meteorological data, This study is focused on two main points:one is the analysis of the boundary layer structure and air-sea interface exchange characteristics of the sea fog on the coast of southern China, the other is using a factor of temperature difference of surface layer to improve the regional prediction of sea fog on Guangdong coastland, after realized the key feature of the inversion and isothermal phenomenon at surface layer in the sea fog.
The major contents and conclusions are present as follows:
(1) The sea fog on the coast of southern China mainly occurred during January to April, the peak value is in Mar. sea fog usually occurred between two intrusions of cold air. Main relation to weather map types are the transformed cold high moved to the sea, the cold front and the southwest low. The background of the synoptic system of the region of the sea fog formation has some similar feature. When sea fog occurred, marine warm and wet air flow transported by southeast wind is prevailing at the low level on the coast of southern China. On the contrary, when the sea fog dissipated, cold and dry air flow transported by northeast wind is dominating at the low level.
(2) According to the stability definition of saturated wet air, two properties of atmospheric stratification, potential stability and potential instability, have been revealed in the saturated wet air of sea fog. Consequently, the gradient of the potential pseudo-equivalent temperature was equal to zero ((?)θse/(?)z=0) and was defined as the thermal turbulence interface (The height of the thermal turbulence interface was observed between180m and380m). Two layers of turbulence were shown to exist in the sea fog. The thermal turbulence produced by the long-wave radiation was prevalent above the thermal turbulence interface, and the mechanical turbulence aroused by the wind shear was predominant below the interface. Formation, development, and dissipation are the three possible phases of the evolution of the boundary layer structure during sea fog events on the coast of southern China. The thermal turbulence interface was shown to play an important role in these phases. The interface is significant during the formation and the development of sea fog. Also, after sea fog has been elevated into the stratus layer, this interface is the main factor that maintains the layer.
(3) On the coast of southern China, the emergence of sea fog was always accompanied by a low cloud layer. Furthermore, sometimes the formation of this low cloud layer was a result of the layered division of the sea fog into two parts. In addition, a close relationship exists between the tops of the fog and the clouds and the inversion layer:The inversion layer (or the isothermal layer) usually corresponds to the tops of the fog and the clouds. Three important factors have a close relationship with the development of the sea fog top on the coast of southern China:the horizontal advection of the water vapor, the long-wave radiation of the fog top, and the vertical turbulence mixing. As a result of long-wave radiation and the ample transportation of water vapor, fog developed in the upward direction. However, if the elevation of the fog top increased too quickly or if the transportation of water vapor decreased, the fog layer was divided by the turbulence and entrainment, resulting in a decrease in the height of the fog top.
(4) Air-sea interface exchange characteristics have been analyzed. New results have been investigated from the air-sea temperature difference, the sea surface radiation and the turbulent flux. In2011, three of four process of sea fog appear the phenomenon of the surface air temperature (SAT) is lower than the sea surface temperature (SST). When the SAT is higher than the SST, the downward long-wave radiation (DLR) is higher than the upward long-wave radiation (ULR), the air-sea temperature difference is larger and the phenomenon is more manifest. Conversely, while the SAT is lower than the SST, the DLR is lower than the ULR, too. According to the flux data, momentum flux remains a low value in the sea fog. The sensible flux is mainly the negative value within an order of10W·m-2, which represents a heat transport from the atmosphere to the sea and coincided with the SAT higher than the SST. While the SAT is lower than the SST because of the continuously descent of the SAT, Sensible flux turn into the positive value, which indicates a heat transport from the sea to the atmosphere. The latent flux has a negative value in the mist, while no change rule has been found during the sea fog because of the irregular data.
(5)The reason of the SAT is lower than the SST has been explained. The main reason is the mixing mechanism at the sea surface atmospheric layer:the mixing between the northeasterly cold-wet air and the warm-wet air come from the upper level transported by the mechanical turbulence. According to the statistic data of the sea fog at the SEBMM, the cases with the SAT higher than the SST is69%, while the possible cases with the SAT lower than the SST is28%.
(6) There is an explicit congruent relationship between the factor of temperature difference of surface layer and the occurrence of sea fog:while sea fog exists, the temperature difference of surface layer has always been a high value during the nearby period. The value of the factor acts as a diminished of the negative value or turn to positive value, which means the SAT is slightly less than or higher than the2m-tempreture above sea surface. This indicates the warm-wet air advection is enhanced and suitable for sea fog to develop. On the contrary, the increasing negative value represents the affect of the cold air advection and result in the dissipation of the sea fog. GRAPES model proved to be good at simulate the factor. Consequently, the accuracy, threat score and Heidke skill score of the sea fog regional prediction are all promoted after using it, which prove the factor is effective and important.
