酞酸酯好氧最终性生物降解及其动力学研究
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摘要
酞酸酯(PAEs)是一类全球性的有机污染物，有一些会对生物体产生致癌和毒性效应，本文采用改进Smrm方法(以降解产物CO_2作为主要测试指标)对PAEs的好氧最终性生物降解及其动力学特性进行了实验研究。
采用接种驯化活性污泥的方法，结果表明：PAEs的降解速率(K_b)随着化合物中烷基直链碳原子数目(n)增加而减小，随着烷基侧链数目的增加而降低，半衰期(t_(1/2))则随之而增长。在50～200mg·L~(-1)浓度范围内，PAEs的降解反应较为适宜，降解速率较快，且随着浓度的增加而稳步增加。当超过200mg·L~(-1)时，降解出现明显的停滞期。易降解有机物(如葡萄糖)会提高PAEs的降解能力。PAEs的好氧降解反应符合一级生化反应动力学。
从驯化活性污泥中筛选、分离出两株优势菌种：假单胞菌属PS-1和黄单胞菌属PS-2，研究它们降解PAEs的特性。通过正交试验确定了它们的最佳生长条件，发现pH值是影响其生长和降解PAEs效果的重要因素；降解结果表明，优势菌种降解能力明显优于驯化的混合活性菌泥；以PAEs为唯一碳源的混合菌株生长的动力学方程与Logistic模型较好地吻合。
Phthalates (PAEs) used widely as plasticizers are ubiquitous organic pollutants in the environment. Some of them may cause mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic effects on living organisms. Aerobic ultimate biodegradation of several phthalates, namely, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and their degrading kinetics have been studied with the help of modified Sturm method in the present study.
The experimental results of phthalates by acclimated activated sludge from a municipal sewage treatment plant demonstrated that aerobic ultimate biodegradation of phthalates follows the first order kinetics equation; the rate constant (kb) of biodegradation decreases with the increase of carbon number (n) of the alkyl chain, accordingly half life (t1/2) increases, and linear phthalates have better biodegradability than branch phthalate; When the initial concentration is more than 200 mg-L-1 (as ThOC), lag phase occurred obviously in the degradation of phthalates; The addition of Easily biodegradable organics, e.g. glucose, has favorable effects on the aerobic biodegradation of phthalates.
Then, the microbial degradative characteristics of phthalates was investigated by strains Pseudomonas sp. PS-1, Xanthomonas sp. PS-2 that were separated from the activated sludge, respectively. The optimal growth conditions were determined by an orthogonal test: namely, pH 7.0, temperature 30 癈, ratio of C to N = 20 : 1, phthalates concentration 300 mg-L"1. The results of phthalates degradation by the two strains indicated that the preponderant strains have stronger ability than activated sludge to degrade phthalates. Logistics model successfully fitted the biomass growth curve when phthalates were used as the sole carbon source of growth of mixed strains.
采用接种驯化活性污泥的方法，结果表明：PAEs的降解速率(K_b)随着化合物中烷基直链碳原子数目(n)增加而减小，随着烷基侧链数目的增加而降低，半衰期(t_(1/2))则随之而增长。在50～200mg·L~(-1)浓度范围内，PAEs的降解反应较为适宜，降解速率较快，且随着浓度的增加而稳步增加。当超过200mg·L~(-1)时，降解出现明显的停滞期。易降解有机物(如葡萄糖)会提高PAEs的降解能力。PAEs的好氧降解反应符合一级生化反应动力学。
从驯化活性污泥中筛选、分离出两株优势菌种：假单胞菌属PS-1和黄单胞菌属PS-2，研究它们降解PAEs的特性。通过正交试验确定了它们的最佳生长条件，发现pH值是影响其生长和降解PAEs效果的重要因素；降解结果表明，优势菌种降解能力明显优于驯化的混合活性菌泥；以PAEs为唯一碳源的混合菌株生长的动力学方程与Logistic模型较好地吻合。
Phthalates (PAEs) used widely as plasticizers are ubiquitous organic pollutants in the environment. Some of them may cause mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic effects on living organisms. Aerobic ultimate biodegradation of several phthalates, namely, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and their degrading kinetics have been studied with the help of modified Sturm method in the present study.
The experimental results of phthalates by acclimated activated sludge from a municipal sewage treatment plant demonstrated that aerobic ultimate biodegradation of phthalates follows the first order kinetics equation; the rate constant (kb) of biodegradation decreases with the increase of carbon number (n) of the alkyl chain, accordingly half life (t1/2) increases, and linear phthalates have better biodegradability than branch phthalate; When the initial concentration is more than 200 mg-L-1 (as ThOC), lag phase occurred obviously in the degradation of phthalates; The addition of Easily biodegradable organics, e.g. glucose, has favorable effects on the aerobic biodegradation of phthalates.
Then, the microbial degradative characteristics of phthalates was investigated by strains Pseudomonas sp. PS-1, Xanthomonas sp. PS-2 that were separated from the activated sludge, respectively. The optimal growth conditions were determined by an orthogonal test: namely, pH 7.0, temperature 30 癈, ratio of C to N = 20 : 1, phthalates concentration 300 mg-L"1. The results of phthalates degradation by the two strains indicated that the preponderant strains have stronger ability than activated sludge to degrade phthalates. Logistics model successfully fitted the biomass growth curve when phthalates were used as the sole carbon source of growth of mixed strains.
