中亚热带三种优势树种水分生理特征研究
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摘要
应用热扩散探针法和碳稳定同位素技术对福建省万木林自然保护区三种优势树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、木荷(Schima superba)、罗浮栲(Castanopsis fabri)进行测定,以树干液流特征值(sap flow velocities,SFV)和叶片碳稳定同位素组成(δ13C)值为指标,并结合自动气象站同步连续监测太阳辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度等环境因子,对三种优势树种的水分生理特征进行研究,探讨中亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统中针阔叶树对环境的适应机制。
研究结果表明：
(1)不同季节三种优势树种树干液流日进程总体趋势有所不同。其中,杉木树干单位面积液流速率平均值和峰值从非生长季到生长季不断上升,液流速率平均值波动范围为0.65±0.82 cm·h-1～2.40±2.94cm·h-1,峰值波动幅度为1.55cm·h-1～8.10cm·h-1；而木荷和罗浮栲则是先升高后下降的趋势,表现为木荷树干单位面积液流速率平均值波动范围为3.50±4.56cm·h-1～-8.09±9.69cm·h-1;峰值波动幅度为12.20cm·h-1～25.45cm·h-1;罗浮栲树干单位面积液流速率平均值波动范围为3.41±3.57cm·h-1～7.11±7.39 cm-h-1;峰值波动幅度13.32 cm·h-1～19.35cm·h-1。在一天中,三种优势树种生长季树干液流启动时间早于非生长季,液流持续时间也较非生长季长。不论在非生长季还是生长季,两种阔叶树木荷和罗浮栲树干单位面积液流速率平均值和峰值远大于针叶树杉木。
(2)晴天条件下,三种优势树种受环境因子影响大小为：水蒸气压亏缺>空气相对湿度>太阳辐射>空气温度；阴天条件下,除罗浮栲对太阳辐射最为敏感外,杉木和木荷受空气相对湿度影响最大,而空气温度对三种树种的影响最弱；雨天条件下,三种优势树种受环境因子的影响基本一致,水蒸气压亏缺对三种优势树种的影响最大,太阳辐射的影响则最弱。
(3)两种阔叶树木荷和罗浮栲叶片δ13C(木荷-30.85‰、罗浮栲-32.55‰)均低于针叶树杉木(-29.46‰),但蒸腾速率较针叶树杉木高,表现为木荷和罗浮栲树干单位面积液流速率平均值分别为杉木的6倍和5倍。在日照、水分充足的生境下,由于较低的WUE和较高的蒸腾速率的水分利用策略决定了木荷和罗浮栲较快的生长速率,所以两种阔叶树竞争优势明显大于针叶树杉木。
研究结果初步表明中亚热带针阔叶树的水分生理生态特性及对特定生境的生态适应和针阔叶树种间水分利用生理特性的差异,为中亚热带常绿阔叶林生理生态研究提供理论和实践参考。
Targeting at sap flow velocities(SFV) and foliarδ13C value, the characteristic of three mid-subtropical dominant species (Cunninghamia lanceolata, Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri) in Wanmulin Nature Reserve of Fujian Province were respectively measured by using thermal dissipation probe method and stable carbon isotope technic. Meanwhile, the related environmental factors were also associated with, including photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature and relative air humidity recorded continuously by using automatic weather station, so as to probe deeply into the adaptation mechanism of conifer and broad-leaves species in mid-subtropical forest ecosystem of the three particular kinds of dominant species(Cunninghamia lanceolata, Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri).
The results showed that:
(1) The overall sap flow velocities trend of the three dominant species varies in different seasons. The mean and peak value of sap flow velocities of Cunninghamia lanceolata was continuously increased from non-growing season to growing season, and the mean value from 0.65±0.82cm-h-1～2.40±2.94cm-h"1, the peak value from 1.55cm-h-1～8.10cm·h-1;while Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri were presented as increased at first and then decreased from non-growing season to growing seasons, and the mean and peak value respectively expressed like these, Schima superba from 3.50±4.56cm-h-1～8.09±9.69cm·h-1、12.20cm·h-1～25.45cm·h-1; Castanopsis fabri from 3.41±3.57cm-h"1-7.11±7.39cm·h-1、13.32 cm·h-1～19.35cm·h-1. The start-up time for sap flow velocities of the three dominant species started earlier and the durations lasted longer in growing seasons than in non-growing season during the daytime. No matter in non-growing season or growing season, the average and peak value of sap flow velocities of the two broad-leaves species were much higher than conifer.
(2) Under the circumstance of sunny weather, the correlation between the three dominant species and environment was as follows:water vapor pressure deficit>relative humidity>solar radiation>air temperature. Under the circumstance of cloudy weather, except Castanopsis fabri's more sensitive to solar radiation, the other two were impacted the most by relative humidity, but all three were impacted the least by air temperature. Under the circumstance of rainy weather, the influences affected by environmental factors, water vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation were respectively as follows:basically the same, the most sensitive and least sensitive.
(3) The foliarδ13C value of two kinds of broad-leaves species (Schima superba-30.85%o and Castanopsis fabri-32.55%o) were lower than conifer species (Cunninghamia lanceolata -29.46%‰), whereas the transpiration rate of Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri were higher, with the mean SFV value respectively as six or five as Cunninghamia lanceolata. Due to lower WUE and higher transpiration rate, the two kinds of broad-leaves species had faster growth rate, which meant a significant competitive edge of Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri under the circumstance of plenteous sunshine and moisture.
