猪粪好氧堆肥高效菌筛选、工艺优化及应用研究
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摘要
高效处理及利用畜禽粪便是环境保护领域的研究热点之一,堆肥化处理技术是目前无害化处理和资源化(农肥化)利用畜禽粪便的有效方法。本文在综述好氧堆肥的作用机理、影响因子及其应用的基础上,针对传统的猪粪堆肥中微生物活性低而造成的有机质分解慢、堆肥时间长等问题,围绕如何最大程度地加强堆肥中的微生物作用,以加快堆肥的腐熟、缩短堆肥时间和提高堆肥质量,进行好氧堆肥高效菌株的筛选和菌种鉴定,研究不同堆肥条件对好氧堆肥的影响;并将其堆肥产品应用在不同经济作物生产中,以期为猪粪无害化处理及资源化利用提供技术依据。论文取得了一些有价值的成果:
(1)从堆肥样品中分别分离到能快速利用可溶性有机质的常温高效菌和高温纤维分解菌各1株,经鉴定分别为枯草芽孢杆菌和灰藤黄链霉菌。2株菌接种到堆肥中,都可以加速堆肥升温,与对照相比,堆肥温度可提前4-6天达到50℃。
(2)确定了较优化的好氧堆肥工艺,在添加0.3%的高效组合菌剂的条件下,以木屑为调理剂,调整堆肥的C/N比为25,控制初始水分在60%-70%,在堆肥过程中,每天翻堆1次,20天左右,堆肥可达到腐熟。堆肥结束时,GI>80%,NH_4~+-N和DOC均趋于稳定;蛔虫卵的杀灭率为100%,大肠菌群数小于90个/100克,卫生指标达到了国家标准。
(3)猪粪堆肥产品可以显著提高经济作物的产量和品质,西瓜、青菜分别增产12.56%和8.13%;青菜和茄子中的VC含量分别提高25.92%和8。65%,亚硝酸盐含量分别降低41.52%和33.79%;西瓜的边缘甜度33.42%;施用堆肥产品还可显著增加作物根际有益微生物数量,其中细菌数量增加1.02倍,放线菌的数量增加40.11%。
High efficient treatment and utilization of animal manure is one of hot spot studying in environmental protection field.Composting technology is an availability method for animal manure harmless treatment and usage as organic fertilizer.In order to resolve with the questions leaded by low micro-organisms activities during composting, such as low speed temperature rising during pig dung composting,long time compost, halfway maturity and the greatest extent possible to strengthen the role of micro-organisms,several methods were carried out,such as screening and identification of high effect aerobic composting micro-organisms and best composting condition test, base on summarization about mechanism of aerobic composting,infect factor and application.Composting pig manure also was applied in planting of different economic crops.And finally,some valuable results were got:
(1) One strain which can quickly utilize soluble organic under normal temperature and one strain which can degradate cellulose under high temperature were separated, one was identified is Bacillus subtilis and the other was Streptomyces griseoluteus。Both of the two strains can fasten composting temperature rising speed,they can save 4-6 days for rising composting temperature to 50℃compare with control.
(2) An optimized technics for aerobic composting was carried out:use sawdust as opsonin,adjust C/N to 25,control starting humidity from 60%to 70%,add 0.3%high effect compounding micro-organisms agent,pile-turning frequency was once every day.
The pig manure could reach to mature after composting for about 20 days.At the end of composting,GI＞80%,NH_4~+-N and DOC are moving toward stability;the killing rate of ascarid eggs is 100%,the number of coliform bacteria is less than 90/100g, health indicators have reached the national standard.
(3) Composted pig manure can improve yield and quality of economic crops: increase watermelon,greengrocery yield 12.56%and 8.13%;increase greengrocery and eggplant VC content 25.92%and 8.65%,decrease greengrocery and eggplant nitrit 41.52%and 33.79%;increase watermelon edge sweetness 33.42%.Application of composting pig manure also increased quantity of beneficial bacteria and actinomycetes of crops rhizosphere greatly:1.02-fold increase in the number of bacteria,40.11%increase in the number of actinomycetes.
(1)从堆肥样品中分别分离到能快速利用可溶性有机质的常温高效菌和高温纤维分解菌各1株,经鉴定分别为枯草芽孢杆菌和灰藤黄链霉菌。2株菌接种到堆肥中,都可以加速堆肥升温,与对照相比,堆肥温度可提前4-6天达到50℃。
(2)确定了较优化的好氧堆肥工艺,在添加0.3%的高效组合菌剂的条件下,以木屑为调理剂,调整堆肥的C/N比为25,控制初始水分在60%-70%,在堆肥过程中,每天翻堆1次,20天左右,堆肥可达到腐熟。堆肥结束时,GI>80%,NH_4~+-N和DOC均趋于稳定;蛔虫卵的杀灭率为100%,大肠菌群数小于90个/100克,卫生指标达到了国家标准。
(3)猪粪堆肥产品可以显著提高经济作物的产量和品质,西瓜、青菜分别增产12.56%和8.13%;青菜和茄子中的VC含量分别提高25.92%和8。65%,亚硝酸盐含量分别降低41.52%和33.79%;西瓜的边缘甜度33.42%;施用堆肥产品还可显著增加作物根际有益微生物数量,其中细菌数量增加1.02倍,放线菌的数量增加40.11%。
High efficient treatment and utilization of animal manure is one of hot spot studying in environmental protection field.Composting technology is an availability method for animal manure harmless treatment and usage as organic fertilizer.In order to resolve with the questions leaded by low micro-organisms activities during composting, such as low speed temperature rising during pig dung composting,long time compost, halfway maturity and the greatest extent possible to strengthen the role of micro-organisms,several methods were carried out,such as screening and identification of high effect aerobic composting micro-organisms and best composting condition test, base on summarization about mechanism of aerobic composting,infect factor and application.Composting pig manure also was applied in planting of different economic crops.And finally,some valuable results were got:
(1) One strain which can quickly utilize soluble organic under normal temperature and one strain which can degradate cellulose under high temperature were separated, one was identified is Bacillus subtilis and the other was Streptomyces griseoluteus。Both of the two strains can fasten composting temperature rising speed,they can save 4-6 days for rising composting temperature to 50℃compare with control.
(2) An optimized technics for aerobic composting was carried out:use sawdust as opsonin,adjust C/N to 25,control starting humidity from 60%to 70%,add 0.3%high effect compounding micro-organisms agent,pile-turning frequency was once every day.
The pig manure could reach to mature after composting for about 20 days.At the end of composting,GI＞80%,NH_4~+-N and DOC are moving toward stability;the killing rate of ascarid eggs is 100%,the number of coliform bacteria is less than 90/100g, health indicators have reached the national standard.
(3) Composted pig manure can improve yield and quality of economic crops: increase watermelon,greengrocery yield 12.56%and 8.13%;increase greengrocery and eggplant VC content 25.92%and 8.65%,decrease greengrocery and eggplant nitrit 41.52%and 33.79%;increase watermelon edge sweetness 33.42%.Application of composting pig manure also increased quantity of beneficial bacteria and actinomycetes of crops rhizosphere greatly:1.02-fold increase in the number of bacteria,40.11%increase in the number of actinomycetes.
引文
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