引文
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[2]．曾锋，傅家谟，盛国英．邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物生物降解性研究进展[J]．环境科学进展，1999，7(4)：1～13
[3]．万金培，胡献国，汪家权．绿色润滑剂的研究及进展．环境技术，1999，26(3)：26～30
[4]．许征帆．中国大百科全书《环境科学》[M]．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1983：473
[5]．庞金梅，池宝亮，段亚利．苯二甲酸酯的微生物降解与转化[J]．环境科学，1994，15(3)：88～90
[6]．韩关根，吴平谷，王惠华，等．邻苯二甲酸酯对城镇供水的污染及现行水处理工艺净化效果的评价[J]．环境与健康杂志，2001，18(3)：155～156
[7]．莫测辉，蔡全英，吴启堂，等．我国城市污泥中邻苯二甲酸酯的研究[J]．中国环境科学，2001，21(4)：362～366
[8]．中国环境优先监测课题组．环境优先污染物[M)．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1989
[9]. Russeil D J. Chemodynamic properties partitioning and migration of phthalate esters in soil[J]. Chemosphere,1986, 15(8): 1003～1006
[10]．陈英旭，沈东升，胡志强，等．酞酸酯类有机毒物在土壤中降解规律的研究[J]．环境科学学报，1997，17(3)：340～345
[11]．刘庆余，李悦，齐英．邻苯二甲酸酯类在土柱模拟试验中的微生物降解[J]．环境卫生工程，1997，(4)：3～6
[12]. Inman, I C, Strachan S D, Sommer I E, Nelson D W. The decomposition of phthalate esters in soil[J]. J. Environ. Sci. Health Ser. B., 1984, 19:245～257
[13]. Madsen P, Thyme J, Henriksen K, et al. Kinetics of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate mineralization in sludge-amended soil[J]. Environ. Sci. & Tech., 1999, 33(15): 2601～2606
[14]. Johannes L, Schneunert L, Korte F. Fate of bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in laboratory and outdoor soil-plant-systems[J]. J. Agric. Food Chem., 1988, 36: 210～215
[15]. Walker W W, Cripe C R, Corcoran E F. Potential for biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in marine region[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1984, 13:1283～1291
[16]. Walker W W, Cripe C R, Pritchard P H, et al., Dibutylphthalate degradation in esturine and freshwater sites [J]. Chemosphere, 1984, 13(12): 1283～1294
[17]. Seager V W, Tucker N V. Biodegradation of phthalic acid esters in fiver water and activated sludge[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1976, 31:29～34
[18]. Sugatt R H, O'Grady D P, Banerjee S, et al., Shake flask biodegradation of 14 commercial phthalate esters[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1984, 47:601～606
[19]. Wang Jianlong, Liu Ping, and Qian Yi. Biodegradation of phthalic acid esters by acclimated activated Sludge[J]. Environ. Intern., 1996, 22(6): 737～741
[20]．叶常明，田康．邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物生物降解动力学[J]．环境科学学报，1989，9(1)：37～41
[21]. Wang J L, Liu P, Qian Y. Biodegradation of phthalaic acid esters by immobilized microbial cells[J]. Environ. Intern. 1997, 23(6): 776～782
[22]. Nozawa T, Maruyama Y. Anaerobic metabolism of phthalate and other aromatic compounds by a denitrifying bacterium[J].. J. Bacteriol, 1988, 170:5778～5784
[23]. Ganji S H, Karitar C S, Pujar B G. Metabolism of dimethyl terephthalate by aspergillus Niger[J]. Biodegradation. 1995,6(1): 61～66
[24]．曾锋，傅家谟，盛国英，等．邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的酶促降解性的研究[J]．应用与环境生物学报，2000，6(5)：477～482
[25]．柴素芬，曾锋，傅家谟，等．DEHP的微生物降解性研究[J]．中山大学学报，2000，39(4)：57～60
[26]．冀滨弘，章非娟．难降解有机污染物的处理技术．重庆环境科学，1998，20(5)：36～40
[27]. Scholtz, N., Bestimmung der Biologischen Abbaubar keit von Vestino IA Him Modifizierten Sturm test, ST 8994, Huls. A. G., Marl, Germany, 1994
[28]．赵斌，何绍江．微生物学实验[M]．北京：科学出版社，2002
[29]．顾夏声．废水生物处理数学模式(第二版)[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1993
[30]．张锡辉．高等环境化学与微生物学原理及应用[M]．北京：化学工业出版社，2001
[31]．Eckenfelder W W 水污染控制实验．同济大学译[M]．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1980．125～152
[32]. Grau P, et al. Kinetics of multicomponent substrate removal by activated sludge[J]. Waster Res., 1975, 9(7): 637～642
[33]．瞿福平，杨义燕，冯旭东，等．定量结构——生物降解性能(QSBR)研究原理及进展[J]．中国环境科学，1999，19(1)：18～21
[34]．何菲，袁星，程香菊，等．酚类化合物好氧生物降解的QSBR 研究[J]．中国
环境科学，2001，21(2)：152～155
[35]. Wolfe N L. Correlation of microbial degradation rates with chemical structure[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1980, 14(9): 1143～1144
[36]. Paris D F. Structure-activity relationships in microbial transformation of phenols[J]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.,1982, 44:153
[37]. Matsui Y. Biodegradation model of organic compounds by activated sludge. I. Non-ionic aliphatic compounds[J]. Bull. Natl. Inst. Res. Pollut. Res., 1983, 13: 135
[38]. Banerjee S. Development of general kinetic model for biodegradation and its application to chlorophenols and related compounds[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1984, 18: 416
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