基于Tesla变压器的高功率电磁脉冲发生器研究
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摘要
高功率电磁脉冲在冲击脉冲雷达、探测隐蔽目标、清除地雷、管线检验、电子学效应试验等方面有着广阔的应用前景。相对于传统的脉冲功率技术，高功率电磁脉冲技术的关键在于亚ns电磁脉冲调节和高重复频率运行，本文即是从这两个方面开展高功率电磁脉冲发生器的理论研究、数值分析、工程设计和试验研究。
本文从时间尺度脉冲功率压缩角度提出研制高功率电磁脉冲发生器的思路，即分别应用初级脉冲电源技术、Tesla变压器与形成线一体化技术、传输线充电技术实现脉冲宽度从ms量级至μs量级、μs量级至ns量级、ns量级至亚ns量级的转换。
针对μs量级脉冲的产生，本文在对比分析国外研究机构初级脉冲电源的基础上，将其改进为三相全波整流结构，进一步提高市电的利用效率和降低对Tesla变压器变比的要求。详细阐明了这种电源的工作过程和工程设计依据，设计制作了一台输出脉宽30μs、输出电压550V、电流约11.5KA、重复频率100Hz的高功率初级脉冲电源。
针对ns量级脉冲的产生，本文应用复频域方法详细研究了Tesla变压器的理论模型。结果表明，初级脉冲电源中快速晶闸管的单向导通性使得理想Tesla变压器的运行状态无法实现。采用瞬态电路数值仿真方法确定了工程上能够实现的非理想Tesla变压器的主要参数。设计制作了原边2.7匝，副边1900匝，耦合系数为0.85，充电电压约300KV，输出脉宽3.6ns的紧凑型Tesla变压器与形成线一体化装置。
在传输线充电技术基础上，将它与传统亚ns脉冲功率调节技术进行对比研究，提出了失配传输线充电技术和匹配传输线充电技术的新概念。首次分析了两种亚ns脉冲功率调节技术中的波过程，在理论上将两者统一起来。设计制作了长度为30mm、45mm和60mm的三种低阻抗传输线开展失配传输线充电技术的试验研究。
把FDTD方法引入脉冲形成线放电过程研究，应用该方法研究了低阻抗脉冲形成线通过阻抗变换传输线对高阻抗负载放电的波过程。应用商用电磁仿真软件进一步研究了实际加工阻抗渐变传输线的功率传输和电压传输性能，仿真结果与本文FDTD数值结果基本吻合，理论上为脉冲形成线的放电过程研究提供了一种新的分析方法，工程上为本文装置中低阻抗传输线线上获得的功率增益能够在高阻抗负载上实现提供了理论上的依据。
在上述工作的基础上，我们研制了一台高功率电磁脉冲发生器，该发生器以输出阻抗为27Ω的Tesla变压器为脉冲功率驱动源、应用失配传输线充电技术实现高功率亚ns电磁脉冲的调节，阻抗渐变传输线和同轴波导转换双脊喇叭天线实现亚ns电磁脉冲的辐射。装置能够产生重复频率100Hz，最大场强距离积294KV，频谱主要分布在0.4GHz-1.0GHz的高功率电磁脉冲。主要试验结果与前面的理论分析吻合较好。
针对国内外广泛关注的高功率多电磁脉冲产生技术，本文提出一种实现猝发式高功率多电磁脉冲的新颖电路结构。该结构仅采用一个Tesla型脉冲功率驱动源对多段传输线并联充电，放电时由于空心电感的隔离作用，实现多个电磁脉冲的顺序输出。试验结果表明：研制完成的高功率多脉冲发生试验装置能够产生脉冲宽度约40ns，频谱分布在300MHz～600MHz，等效辐射功率100MW，重复频率100Hz的猝发式多脉冲。就我们所知，这是国内外首次应用单个脉冲驱动源实现多电磁脉冲辐射输出。
针对工程实践中电磁脉冲发射机辐射的随机时间抖动周期性电磁脉冲信号，提出了基于分析随机时间抖动周期δ-函数的功率谱密度求解随机时间抖动周期性电磁脉冲串功率谱密度的新方法。分析结果表明，这类电磁脉冲串的功率谱密度由离散功率谱和连续功率谱组成，它们组成的总功率守恒。数值计算结果表明，随时间抖动范围增大，离散功率谱密度所占比例下降。
High power electromagnetic pulses (EMP) have a wide variety of applications including transient radar, concealed object detection, mine clearing, pipeline inspections, electronic effects testing and so on. Compared to traditional pulse power technique, the key of generating high power electromagnetic pulses lies in sub-nanosecond pulse conditioning and high repetition running. Under the aboved two directions, the theoretical study numerical simulation engineering design and experimental study involved in developing high power EMP generator will be demonstrated in the dissertation.
