一种同轴脉冲等离子体微推力器的研制与测试
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摘要
现代微、小卫星以其重量轻、体积小、价格低、易于控制等特点，得到了迅速发展，广泛应用于通信、遥感等领域。对于微、小卫星上的主推进，轨道控制，高精度姿态控制等任务，要求应用于微、小卫星的推进技术具有重量轻、体积小、比冲高等特点。脉冲等离子体推力器（PPT）是一种比较合适的推进器。针对应用于微小卫星的电推进技术，各国争相开展相关的研究，其中一种经由传统的平行板电极PPT改进的同轴型脉冲等离子体微推进器（以下简称同轴型微PPT）由于其尺寸小、比冲高、效率高、工作可靠等特点尤其受到关注。
本文在中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心(以下简称空间中心)开展了高性能微推进的研究，制造出一种采用工质为固体聚四氟乙烯(Teflon)的同轴型微PPT。该推进器的基本原理是通过真空中对工质的高压放电使工质电离为等离子体，等离子体在电磁场的作用下加速排出形成推力。该推进器的核心工作部件直径小于5mm，重量不到200g；由于采用了比传统的平行板电极PPT更有效率的同轴放电结构和更高的放电电压，该推进器应该比传统的平行板电极PPT具有更高的比冲和效率；并且取消了传统的平行板电极PPT的半导体点火部件，采用了点火和放电一体的自触发系统，其工作的可靠性大大提高。
本文针对这种同轴型PPT进行了样机设计、研制。在不同的尺寸下进行了放电电压和放电电流的测量，研究了不同的样机尺寸和储能电容对应的放电电压和电流参数的关系。结果表明采用同轴结构的微PPT具有比传统的平行板电极PPT更加明显的优势，在微小卫星上应用具有很现实的应用意义。
Micro-satellites will be widely used in the fields of communication, remote sense and so on, with their properties of low volume and weight, low cost and easy-control. Precision controls of primary propulsion, orbit control, high precision attitude control and stationkeeping on micro-satellites are required, which appeals for more advanced in orbit propulsion technologies, with low volume and weight, high Isp. A coaxial Micro-Pulsed plasma thruster (Micro-PPT) improved from the standard Pulsed Plasma Thruster (PPT) is drawing attention by its advanced properties of low volume, high Isp, high efficiency and stabilization.
A coaxial Micro-PPT using solid inert propellant Teflon has been made in Center for Space Science and Applied Research (CSSAR), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The work part of the Micro-PPT is less than 200g, and less than 5mm in diameter. High Isp and high efficiency are acquired because of the efficient coaxial discharge characteristic and higher discharge voltage than the standard PPT. The semiconductor ignition plug in standard PPT is eliminated.
The measurement of the discharge properties of the Micro-PPT is carried out under different conditions.
本文在中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心(以下简称空间中心)开展了高性能微推进的研究，制造出一种采用工质为固体聚四氟乙烯(Teflon)的同轴型微PPT。该推进器的基本原理是通过真空中对工质的高压放电使工质电离为等离子体，等离子体在电磁场的作用下加速排出形成推力。该推进器的核心工作部件直径小于5mm，重量不到200g；由于采用了比传统的平行板电极PPT更有效率的同轴放电结构和更高的放电电压，该推进器应该比传统的平行板电极PPT具有更高的比冲和效率；并且取消了传统的平行板电极PPT的半导体点火部件，采用了点火和放电一体的自触发系统，其工作的可靠性大大提高。
本文针对这种同轴型PPT进行了样机设计、研制。在不同的尺寸下进行了放电电压和放电电流的测量，研究了不同的样机尺寸和储能电容对应的放电电压和电流参数的关系。结果表明采用同轴结构的微PPT具有比传统的平行板电极PPT更加明显的优势，在微小卫星上应用具有很现实的应用意义。
Micro-satellites will be widely used in the fields of communication, remote sense and so on, with their properties of low volume and weight, low cost and easy-control. Precision controls of primary propulsion, orbit control, high precision attitude control and stationkeeping on micro-satellites are required, which appeals for more advanced in orbit propulsion technologies, with low volume and weight, high Isp. A coaxial Micro-Pulsed plasma thruster (Micro-PPT) improved from the standard Pulsed Plasma Thruster (PPT) is drawing attention by its advanced properties of low volume, high Isp, high efficiency and stabilization.
