多分量线性调频信号分析与ISAR成像
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摘要
逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)能够全天时,全天候、远距离获得非合作运动目标(如飞机、舰船、卫星等)的精细图像,具有重要的军用和民用价值,因此受到了广泛重视并得到了迅速的发展,而ISAR研究对象也已经从最初的平稳运动目标扩展到各种复杂运动目标,这些复杂运动目标的回波信号通常是非平稳的,很多情况下可以近似为多分量线性调频信号。此时传统的RD算法已不再适用,必须针对目标回波特点,采用合适的时频分析方法,获得目标各散射点正确的时频结构,从而进行成像处理。本文围绕ISAR中出现的几类多分量线性调频信号,主要研究了高速目标、机动目标和多运动目标ISAR成像。
目标的高速运动会导致距离色散现象,产生目标距离像的畸变和ISAR成像的散焦,本文针对高速运动目标回波是调频斜率相同的多分量LFM信号的特点,提出了瞬时距离像的概念,利用短时傅立叶变换(STFT)和最小熵准则消除了高速运动的距离色散效应,通过瞬时距离-多普勒成像处理获得了清晰的ISAR图像。
在飞机一类惰性较大的目标作机动飞行时,在ISAR成像的短时间内,同一距离单元的回波可近似看成多分量线性调频信号的叠加,且调频斜率各不相同。本文先利用局域波分解方法将每个距离单元的回波分解为若干个线性调频信号,然后再进行Wigner-Ville变换(WVT),获取目标的瞬时多普勒谱,进而实现目标的二维成像。该处理方法不仅避免了WVT交叉干扰项的产生,而且在保持WVT的高时频分辨能力的同时减少了计算量。
当多个目标位于同一波束内且在距离上无法分辨时,采用单目标运动补偿方法难以使多个目标同时聚焦,成像质量较差。由于在较短的成像时间内,各目标同一脉内采样点回波近似为调频斜率相同的多分量LFM的叠加,不同目标对应的调频斜率不同,基于以上特点,本文提出两种方法进行回波分离:基于重排的SPWVD(RSPWVD)和Hough变换估计各目标回波参数,进行回波分离;利用局域波分解方法直接将多目标回波分解成各单目标回波信号的组合,最后对各个单目标回波进行ISAR成像,获得了各目标清晰的二维图像。
本文研究了ISAR成像中的多分量线性调频信号,较好地解决了高速目标距离色散、机动目标横向散焦和多目标回波分离等问题,但还有存在较多尚未完善的工作,有待于进一步的深入研究。
Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) has the capability of getting fine resolution images of noncooperative targets (such as airplane, ship, satellite etc.) all day and all night in all weather from long range, so it has great military and civil values. Thus, ISAR theory and technique has gained increasing attention and been greatly developed, it has been applied to image complex moving targets from the original targets with stable flight, the conventional Range-Doppler (RD) algorithm is no more applicable because the non-stationary signal, especially the multicomponent LFM signals, is involved frequently. It is necessary to acquire the correct time-frequency distribution of the target for the subsequent ISAR imaging processing. ISAR imaging of high speed targets, maneuvering targets, and multiple moving targets are studied in this thesis, around the multicomponent LFM signals.
The high speed of the target can lead to range dispersion, to solve this problem, on the feature of high speed target echo which consists of multi-component LFM signal with the same chirp rates, a method based on instant range profile (IRP) using STFT and minimum entropy is presented, it solves the problem of range dispersion. By instant range-Doppler imaging processing, a two-dimensional (2-D) image will be achieved finally.
During the short time of ISAR imaging, for inert maneuvering targets such as aircraft, the echoes of the same range cell approximately consist of multicomponent LFM signals with different chirp rate. For this case, a method based on Local Wave Decomposition (LWD) and Wigner-Ville transformation (WVT) is proposed, thus 2-D imaging of the target is realized. It can not only avoid the cross-term of WVT but also keep high time-frequency resolution and meanwhile decrease the computational load effectively.
For multiple moving targets which are flying within the same antenna beam and cannot be separated in range direction, the conventional ISAR imaging algorithms cannot be directly used to obtain a focused image. Echo of every target at the same sampling time approximately consists of multicomponent LFM signals with same chirp rate during the short observation time, which has different chirp rate due to different target. For this feature, two methods are addressed. Motion parameters are estimated and echoes are separated in the first method based on Reassign-Smooth-Pseudo-Wigner-Ville Distribution (RSPWVD) and Hough transform. The second method separates the echoes using LWD. Then every single target echo is processed to get the clear 2-D ISAR image.
