面向快速原型制造的形状反求关键技术的研究
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摘要
缩短产品的开发周期是赢得市场竞争优势的前提和保证。快速原型制造RPM(Rapid Prototyping Manufacture)技术因其制造速度敏捷和技术的高度柔性而受到人们的青睐。对于一些复杂的样件，通用造型软件很难或者根本无法直接重建其CAD模型。反求工程RE(Reverse Engineering)技术的发展给RPM技术提供了数据来源，两者的集成形成了一个集设计、制造与检测的闭环反馈系统，经过这样的设计反复，可使产品更臻完善。
目前RE和RPM技术虽能匹配，但不理想，其原因是现有RE中的一些技术不能满足RPM的要求，因此要对其进行改进。本文主要工作有：用径向基神经网络对测量数据进行修补，并运用Matlab语言编程对数据修补进行仿真试验；空间三角网格直接划分是反求工程领域里研究的瓶颈问题，本文研究了一种3D空间网格直接划分算法，解决了以往二维划分方法需要分片投影的不足，算法由边界环扩展、分裂到最终边界环的封闭三个基本操作元素组成，对任何曲面类型的三角划分可以看作这些操作的有机组合，因而算法具有很强的适应性和高效性；网格优化是要解决的另一个关键问题，文中提出了网格综合优化的新概念，特别强调了网格空间形状优化，使三角网格在精度范围内对原始曲面进行逼近；本文还研究了基于三角网格的光滑曲面造型方法，阐述了三角Bezier曲面重构算法在反求工程领域中的应用前景；基于面向对象的编程思想，在VC++6.0集成开发环境下，结合OpenGL图形工具包进行反求建模系统的开发，设计出界面友好的应用软件。
本文关于面向快速原型制造的反求工程关键技术的研究是一次尝试和探索，对于提高我国的反求技术水平和RE/RPM集成水准具有着重要的理论和实用价值。
To shorten the period of product development is a premise to win the market competitive advantage with guarantee. The rapid prototyping manufacture (RPM) technique is favor by people because of its nimble speed and high flexibility. For some complex samples，it is very difficult or impossible to use some general shape software to reconstruct their CAD models directly. The development of reverse engineering (RE) techniques provides RPM with the data source. The effective integration of RE and RPM forms a close feedback system composed by the design, manufacturing and examining. By design like this again and again, products will be more and more perfect in the end.
At present, the technology of RE doesn't match RPM ideally because some techniques of RE cannot meet the need of RPM. It is necessary to improve the key techniques of RE. The main tasks in this paper are as follows: The rational function neural network is used to repair the measure data, and then the Matlab language is applied to programme to simulate experiment. The triangulation in space is a bottleneck problem. An effective 3D triangulation algorithm for scattered points is studied. It solves the problem that data points must be partitioned for multi-projection realized by traditional 2D triangulation methods. Three basic processing operations of 3D triangulation algorithm composed by boundary loop extending, splitting and closing finally are summarized. The triangulation for any type of surface is considered as the combination of these operations, which makes the algorithm have great adaptability and high efficiency. Triangular mesh optimization is also a key problem. A new concept about synthetical optimization of mesh is put forward. It emphasizes specially the optimization of the mesh shape in the space, making triangle mesh approach the primitive surface within the scope of accuracy. The method of smooth surface reconstructed based on the triangle mesh is studied and the application foreground of cubic Bezier spline surface in the field of RE is expatiated. Based on the thoughts of object-oriented programming, the mold-reconstruction system is developed in the integrated
development environment of VC++6.0 with the OpenGL saddlebag, and the friendly software interface is designed.
The study on key techniques of shape reverse seeking oriented rapid prototyping manufacturing presented in this dissertation are tentative and exploring, which is significant in theory and practice for improving the reverse technique and in our country.
目前RE和RPM技术虽能匹配，但不理想，其原因是现有RE中的一些技术不能满足RPM的要求，因此要对其进行改进。本文主要工作有：用径向基神经网络对测量数据进行修补，并运用Matlab语言编程对数据修补进行仿真试验；空间三角网格直接划分是反求工程领域里研究的瓶颈问题，本文研究了一种3D空间网格直接划分算法，解决了以往二维划分方法需要分片投影的不足，算法由边界环扩展、分裂到最终边界环的封闭三个基本操作元素组成，对任何曲面类型的三角划分可以看作这些操作的有机组合，因而算法具有很强的适应性和高效性；网格优化是要解决的另一个关键问题，文中提出了网格综合优化的新概念，特别强调了网格空间形状优化，使三角网格在精度范围内对原始曲面进行逼近；本文还研究了基于三角网格的光滑曲面造型方法，阐述了三角Bezier曲面重构算法在反求工程领域中的应用前景；基于面向对象的编程思想，在VC++6.0集成开发环境下，结合OpenGL图形工具包进行反求建模系统的开发，设计出界面友好的应用软件。
本文关于面向快速原型制造的反求工程关键技术的研究是一次尝试和探索，对于提高我国的反求技术水平和RE/RPM集成水准具有着重要的理论和实用价值。
To shorten the period of product development is a premise to win the market competitive advantage with guarantee. The rapid prototyping manufacture (RPM) technique is favor by people because of its nimble speed and high flexibility. For some complex samples，it is very difficult or impossible to use some general shape software to reconstruct their CAD models directly. The development of reverse engineering (RE) techniques provides RPM with the data source. The effective integration of RE and RPM forms a close feedback system composed by the design, manufacturing and examining. By design like this again and again, products will be more and more perfect in the end.