(1)华南沿海海雾主要发生在1-4月,峰值在3月份；海雾往往发生在两次冷空气入侵之间；海雾发生的天气型主要与出海变性高压、冷锋、西南低压等天气系统密切相关；在海雾发生区域的天气形势背景上具有一些共性的特征。当海雾发生时,华南沿海地区低空多为东南风输送的海上暖湿气流；当海雾消散时,低空多为东北风输送的北方干冷气流。
(2)从饱和湿空气稳定度定义出发,发现在海雾的饱和湿空气中存在着位势稳定和位势不稳定两种性质完全不同的大气层结。在此基础上,定义了假相当位温梯度为零((?)θse/(?)z=0)的高度为海雾中热力湍流分界面的高度(观测值为180-380m)。指出了海雾中存在明显的分层湍流结构特征：在热力湍流分界面以上,以雾顶长波辐射冷却引起的热力湍流交换为主；而在分界面以下,则以风切变引起的动力湍流交换为主。明确了华南沿海海雾的边界层结构的演变过程可大致分为生成、发展和消散三个阶段；其中热力湍流分界面既是海雾发生发展中重要的湍流分界面,又是海雾消散抬升为层云后的主要维持因子。
(3)华南沿海海雾经常伴随着低云出现,而且还有因海雾发展断裂后形成低云的现象。同时,在雾顶和云顶一般都有逆温(等温)层与之相对应。华南沿海海雾雾顶高度的发展与水平方向的水汽输送、雾顶长波辐射作用、垂直方向的湍流发展等因素密切相关。在有充足的水汽输送的背景下,雾顶长波辐射作用会使雾迅速向高层发展;而如果雾顶高度抬升过快,或在水汽输送减弱的背景下,雾顶长波辐射作用虽然仍使雾向高层发展,但在湍流、夹卷等作用下,往往会导致雾层发生断裂,反而导致雾顶高度降低。
(4)分析了海雾的海气界面交换特征。分别从海气温差、海面辐射和湍流通量等三个方面进行了分析,得到了一些新的结果：在海雾发生期间,2011年的4个海雾过程中有3个的海气温差出现了近海面气温低于海温的现象。当海气温差为正,气温高于海温时,会出现向下长波辐射大于向上长波辐射的现象,而且当海气温差正值越大时这一现象越明显；当海气温差为负,气温低于海温时,此时会出现向下长波辐射小于向上长波辐射的现象。从通量数据上看,在海雾发生期间,动量通量同样一直维持在低值。感热通量基本以负值为主,量级一般在10W.m-2以内,表现为由大气向海洋输送热量,这与气温高于海温相吻合；当气温持续下降,出现气温低于海温时,感热通量以正值为主,此时表现为由海洋向大气输送热量。潜热通量的数据在轻雾时表现为低值：在海雾维持期间数据比较不规则,看不出其明显变化规律。
(5)分析了海雾中近海面气温低于海温的原因。导致华南沿海海雾出现近海面气温低于海温的主要原因是近海面大气的混合机制：从东北方向来的冷湿空气与从上层通过机械湍流向下输送的暖湿空气发生混合,导致近海面气温低于海面温度。统计分析表明,华南沿海平流冷却雾中主要以近海面气温高于海温的个例居多,达到69%；而可能出现近海面气温低于海温的个例占28%。
(6)近地层温差因子与海雾发生有着比较明确的对应关系：当台站出现海雾时,近地层温差一般处于某一时间段的高值区,近地层温差负值明显减小或转为正值。这反映出近地层气温与海面上2m温度相比较,是逐渐上升的,这是近地层暖湿空气平流逐渐加强的结果,因此存在海雾发生发展的可能；反之,当近地层温差的负值明显增大,说明该地区是受到冷空气平流影响,从而导致海雾趋于消散。GRAPES模式能够较好地引入近地层温差因子,引入该预报变量因子后,广东沿海2010、2011两个年度海雾区域预报的准确率以及Ts和Hss评分都有明显的提高,说明近地层温差因子确实是比较有效、关键的预报变量因子。
Some degree of difference exists in the formation mechanism and the structure of boundary layer of sea fog at different regions, because of the difference of the regional geography and climate. By using the data of the sea fog during winter and spring season in2007-2012obtained at the Science Experiment Base for Marine Meteorology (SEBMM) at Bohe, Maoming, Guangdong Province (the SEBMM is established by the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine and Meteorology (ITMM) of the China Meteorological Administration) and other meteorological data, This study is focused on two main points:one is the analysis of the boundary layer structure and air-sea interface exchange characteristics of the sea fog on the coast of southern China, the other is using a factor of temperature difference of surface layer to improve the regional prediction of sea fog on Guangdong coastland, after realized the key feature of the inversion and isothermal phenomenon at surface layer in the sea fog.
