微波场强化植物性多孔材料内部流体流动与传质研究
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摘要
根茎类药用植物提取时有效成分的溶出和干燥过程中水分的迁移,以及多孔纤维素膜内的物质流动均属于多孔介质内部纳、微尺度的物质流动与传递过程,具有强烈的非均质性和各向异性。微波辅助是一种环境友好的绿色技术。本文围绕多孔介质的微观结构和流经其流体的分子量或混合物颗粒特征,利用扫描电镜、压汞仪、比表积分析仪、膜超滤、原子力显微镜及高效液相色谱等技术对基质材料和提取物从微纳尺度进行表征,深入研究基质材料微结构与宏观性能、处理工艺、产品质量的关系,考察微波对物质流动与质量传递的影响。
研究发现:(1)微波辅助提取在较大分子量有效成分的快速浸出和避免大分子无效物质浸出方面显著优于传统回流工艺;(2)微波辐射对高分子化合物具有降解作用,能够改变其聚集态特征;(3)导管纹孔在天然产物提取过程中起着重要的瓶颈作用,较大的微波功率对植物组织产生固化作用,合适的提取工艺有利于保持药材内部输导组织的通透性;(4)微波干燥技术在缩短干燥时间方面具有显著的优越性,尤其是对于含有较多胶质黏性成分的难干植物性多孔介质物料。(5)当归饮片微波干燥制品的总孔体积和孔隙率小于传统热风干燥制品,而黄芪饮片则远高于热风干燥制品。当归饮片的微波干燥制品表现出较低的复水能力,而黄芪饮片的微波干燥制品表现出较高的复水能力。基质材料的平均孔径越大,吸水速度越快;而基质材料的总孔体积和孔隙率越大,其复水能力越强。干制品的孔隙特征和复水能力不仅与干燥工艺有关,而且还与植物材料的本身属性有很大关系。(6)微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥、真空干燥、热风烘干等四种工艺所得黄芪饮片的干制品,其中微波干燥工艺有利于减小饮片后续提取过程中溶质扩散的质量传递阻力,有利于有效成分的提取。(7)微波辐照可以促进黄芪水提液和二氧化钛颗粒悬浮液在多孔微滤膜内流动与传递。(8)微波辅助膜清洗有助于膜通量的恢复,有利于膜面及膜内污染物与基质的分离,促进物质在多孔介质材料表面及其内部的传递。(9)盒子计数法不适合对基质材料内部纹孔的变化进行表征,而小岛法和压汞法是适合的。微波900W的分形维数均大于600W的,较小的分形维数表明孔隙边界光滑,基质材料内部孔隙简单,细胞内的有效成分更容易溶出。(10)材料孔径分布的分形维数与其干燥特性和复水特性密切相关。饮片分形维数较大,则孔隙率大,复水速率快和复水率高。总之,该研究对于丰富热科学研究领域,促进相关领域的理论创新和技术突破具有重要的意义。
The solvent extraction of medicinal herb, water flowing during plant materials drying and membrane separation processing in porous structure of membrane are all complicated mass and energy transfer process for its un-homogeneity, un-stability and coupling with the biological physics and chemistry properties. Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) is a kind of green extraction technology.This paper studied the effect of microwave on the mass transfer process of plant porous materials from the points of the micro-structure of porous media and molecular weight distribution of water extracts or the particle size distribution of suspension, by using scanning electronic microscope(SEM), automatic mercury injection apparatus, automatic surface area-porosity analyzer, micro and ultro filtration membranes, laser particle size analyzer, atomic force microscope(AFM) and high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC). Astragalus and Angelica slices are a kind of root and sterm meidcinal herb, also a typical of plant porous materials. This work choose Astragalus and Angelica slices, micro and ultro-filtration membranes, as the objects of study, combinng the experimental research with theoretical analysis, our findings indicate that: (1) MAE technology is obviously better than traditional reflux technology on the fast extraction of valid components with bigger molecule weight and the avoiding of invalid extracts; (2) Microwave radiation could make the degradation of biological macro-molecular, resulting the variation of the characteristics of aggregation state of extracts processed by microwave assisted technology; (3) Trachea and aperture characteristics of plant porous materials play an important role in the mass transportation of porous medium. A suitable microwave power level is helpful for maintaining or improving the permeability of transportation tissue in materials and promoting the fast dissolution of effective components; (4) Microwave drying technology behaves significant advantages in decreasing drying time of root and stem plant porous materials, especially which contain more glutinous component; (5) Compared to hot air dried sample, microwave dried Chinese angelica slices have the faster absorption rate and the lower capacity of re-hydration, which may be attribute to their the larger average pore diameter, the lower porosity, the smaller total pore volume. However, microwave dried Astragalus slices behaves faster the absorption rate and higher the capacity of re-hydration, which may be due to that larger the average pore diameter, higher the porosity, larger the total pore volume; (6) Microwave assisted filtration could considerably enhance the processed volume of suspension with micro-particle; (7) Microwave assisted technology is also helpful for cleaning fouling on the surface of membrane and inside the pores of membrane, and preventing from the declining of the membrane flux during the process of solution ultra-filtration. It can be suggested that the microwave assisted technology is benefit to promote the mass transfer process during the membrane operation; (8) The fractal scaling law of box counting method is not suitable for the apertures on the wall of trachea inside matrix. The Slit island method and the mercury injection method are better. A smaller fractal dimension at 600W presented that borderline of the apertures is smoother than that of 900W, which is in favor of functional components flowing; (9) The fractal dimension of pore size distribution inside materials matrix correlated well with both the drying behavior and re-hydration property. The higher the fractal dimensions of sample, results in higher porosity and the better the connectivity of moisture transfer path. This work have important meanings in theory to enrich the research fields of heat transfer and mass transfer, promote the creativity in theory and the break-up in technology of relative fields of application and research.