From the angle of pulse power compression on timescale, the idea for developing high power EMP generator is proposed. Namely, primary pulse power source technique, Tesla transformer with pulse forming line incorporated technique, transmission line charging technique are adopted to realize the pulse width scaling from millisecond regime to microsecond regime then to nanosecond and eventually to sub-nanosecond regime respectively.
Considering the generation of pulses on the microsecond regime, certain primary power sources reported by corresponding institutes are compared. On the basis of analysis, full wave rectified circuit is proposed to increase the available coefficient of electric supply and decrease the need for the turn ratio of Tesla transformer. The working process and engineering design guideline is illustrated in detail. A high power primary power source setup with pulse width 30μs, output voltage 550V, output current 11.5KA,and repetition rate 100Hz is developed.
The model of Tesla transformer concerned the nanosecond pulse generation is thoroughly analyzed using complex frequence domain method. The analytic results show that the ideal Tesla transformer cannot be reached owing to the incapable of reverse current in the fast thysistor, which has be chosen in the primary power source. The parameters for nonideal Tesla transformer are decided by using the transient ciruit simulation method. A compact Tesla transformer and PFL with coupling coefficient 0.85, charged voltage 300KV, and output pulse width 3.6ns is developed.
The traditional subnanosecond power conditioning technique is compared with the idea of transmission line charging. Based upon which, the new concepts of matched or mismatched transmission line charging are introduced and thus the two methods are united. To investigate mismatched transmission line charging technique, three low impendance transmission lines with length 30mm, 45mm, 60mm respectively are designed.
The discharged process of low inpendance PFL to high impendance resistor through impendance transformer is analyzed by indroducing FDTD method. The result obtained by indroduced method shows a good agreement with that obtained by using commercial software. The result also shows that the power gain defined on low impendance PFL can be realized on high impendance load.
In the high power EMP generator experimental setup, a high power pulse driving source with 27Ω. output impedance based on tesla transformer is utilized as charging source, the subnanosecond pulse conditioning and radiating is realized by using transmission line charging technology and double ridged horn connected with impedance transformer respectively. High power electromagnetic pulses with pulse repetition frequency (PRF) reached 100Hz and maximum field-range product equal to 294KV can be achieved by the setup. The experimental results agree well with theoretic analysis and simulation results.
To investigate the generation of multi-pulses in burst mode. A novel topology to realize high power electromagnetic multi-pulses in burst mode is proposed in the dissertation. Only one pulse power driving source based on tesla transformer is adopted in the setup, the multi-transmission lines are charged in parallel and discharged in series owing to electric isolation of air core inductance, which thus results in multi-pulses output. The experimental results show that the developed high power multi-pulses generator can operate in burst mode at 100pps, the output multi-pulses with pulsewidth about 40ns, energy spectral density is concentrated between 300MHz and 600MHz , the equivalent radiation power(ERP) is up to 100MW.
Aiming at the random timing jitter periodical electromagnetic pulses radiated by practical electromagnetic pulse transmitter, a new way based on the analysis of the power spectral density(PSD) of timing jitter periodical 8-functions ,to derive the PSD of arbitrary timing jitter periodical electromagnetic pulses was proposed. The results show that the PSD of the concerned electromagnetic pulses constituted by discrete PSD and continuous PSD. The total power of the two parts is conservative. The numerical results demonstrate that the more timing jitter the less discrete PSD.