At present, the technology of RE doesn't match RPM ideally because some techniques of RE cannot meet the need of RPM. It is necessary to improve the key techniques of RE. The main tasks in this paper are as follows: The rational function neural network is used to repair the measure data, and then the Matlab language is applied to programme to simulate experiment. The triangulation in space is a bottleneck problem. An effective 3D triangulation algorithm for scattered points is studied. It solves the problem that data points must be partitioned for multi-projection realized by traditional 2D triangulation methods. Three basic processing operations of 3D triangulation algorithm composed by boundary loop extending, splitting and closing finally are summarized. The triangulation for any type of surface is considered as the combination of these operations, which makes the algorithm have great adaptability and high efficiency. Triangular mesh optimization is also a key problem. A new concept about synthetical optimization of mesh is put forward. It emphasizes specially the optimization of the mesh shape in the space, making triangle mesh approach the primitive surface within the scope of accuracy. The method of smooth surface reconstructed based on the triangle mesh is studied and the application foreground of cubic Bezier spline surface in the field of RE is expatiated. Based on the thoughts of object-oriented programming, the mold-reconstruction system is developed in the integrated
development environment of VC++6.0 with the OpenGL saddlebag, and the friendly software interface is designed.
The study on key techniques of shape reverse seeking oriented rapid prototyping manufacturing presented in this dissertation are tentative and exploring, which is significant in theory and practice for improving the reverse technique and in our country.
引文
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3 张畅, 张祥林, 黄树槐.快速造型技术中的反求工程.计量技术,1998,(1):12-15
4 栗全庆, 王宏.实物反求工程中的关键技术分析.机械设计,1999,6:4-6
5 Bradley C.Reverse Engineering of Quadric Surface Employing Three-dimensional Laser Scanning[J].Journal of Engineering manufacture:Part B,Vol.208:21-27
6 Chen liang-Chia. An Intergrated Reverse Engineering Approach to Reconstructions Free-form Surface[J]. Computer Intergrated Manufacturing Systems,1997, 10(1):49-60
7 李宇鹏.面向快速原型制造形状反求关键技术的研究.机械设计,2004,2:21-23
8 邢渊, 周雄辉, 阮雪榆.集成反向工程系统研究.机械工程学报,1998,34(3):1-5
9 梁任, 伍正祥.坐标测量的抽样点数、分布与精度.机械工程学报,1994,30(4):29-34
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11 黄雪梅.三维密集散乱数据的曲面重构.[华中理工大学博士论文].1999:2-7
12 蒋钰.交互式Bézier曲面造型系统的研究.[北京航空学院硕士论文].1984:23-33
13 利永民. 杨海成.测量造型技术中的数据处理方法.西北工业大学学报,1997,15(4)：624-628
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16 C W Mastin. Three-Dimensional Bezier Interpolation in Solid Modeling and Grid Generation. CAGD,1997,14(9):797-806
17 孙玉文.面向快速原型制造的反求工程关键技术研究.[大连理工大学博士论文].2000:13-17
18 Kashyap P. Improving Clough-Tocher Interpolants. CAGD,1996,13 (7):629-652
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20 王平江, 黄雪梅.曲面激光密集测量三维数据的三角片逼近方法.工程图形学学报,1998,1:17-27
21 Hamann B. A Data Reduction Scheme for Triangulated Surfaces. Computer Aided Geometric Design,1994,11(3):197-214
22 Hoope H, DeRose T, Duchamp T. Mesh Optimization Cunningham S ed. Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH'93. Danvers:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,1993:54-62
23 许智钦, 孙长库.3D 逆向工程技术.北京:中国计量出版社,2002:2-7
24 D. J. Walton, M. Yeung. Geometric Modeling from CT scan stereolithography apparatus. In Tang, Z(Ed.) New Advances in CAD&Computer Graphics (Proc.Cad/Graphics'93)International Academic Publishers. 1993:417-422
25 Sibson R. Locally Equiangular Triangulations. The computer Journal,1978,21(3): 243-245