The major contents and conclusions are present as follows:
(1) The sea fog on the coast of southern China mainly occurred during January to April, the peak value is in Mar. sea fog usually occurred between two intrusions of cold air. Main relation to weather map types are the transformed cold high moved to the sea, the cold front and the southwest low. The background of the synoptic system of the region of the sea fog formation has some similar feature. When sea fog occurred, marine warm and wet air flow transported by southeast wind is prevailing at the low level on the coast of southern China. On the contrary, when the sea fog dissipated, cold and dry air flow transported by northeast wind is dominating at the low level.
(2) According to the stability definition of saturated wet air, two properties of atmospheric stratification, potential stability and potential instability, have been revealed in the saturated wet air of sea fog. Consequently, the gradient of the potential pseudo-equivalent temperature was equal to zero ((?)θse/(?)z=0) and was defined as the thermal turbulence interface (The height of the thermal turbulence interface was observed between180m and380m). Two layers of turbulence were shown to exist in the sea fog. The thermal turbulence produced by the long-wave radiation was prevalent above the thermal turbulence interface, and the mechanical turbulence aroused by the wind shear was predominant below the interface. Formation, development, and dissipation are the three possible phases of the evolution of the boundary layer structure during sea fog events on the coast of southern China. The thermal turbulence interface was shown to play an important role in these phases. The interface is significant during the formation and the development of sea fog. Also, after sea fog has been elevated into the stratus layer, this interface is the main factor that maintains the layer.
(3) On the coast of southern China, the emergence of sea fog was always accompanied by a low cloud layer. Furthermore, sometimes the formation of this low cloud layer was a result of the layered division of the sea fog into two parts. In addition, a close relationship exists between the tops of the fog and the clouds and the inversion layer:The inversion layer (or the isothermal layer) usually corresponds to the tops of the fog and the clouds. Three important factors have a close relationship with the development of the sea fog top on the coast of southern China:the horizontal advection of the water vapor, the long-wave radiation of the fog top, and the vertical turbulence mixing. As a result of long-wave radiation and the ample transportation of water vapor, fog developed in the upward direction. However, if the elevation of the fog top increased too quickly or if the transportation of water vapor decreased, the fog layer was divided by the turbulence and entrainment, resulting in a decrease in the height of the fog top.
(4) Air-sea interface exchange characteristics have been analyzed. New results have been investigated from the air-sea temperature difference, the sea surface radiation and the turbulent flux. In2011, three of four process of sea fog appear the phenomenon of the surface air temperature (SAT) is lower than the sea surface temperature (SST). When the SAT is higher than the SST, the downward long-wave radiation (DLR) is higher than the upward long-wave radiation (ULR), the air-sea temperature difference is larger and the phenomenon is more manifest. Conversely, while the SAT is lower than the SST, the DLR is lower than the ULR, too. According to the flux data, momentum flux remains a low value in the sea fog. The sensible flux is mainly the negative value within an order of10W·m-2, which represents a heat transport from the atmosphere to the sea and coincided with the SAT higher than the SST. While the SAT is lower than the SST because of the continuously descent of the SAT, Sensible flux turn into the positive value, which indicates a heat transport from the sea to the atmosphere. The latent flux has a negative value in the mist, while no change rule has been found during the sea fog because of the irregular data.
(5)The reason of the SAT is lower than the SST has been explained. The main reason is the mixing mechanism at the sea surface atmospheric layer:the mixing between the northeasterly cold-wet air and the warm-wet air come from the upper level transported by the mechanical turbulence. According to the statistic data of the sea fog at the SEBMM, the cases with the SAT higher than the SST is69%, while the possible cases with the SAT lower than the SST is28%.
(6) There is an explicit congruent relationship between the factor of temperature difference of surface layer and the occurrence of sea fog:while sea fog exists, the temperature difference of surface layer has always been a high value during the nearby period. The value of the factor acts as a diminished of the negative value or turn to positive value, which means the SAT is slightly less than or higher than the2m-tempreture above sea surface. This indicates the warm-wet air advection is enhanced and suitable for sea fog to develop. On the contrary, the increasing negative value represents the affect of the cold air advection and result in the dissipation of the sea fog. GRAPES model proved to be good at simulate the factor. Consequently, the accuracy, threat score and Heidke skill score of the sea fog regional prediction are all promoted after using it, which prove the factor is effective and important.
引文
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