本文从时间尺度脉冲功率压缩角度提出研制高功率电磁脉冲发生器的思路，即分别应用初级脉冲电源技术、Tesla变压器与形成线一体化技术、传输线充电技术实现脉冲宽度从ms量级至μs量级、μs量级至ns量级、ns量级至亚ns量级的转换。
针对μs量级脉冲的产生，本文在对比分析国外研究机构初级脉冲电源的基础上，将其改进为三相全波整流结构，进一步提高市电的利用效率和降低对Tesla变压器变比的要求。详细阐明了这种电源的工作过程和工程设计依据，设计制作了一台输出脉宽30μs、输出电压550V、电流约11.5KA、重复频率100Hz的高功率初级脉冲电源。
针对ns量级脉冲的产生，本文应用复频域方法详细研究了Tesla变压器的理论模型。结果表明，初级脉冲电源中快速晶闸管的单向导通性使得理想Tesla变压器的运行状态无法实现。采用瞬态电路数值仿真方法确定了工程上能够实现的非理想Tesla变压器的主要参数。设计制作了原边2.7匝，副边1900匝，耦合系数为0.85，充电电压约300KV，输出脉宽3.6ns的紧凑型Tesla变压器与形成线一体化装置。
在传输线充电技术基础上，将它与传统亚ns脉冲功率调节技术进行对比研究，提出了失配传输线充电技术和匹配传输线充电技术的新概念。首次分析了两种亚ns脉冲功率调节技术中的波过程，在理论上将两者统一起来。设计制作了长度为30mm、45mm和60mm的三种低阻抗传输线开展失配传输线充电技术的试验研究。
把FDTD方法引入脉冲形成线放电过程研究，应用该方法研究了低阻抗脉冲形成线通过阻抗变换传输线对高阻抗负载放电的波过程。应用商用电磁仿真软件进一步研究了实际加工阻抗渐变传输线的功率传输和电压传输性能，仿真结果与本文FDTD数值结果基本吻合，理论上为脉冲形成线的放电过程研究提供了一种新的分析方法，工程上为本文装置中低阻抗传输线线上获得的功率增益能够在高阻抗负载上实现提供了理论上的依据。
在上述工作的基础上，我们研制了一台高功率电磁脉冲发生器，该发生器以输出阻抗为27Ω的Tesla变压器为脉冲功率驱动源、应用失配传输线充电技术实现高功率亚ns电磁脉冲的调节，阻抗渐变传输线和同轴波导转换双脊喇叭天线实现亚ns电磁脉冲的辐射。装置能够产生重复频率100Hz，最大场强距离积294KV，频谱主要分布在0.4GHz-1.0GHz的高功率电磁脉冲。主要试验结果与前面的理论分析吻合较好。
针对国内外广泛关注的高功率多电磁脉冲产生技术，本文提出一种实现猝发式高功率多电磁脉冲的新颖电路结构。该结构仅采用一个Tesla型脉冲功率驱动源对多段传输线并联充电，放电时由于空心电感的隔离作用，实现多个电磁脉冲的顺序输出。试验结果表明：研制完成的高功率多脉冲发生试验装置能够产生脉冲宽度约40ns，频谱分布在300MHz～600MHz，等效辐射功率100MW，重复频率100Hz的猝发式多脉冲。就我们所知，这是国内外首次应用单个脉冲驱动源实现多电磁脉冲辐射输出。
针对工程实践中电磁脉冲发射机辐射的随机时间抖动周期性电磁脉冲信号，提出了基于分析随机时间抖动周期δ-函数的功率谱密度求解随机时间抖动周期性电磁脉冲串功率谱密度的新方法。分析结果表明，这类电磁脉冲串的功率谱密度由离散功率谱和连续功率谱组成，它们组成的总功率守恒。数值计算结果表明，随时间抖动范围增大，离散功率谱密度所占比例下降。
High power electromagnetic pulses (EMP) have a wide variety of applications including transient radar, concealed object detection, mine clearing, pipeline inspections, electronic effects testing and so on. Compared to traditional pulse power technique, the key of generating high power electromagnetic pulses lies in sub-nanosecond pulse conditioning and high repetition running. Under the aboved two directions, the theoretical study numerical simulation engineering design and experimental study involved in developing high power EMP generator will be demonstrated in the dissertation.