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32 Edelsbrunner H, Mucke E P. Three-Dimensional Alpha Shapes. ACM Transactions on Graphics,1994,13(1):43-52
33 张际先, 宓霞.神经网络及其在工程中的应用.北京:机械工业出版社,1996
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37 Li Yupeng.Complex Surface Reconstruction Based on Object-oriented Developing Tool VBA. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering.2002,3:248-251
38 柯映林, 周儒荣.实现3D离散点优化三角划分的三维算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.1994,6(4):241-248
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2 李江雄, 柯映林, 程耀东.基于实物的复杂曲面产品反求工程中的CAD建模技术.中国机械工程,1999,4:390-393
3 张畅, 张祥林, 黄树槐.快速造型技术中的反求工程.计量技术,1998,(1):12-15
4 栗全庆, 王宏.实物反求工程中的关键技术分析.机械设计,1999,6:4-6
5 Bradley C.Reverse Engineering of Quadric Surface Employing Three-dimensional Laser Scanning[J].Journal of Engineering manufacture:Part B,Vol.208:21-27
6 Chen liang-Chia. An Intergrated Reverse Engineering Approach to Reconstructions Free-form Surface[J]. Computer Intergrated Manufacturing Systems,1997, 10(1):49-60
7 李宇鹏.面向快速原型制造形状反求关键技术的研究.机械设计,2004,2:21-23
8 邢渊, 周雄辉, 阮雪榆.集成反向工程系统研究.机械工程学报,1998,34(3):1-5
9 梁任, 伍正祥.坐标测量的抽样点数、分布与精度.机械工程学报,1994,30(4):29-34
10 李剑.基于激光测量的自由曲面数字制造基础技术研究.[西北工业大学博士论文].2001:52-54
11 黄雪梅.三维密集散乱数据的曲面重构.[华中理工大学博士论文].1999:2-7
12 蒋钰.交互式Bézier曲面造型系统的研究.[北京航空学院硕士论文].1984:23-33
13 利永民. 杨海成.测量造型技术中的数据处理方法.西北工业大学学报,1997,15(4)：624-628
14 王天军.曲面造型中几何连续曲面的研究与应用.[北京航空航天大学博士论文].1991:35-38
15 谭峻.几何连续性及三角曲面造型.[西北工业大学博士学位论文].1990:61-65
16 C W Mastin. Three-Dimensional Bezier Interpolation in Solid Modeling and Grid Generation. CAGD,1997,14(9):797-806
17 孙玉文.面向快速原型制造的反求工程关键技术研究.[大连理工大学博士论文].2000:13-17
18 Kashyap P. Improving Clough-Tocher Interpolants. CAGD,1996,13 (7):629-652
19 刘艳.基于结构光测量技术的自由曲面反求工程关键技术的研究.[河北工业大学硕士论文].2000:31-34
20 王平江, 黄雪梅.曲面激光密集测量三维数据的三角片逼近方法.工程图形学学报,1998,1:17-27
21 Hamann B. A Data Reduction Scheme for Triangulated Surfaces. Computer Aided Geometric Design,1994,11(3):197-214
22 Hoope H, DeRose T, Duchamp T. Mesh Optimization Cunningham S ed. Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH'93. Danvers:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,1993:54-62
23 许智钦, 孙长库.3D 逆向工程技术.北京:中国计量出版社,2002:2-7
24 D. J. Walton, M. Yeung. Geometric Modeling from CT scan stereolithography apparatus. In Tang, Z(Ed.) New Advances in CAD&Computer Graphics (Proc.Cad/Graphics'93)International Academic Publishers. 1993:417-422
25 Sibson R. Locally Equiangular Triangulations. The computer Journal,1978,21(3): 243-245
26 史桂蓉, 邢渊, 张永清.反向工程几何建模自动化系统.上海交通大学学报,2000,34(3):392-395
27 姜寿山, 杨海成, 侯增选.用空间形状优化标准完成散乱数据的三角剖分.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.1995,7(5):241-249
28 袁晓波, 王世新, 肖春生.Delaunay三角网的生成算法研究.测绘学报,1999,28(1):28-35
29 徐士良.计算机常用算法.北京:清华大学出版社,1996:214-218
30 周晓元, 刘慎权.实现约束Delaunay三角剖分的健壮算法[J].计算机学报,1996, 19(8):615-624
31 施法中.计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条.北京:北京航天大学出版社, 1994:195-205
32 Edelsbrunner H, Mucke E P. Three-Dimensional Alpha Shapes. ACM Transactions on Graphics,1994,13(1):43-52
33 张际先, 宓霞.神经网络及其在工程中的应用.北京:机械工业出版社,1996
34 郭晶, 杨章玉.Matlab 6.5 辅助神经网络分析与设计.2003.1:65-66
35 肖双九.反求工程中三角网格划分及其应用的关键算法研究.[西北工业大学博士论文].2001:31-38
36 Sridhar Vajapeyam,Michael Keefe. Triangulated Surface Construction from Scattered 3D Points. Computers in Engineering,1992,2:29-33
37 Li Yupeng.Complex Surface Reconstruction Based on Object-oriented Developing Tool VBA. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering.2002,3:248-251
38 柯映林, 周儒荣.实现3D离散点优化三角划分的三维算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.1994,6(4):241-248
39 Hoppe H, DeRose, Duchamp T. Surface Reconstruction from Unorganized Points. SIGGRAPH'92 Proceedings,1992:71-78
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