A coaxial Micro-PPT using solid inert propellant Teflon has been made in Center for Space Science and Applied Research (CSSAR), Chinese Academy of Sciences. The work part of the Micro-PPT is less than 200g, and less than 5mm in diameter. High Isp and high efficiency are acquired because of the efficient coaxial discharge characteristic and higher discharge voltage than the standard PPT. The semiconductor ignition plug in standard PPT is eliminated.
The measurement of the discharge properties of the Micro-PPT is carried out under different conditions.
引文
1． http://www.nanosat.usu.edu/presentations/micrprop/
2． Ian J. E. Jordan，"Electric Propulsion: Which One For My Spacecraft?"， 2000,9
3． Robert G. Jahn, "Physics of Electric Propulsion", McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY，1968
4． Dr. David H. Lewis, Program Manager & PI ,“MEMS Microthruster Digital Propulsion System”TRW Space & Electronics GroupRedondo Beach, CA Dr. Erik K. Antonsson, PI，California Institute of Technology，Pasadena, CA Dr. Siegfried W. Janson, PI，Aerospace Corp.，l Segundo, CA，January, 1998 MEMS Principal Investigator's Meeting
5． Gulczinski III, F.S., Dulligan, M.J., Lake, J.P., Spanjers, G.G.,“Micropropulsion Research at AFRL," AIAA 2000-3255, 38th Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Huntsville, Alabama, July, 2000.
6． http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/mems/
7． “MEMS, Microengineering and Aerospace Systems”，S. W. Janson and H. Helvajian Center for Microtechnology, The Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA. K. BreuerAero/Astro Department, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
8． Daniel W. Youngner, Son Thai Lu, Edgar Choueiri, Jamie B. Neidert, Robert E. Black III, Kenneth J.Graham, Dave Fahey, Rodney Lucus, Xiaoyang Zhu ,"MEMS Mega-pixel Micro-thruster Arrays for Small Satellite Stationkeeping",SSC00-X-2，2000
9． 丁海青，用于微型推进系统的硅微型喷的研究，清华大学硕士学位论文，1999年9月
“Overview of U.S. Academic Programs in Electric Propulsion”，
10． Compiled and Edited by E.Y. Choueiri.Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (EPPDyL) MAE Dept. Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544 AIAA-99-2163
11． T.E. Markusic_, K.A. Polziny, J.Z. Levinez, C.A. McLeaveyx, and E.Y. Choueiri,“Ablative Z-Pinch Pulsed Plasma Thruster” ，Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (EPPDyL)，Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department，Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544，AIAA 2000-3257k July 17, 2000
12． J.K. Ziemer.and E.Y. Choueiri. “Trends in Performance Improvements of a Coaxial Gas-Fed Pulsed Plasma Thruster”，Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laborato (EPPDyL) Princeton University Daniel Birx Science Research Laboratory Inc. IEPC-97-040
13． http://users.ev1.net/~larin/space_russia/mai/mai-ep.html
14． Michael Keidar. and Iain D. Boyd， “Electromagnetic Effects in the Near Field Plume Exhaust of a Pulsed Plasma Thruster"， University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, AIAA-2001-3638