From the angle of pulse power compression on timescale, the idea for developing high power EMP generator is proposed. Namely, primary pulse power source technique, Tesla transformer with pulse forming line incorporated technique, transmission line charging technique are adopted to realize the pulse width scaling from millisecond regime to microsecond regime then to nanosecond and eventually to sub-nanosecond regime respectively.
Considering the generation of pulses on the microsecond regime, certain primary power sources reported by corresponding institutes are compared. On the basis of analysis, full wave rectified circuit is proposed to increase the available coefficient of electric supply and decrease the need for the turn ratio of Tesla transformer. The working process and engineering design guideline is illustrated in detail. A high power primary power source setup with pulse width 30μs, output voltage 550V, output current 11.5KA,and repetition rate 100Hz is developed.
The model of Tesla transformer concerned the nanosecond pulse generation is thoroughly analyzed using complex frequence domain method. The analytic results show that the ideal Tesla transformer cannot be reached owing to the incapable of reverse current in the fast thysistor, which has be chosen in the primary power source. The parameters for nonideal Tesla transformer are decided by using the transient ciruit simulation method. A compact Tesla transformer and PFL with coupling coefficient 0.85, charged voltage 300KV, and output pulse width 3.6ns is developed.
The traditional subnanosecond power conditioning technique is compared with the idea of transmission line charging. Based upon which, the new concepts of matched or mismatched transmission line charging are introduced and thus the two methods are united. To investigate mismatched transmission line charging technique, three low impendance transmission lines with length 30mm, 45mm, 60mm respectively are designed.
The discharged process of low inpendance PFL to high impendance resistor through impendance transformer is analyzed by indroducing FDTD method. The result obtained by indroduced method shows a good agreement with that obtained by using commercial software. The result also shows that the power gain defined on low impendance PFL can be realized on high impendance load.
In the high power EMP generator experimental setup, a high power pulse driving source with 27Ω. output impedance based on tesla transformer is utilized as charging source, the subnanosecond pulse conditioning and radiating is realized by using transmission line charging technology and double ridged horn connected with impedance transformer respectively. High power electromagnetic pulses with pulse repetition frequency (PRF) reached 100Hz and maximum field-range product equal to 294KV can be achieved by the setup. The experimental results agree well with theoretic analysis and simulation results.
To investigate the generation of multi-pulses in burst mode. A novel topology to realize high power electromagnetic multi-pulses in burst mode is proposed in the dissertation. Only one pulse power driving source based on tesla transformer is adopted in the setup, the multi-transmission lines are charged in parallel and discharged in series owing to electric isolation of air core inductance, which thus results in multi-pulses output. The experimental results show that the developed high power multi-pulses generator can operate in burst mode at 100pps, the output multi-pulses with pulsewidth about 40ns, energy spectral density is concentrated between 300MHz and 600MHz , the equivalent radiation power(ERP) is up to 100MW.
Aiming at the random timing jitter periodical electromagnetic pulses radiated by practical electromagnetic pulse transmitter, a new way based on the analysis of the power spectral density(PSD) of timing jitter periodical 8-functions ,to derive the PSD of arbitrary timing jitter periodical electromagnetic pulses was proposed. The results show that the PSD of the concerned electromagnetic pulses constituted by discrete PSD and continuous PSD. The total power of the two parts is conservative. The numerical results demonstrate that the more timing jitter the less discrete PSD.
引文
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