研究发现:(1)微波辅助提取在较大分子量有效成分的快速浸出和避免大分子无效物质浸出方面显著优于传统回流工艺;(2)微波辐射对高分子化合物具有降解作用,能够改变其聚集态特征;(3)导管纹孔在天然产物提取过程中起着重要的瓶颈作用,较大的微波功率对植物组织产生固化作用,合适的提取工艺有利于保持药材内部输导组织的通透性;(4)微波干燥技术在缩短干燥时间方面具有显著的优越性,尤其是对于含有较多胶质黏性成分的难干植物性多孔介质物料。(5)当归饮片微波干燥制品的总孔体积和孔隙率小于传统热风干燥制品,而黄芪饮片则远高于热风干燥制品。当归饮片的微波干燥制品表现出较低的复水能力,而黄芪饮片的微波干燥制品表现出较高的复水能力。基质材料的平均孔径越大,吸水速度越快;而基质材料的总孔体积和孔隙率越大,其复水能力越强。干制品的孔隙特征和复水能力不仅与干燥工艺有关,而且还与植物材料的本身属性有很大关系。(6)微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥、真空干燥、热风烘干等四种工艺所得黄芪饮片的干制品,其中微波干燥工艺有利于减小饮片后续提取过程中溶质扩散的质量传递阻力,有利于有效成分的提取。(7)微波辐照可以促进黄芪水提液和二氧化钛颗粒悬浮液在多孔微滤膜内流动与传递。(8)微波辅助膜清洗有助于膜通量的恢复,有利于膜面及膜内污染物与基质的分离,促进物质在多孔介质材料表面及其内部的传递。(9)盒子计数法不适合对基质材料内部纹孔的变化进行表征,而小岛法和压汞法是适合的。微波900W的分形维数均大于600W的,较小的分形维数表明孔隙边界光滑,基质材料内部孔隙简单,细胞内的有效成分更容易溶出。(10)材料孔径分布的分形维数与其干燥特性和复水特性密切相关。饮片分形维数较大,则孔隙率大,复水速率快和复水率高。总之,该研究对于丰富热科学研究领域,促进相关领域的理论创新和技术突破具有重要的意义。
The solvent extraction of medicinal herb, water flowing during plant materials drying and membrane separation processing in porous structure of membrane are all complicated mass and energy transfer process for its un-homogeneity, un-stability and coupling with the biological physics and chemistry properties. Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) is a kind of green extraction technology.This paper studied the effect of microwave on the mass transfer process of plant porous materials from the points of the micro-structure of porous media and molecular weight distribution of water extracts or the particle size distribution of suspension, by using scanning electronic microscope(SEM), automatic mercury injection apparatus, automatic surface area-porosity analyzer, micro and ultro filtration membranes, laser particle size analyzer, atomic force microscope(AFM) and high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC). Astragalus and Angelica slices are a kind of root and sterm meidcinal herb, also a typical of plant porous materials. This work choose Astragalus and Angelica slices, micro and ultro-filtration membranes, as the objects of study, combinng the experimental research with theoretical analysis, our findings indicate that: (1) MAE technology is obviously better than traditional reflux technology on the fast extraction of valid components with bigger molecule weight and the avoiding of invalid extracts; (2) Microwave radiation could make the degradation of biological macro-molecular, resulting the variation of the characteristics of aggregation state of extracts processed by microwave assisted technology; (3) Trachea and aperture characteristics of plant porous materials play an important role in the mass transportation of porous medium. A suitable microwave power level is helpful for maintaining or improving the permeability of transportation tissue in materials and promoting the fast dissolution of effective components; (4) Microwave drying technology behaves significant advantages in decreasing drying time of root and stem plant porous materials, especially which contain more glutinous component; (5) Compared to hot air dried sample, microwave dried Chinese angelica slices have the faster absorption rate and the lower capacity of re-hydration, which may be attribute to their the larger average pore diameter, the lower porosity, the smaller total pore volume. However, microwave dried Astragalus slices behaves faster the absorption rate and higher the capacity of re-hydration, which may be due to that larger the average pore diameter, higher the porosity, larger the total pore volume; (6) Microwave assisted filtration could considerably enhance the processed volume of suspension with micro-particle; (7) Microwave assisted technology is also helpful for cleaning fouling on the surface of membrane and inside the pores of membrane, and preventing from the declining of the membrane flux during the process of solution ultra-filtration. It can be suggested that the microwave assisted technology is benefit to promote the mass transfer process during the membrane operation; (8) The fractal scaling law of box counting method is not suitable for the apertures on the wall of trachea inside matrix. The Slit island method and the mercury injection method are better. A smaller fractal dimension at 600W presented that borderline of the apertures is smoother than that of 900W, which is in favor of functional components flowing; (9) The fractal dimension of pore size distribution inside materials matrix correlated well with both the drying behavior and re-hydration property. The higher the fractal dimensions of sample, results in higher porosity and the better the connectivity of moisture transfer path. This work have important meanings in theory to enrich the research fields of heat transfer and mass transfer, promote the creativity in theory and the break-up in technology of relative fields of application and research.
引文
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