15． 李海燕，“毫微秒级罗柯夫斯基线圈的研制”，西安交通大学硕士论文，1986.4
16． 刘金亮，怀武龙，霍哲，谭启美，钟辉煌， “一种测量脉冲高电压的电容分压器”，“强激光与粒子束”，Vol.12,No.1,Feb.2000
17． 魏荣华， “脉冲等离子体推力器放电通道的几何尺寸与电气参数的关系”，中国科学院空间技术中心硕士学位论文， 1981年8月
18． 胡宗森，“40J脉冲等离子体推力器（PPT）性能研究”，中国科学院空间技术中心硕士学位论文， 2002年6月
19． D.J.Palumbo, "Solid Propellant Pulsed Plasma Propulsion System Development for N-S Stationkeeping", AIAA79-2097,1979
20． Cindy Yeh ，“Pulsed Plasma Thrusters”，April 2, 1999，EE 499
J.K. Ziemer?, E.A. Cubbin?and E.Y. Choueiri，“Pulsed Plasma Propulsion for a Small Satellite: Mission COMPASS POINT”，Electric Propulsion
and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (EPPDyL)，MAE Dept.Princeton University Princeton，AIAA-96-3292
21． Dr.David H.Lewis,Dr.Erik K.Antonsson,Dr.Siegfried W.Janson，“Digital MicroPropulsion”，IEEE MEMS Conference ,Orlando,Florida,U.S.A，January 20，1999
22． Michael Keidar. and Iain D. Boyd, “Electromagnetic Effects in the Near Field Plume Exhaust of a Pulsed Plasma Thruster"， University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, AIAA-2001-3638
23． Michael Keidar,Iain D.Boyd,and Isak I.Beilis, "Electrical Discharge in the Teflon Cavity of a Coaxial Pulsed Plasma Thruster",IEEE TRANSACTONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE,VOL.28,NO.2,APRIL 2000
and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (EPPDyL)，MAE Dept.Princeton University Princeton，AIAA-96-3292
24． Dr.David H.Lewis,Dr.Erik K.Antonsson,Dr.Siegfried W.Janson，“Digital MicroPropulsion”，IEEE MEMS Conference ,Orlando,Florida,U.S.A，January 20，1999
25． Michael Keidar. and Iain D. Boyd, “Electromagnetic Effects in the Near Field Plume Exhaust of a Pulsed Plasma Thruster"， University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, AIAA-2001-3638
26． Michael Keidar,Iain D.Boyd,and Isak I.Beilis, "Electrical Discharge in the Teflon Cavity of a Coaxial Pulsed Plasma Thruster",IEEE TRANSACTONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE,VOL.28,NO.2,APRIL 2000
2． Ian J. E. Jordan，"Electric Propulsion: Which One For My Spacecraft?"， 2000,9
3． Robert G. Jahn, "Physics of Electric Propulsion", McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY，1968
4． Dr. David H. Lewis, Program Manager & PI ,“MEMS Microthruster Digital Propulsion System”TRW Space & Electronics GroupRedondo Beach, CA Dr. Erik K. Antonsson, PI，California Institute of Technology，Pasadena, CA Dr. Siegfried W. Janson, PI，Aerospace Corp.，l Segundo, CA，January, 1998 MEMS Principal Investigator's Meeting
5． Gulczinski III, F.S., Dulligan, M.J., Lake, J.P., Spanjers, G.G.,“Micropropulsion Research at AFRL," AIAA 2000-3255, 38th Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Huntsville, Alabama, July, 2000.
6． http://www.ee.washington.edu/research/mems/
7． “MEMS, Microengineering and Aerospace Systems”，S. W. Janson and H. Helvajian Center for Microtechnology, The Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA. K. BreuerAero/Astro Department, MIT, Cambridge, MA.