The results revealed the characteristic of water physiological and ecological on conifer and broad-leaves species especially in mid-subtropical natural forest ecosystems, reflected the differences trait of water use on conifer and broad-leaves species, which provide theory basis for exploring mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved secondary succession in both physiological and ecological aspects.
研究结果表明：
(1)不同季节三种优势树种树干液流日进程总体趋势有所不同。其中,杉木树干单位面积液流速率平均值和峰值从非生长季到生长季不断上升,液流速率平均值波动范围为0.65±0.82 cm·h-1～2.40±2.94cm·h-1,峰值波动幅度为1.55cm·h-1～8.10cm·h-1；而木荷和罗浮栲则是先升高后下降的趋势,表现为木荷树干单位面积液流速率平均值波动范围为3.50±4.56cm·h-1～-8.09±9.69cm·h-1;峰值波动幅度为12.20cm·h-1～25.45cm·h-1;罗浮栲树干单位面积液流速率平均值波动范围为3.41±3.57cm·h-1～7.11±7.39 cm-h-1;峰值波动幅度13.32 cm·h-1～19.35cm·h-1。在一天中,三种优势树种生长季树干液流启动时间早于非生长季,液流持续时间也较非生长季长。不论在非生长季还是生长季,两种阔叶树木荷和罗浮栲树干单位面积液流速率平均值和峰值远大于针叶树杉木。
(2)晴天条件下,三种优势树种受环境因子影响大小为：水蒸气压亏缺>空气相对湿度>太阳辐射>空气温度；阴天条件下,除罗浮栲对太阳辐射最为敏感外,杉木和木荷受空气相对湿度影响最大,而空气温度对三种树种的影响最弱；雨天条件下,三种优势树种受环境因子的影响基本一致,水蒸气压亏缺对三种优势树种的影响最大,太阳辐射的影响则最弱。
(3)两种阔叶树木荷和罗浮栲叶片δ13C(木荷-30.85‰、罗浮栲-32.55‰)均低于针叶树杉木(-29.46‰),但蒸腾速率较针叶树杉木高,表现为木荷和罗浮栲树干单位面积液流速率平均值分别为杉木的6倍和5倍。在日照、水分充足的生境下,由于较低的WUE和较高的蒸腾速率的水分利用策略决定了木荷和罗浮栲较快的生长速率,所以两种阔叶树竞争优势明显大于针叶树杉木。
研究结果初步表明中亚热带针阔叶树的水分生理生态特性及对特定生境的生态适应和针阔叶树种间水分利用生理特性的差异,为中亚热带常绿阔叶林生理生态研究提供理论和实践参考。
Targeting at sap flow velocities(SFV) and foliarδ13C value, the characteristic of three mid-subtropical dominant species (Cunninghamia lanceolata, Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri) in Wanmulin Nature Reserve of Fujian Province were respectively measured by using thermal dissipation probe method and stable carbon isotope technic. Meanwhile, the related environmental factors were also associated with, including photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature and relative air humidity recorded continuously by using automatic weather station, so as to probe deeply into the adaptation mechanism of conifer and broad-leaves species in mid-subtropical forest ecosystem of the three particular kinds of dominant species(Cunninghamia lanceolata, Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri).
The results showed that:
(1) The overall sap flow velocities trend of the three dominant species varies in different seasons. The mean and peak value of sap flow velocities of Cunninghamia lanceolata was continuously increased from non-growing season to growing season, and the mean value from 0.65±0.82cm-h-1～2.40±2.94cm-h"1, the peak value from 1.55cm-h-1～8.10cm·h-1;while Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri were presented as increased at first and then decreased from non-growing season to growing seasons, and the mean and peak value respectively expressed like these, Schima superba from 3.50±4.56cm-h-1～8.09±9.69cm·h-1、12.20cm·h-1～25.45cm·h-1; Castanopsis fabri from 3.41±3.57cm-h"1-7.11±7.39cm·h-1、13.32 cm·h-1～19.35cm·h-1. The start-up time for sap flow velocities of the three dominant species started earlier and the durations lasted longer in growing seasons than in non-growing season during the daytime. No matter in non-growing season or growing season, the average and peak value of sap flow velocities of the two broad-leaves species were much higher than conifer.
(2) Under the circumstance of sunny weather, the correlation between the three dominant species and environment was as follows:water vapor pressure deficit>relative humidity>solar radiation>air temperature. Under the circumstance of cloudy weather, except Castanopsis fabri's more sensitive to solar radiation, the other two were impacted the most by relative humidity, but all three were impacted the least by air temperature. Under the circumstance of rainy weather, the influences affected by environmental factors, water vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation were respectively as follows:basically the same, the most sensitive and least sensitive.
(3) The foliarδ13C value of two kinds of broad-leaves species (Schima superba-30.85%o and Castanopsis fabri-32.55%o) were lower than conifer species (Cunninghamia lanceolata -29.46%‰), whereas the transpiration rate of Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri were higher, with the mean SFV value respectively as six or five as Cunninghamia lanceolata. Due to lower WUE and higher transpiration rate, the two kinds of broad-leaves species had faster growth rate, which meant a significant competitive edge of Schima superba and Castanopsis fabri under the circumstance of plenteous sunshine and moisture.
The results revealed the characteristic of water physiological and ecological on conifer and broad-leaves species especially in mid-subtropical natural forest ecosystems, reflected the differences trait of water use on conifer and broad-leaves species, which provide theory basis for exploring mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved secondary succession in both physiological and ecological aspects.
引文
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