In summary, this dissertation has acquired some helpful research results in ISAR imaging. But up to now, there are still a lot of opening problems in ISAR imaging and worth further efforts.
目标的高速运动会导致距离色散现象,产生目标距离像的畸变和ISAR成像的散焦,本文针对高速运动目标回波是调频斜率相同的多分量LFM信号的特点,提出了瞬时距离像的概念,利用短时傅立叶变换(STFT)和最小熵准则消除了高速运动的距离色散效应,通过瞬时距离-多普勒成像处理获得了清晰的ISAR图像。
在飞机一类惰性较大的目标作机动飞行时,在ISAR成像的短时间内,同一距离单元的回波可近似看成多分量线性调频信号的叠加,且调频斜率各不相同。本文先利用局域波分解方法将每个距离单元的回波分解为若干个线性调频信号,然后再进行Wigner-Ville变换(WVT),获取目标的瞬时多普勒谱,进而实现目标的二维成像。该处理方法不仅避免了WVT交叉干扰项的产生,而且在保持WVT的高时频分辨能力的同时减少了计算量。
当多个目标位于同一波束内且在距离上无法分辨时,采用单目标运动补偿方法难以使多个目标同时聚焦,成像质量较差。由于在较短的成像时间内,各目标同一脉内采样点回波近似为调频斜率相同的多分量LFM的叠加,不同目标对应的调频斜率不同,基于以上特点,本文提出两种方法进行回波分离:基于重排的SPWVD(RSPWVD)和Hough变换估计各目标回波参数,进行回波分离;利用局域波分解方法直接将多目标回波分解成各单目标回波信号的组合,最后对各个单目标回波进行ISAR成像,获得了各目标清晰的二维图像。
本文研究了ISAR成像中的多分量线性调频信号,较好地解决了高速目标距离色散、机动目标横向散焦和多目标回波分离等问题,但还有存在较多尚未完善的工作,有待于进一步的深入研究。
Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) has the capability of getting fine resolution images of noncooperative targets (such as airplane, ship, satellite etc.) all day and all night in all weather from long range, so it has great military and civil values. Thus, ISAR theory and technique has gained increasing attention and been greatly developed, it has been applied to image complex moving targets from the original targets with stable flight, the conventional Range-Doppler (RD) algorithm is no more applicable because the non-stationary signal, especially the multicomponent LFM signals, is involved frequently. It is necessary to acquire the correct time-frequency distribution of the target for the subsequent ISAR imaging processing. ISAR imaging of high speed targets, maneuvering targets, and multiple moving targets are studied in this thesis, around the multicomponent LFM signals.
The high speed of the target can lead to range dispersion, to solve this problem, on the feature of high speed target echo which consists of multi-component LFM signal with the same chirp rates, a method based on instant range profile (IRP) using STFT and minimum entropy is presented, it solves the problem of range dispersion. By instant range-Doppler imaging processing, a two-dimensional (2-D) image will be achieved finally.
During the short time of ISAR imaging, for inert maneuvering targets such as aircraft, the echoes of the same range cell approximately consist of multicomponent LFM signals with different chirp rate. For this case, a method based on Local Wave Decomposition (LWD) and Wigner-Ville transformation (WVT) is proposed, thus 2-D imaging of the target is realized. It can not only avoid the cross-term of WVT but also keep high time-frequency resolution and meanwhile decrease the computational load effectively.
For multiple moving targets which are flying within the same antenna beam and cannot be separated in range direction, the conventional ISAR imaging algorithms cannot be directly used to obtain a focused image. Echo of every target at the same sampling time approximately consists of multicomponent LFM signals with same chirp rate during the short observation time, which has different chirp rate due to different target. For this feature, two methods are addressed. Motion parameters are estimated and echoes are separated in the first method based on Reassign-Smooth-Pseudo-Wigner-Ville Distribution (RSPWVD) and Hough transform. The second method separates the echoes using LWD. Then every single target echo is processed to get the clear 2-D ISAR image.
In summary, this dissertation has acquired some helpful research results in ISAR imaging. But up to now, there are still a lot of opening problems in ISAR imaging and worth further efforts.
引文
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