8． Daniel W. Youngner, Son Thai Lu, Edgar Choueiri, Jamie B. Neidert, Robert E. Black III, Kenneth J.Graham, Dave Fahey, Rodney Lucus, Xiaoyang Zhu ,"MEMS Mega-pixel Micro-thruster Arrays for Small Satellite Stationkeeping",SSC00-X-2，2000
9． 丁海青，用于微型推进系统的硅微型喷的研究，清华大学硕士学位论文，1999年9月
“Overview of U.S. Academic Programs in Electric Propulsion”，
10． Compiled and Edited by E.Y. Choueiri.Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (EPPDyL) MAE Dept. Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544 AIAA-99-2163
11． T.E. Markusic_, K.A. Polziny, J.Z. Levinez, C.A. McLeaveyx, and E.Y. Choueiri,“Ablative Z-Pinch Pulsed Plasma Thruster” ，Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (EPPDyL)，Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department，Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544，AIAA 2000-3257k July 17, 2000
12． J.K. Ziemer.and E.Y. Choueiri. “Trends in Performance Improvements of a Coaxial Gas-Fed Pulsed Plasma Thruster”，Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laborato (EPPDyL) Princeton University Daniel Birx Science Research Laboratory Inc. IEPC-97-040
13． http://users.ev1.net/~larin/space_russia/mai/mai-ep.html
14． Michael Keidar. and Iain D. Boyd， “Electromagnetic Effects in the Near Field Plume Exhaust of a Pulsed Plasma Thruster"， University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, AIAA-2001-3638
15． 李海燕，“毫微秒级罗柯夫斯基线圈的研制”，西安交通大学硕士论文，1986.4
16． 刘金亮，怀武龙，霍哲，谭启美，钟辉煌， “一种测量脉冲高电压的电容分压器”，“强激光与粒子束”，Vol.12,No.1,Feb.2000
17． 魏荣华， “脉冲等离子体推力器放电通道的几何尺寸与电气参数的关系”，中国科学院空间技术中心硕士学位论文， 1981年8月
18． 胡宗森，“40J脉冲等离子体推力器（PPT）性能研究”，中国科学院空间技术中心硕士学位论文， 2002年6月
19． D.J.Palumbo, "Solid Propellant Pulsed Plasma Propulsion System Development for N-S Stationkeeping", AIAA79-2097,1979
20． Cindy Yeh ，“Pulsed Plasma Thrusters”，April 2, 1999，EE 499
J.K. Ziemer?, E.A. Cubbin?and E.Y. Choueiri，“Pulsed Plasma Propulsion for a Small Satellite: Mission COMPASS POINT”，Electric Propulsion
and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (EPPDyL)，MAE Dept.Princeton University Princeton，AIAA-96-3292
21． Dr.David H.Lewis,Dr.Erik K.Antonsson,Dr.Siegfried W.Janson，“Digital MicroPropulsion”，IEEE MEMS Conference ,Orlando,Florida,U.S.A，January 20，1999
22． Michael Keidar. and Iain D. Boyd, “Electromagnetic Effects in the Near Field Plume Exhaust of a Pulsed Plasma Thruster"， University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, AIAA-2001-3638
23． Michael Keidar,Iain D.Boyd,and Isak I.Beilis, "Electrical Discharge in the Teflon Cavity of a Coaxial Pulsed Plasma Thruster",IEEE TRANSACTONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE,VOL.28,NO.2,APRIL 2000
and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory (EPPDyL)，MAE Dept.Princeton University Princeton，AIAA-96-3292
24． Dr.David H.Lewis,Dr.Erik K.Antonsson,Dr.Siegfried W.Janson，“Digital MicroPropulsion”，IEEE MEMS Conference ,Orlando,Florida,U.S.A，January 20，1999
25． Michael Keidar. and Iain D. Boyd, “Electromagnetic Effects in the Near Field Plume Exhaust of a Pulsed Plasma Thruster"， University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, AIAA-2001-3638
26． Michael Keidar,Iain D.Boyd,and Isak I.Beilis, "Electrical Discharge in the Teflon Cavity of a Coaxial Pulsed Plasma Thruster",IEEE TRANSACTONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE,VOL.28,NO.2,APRIL 2000
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