基于实测数据的雷达成像方法研究
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摘要
成像作为雷达的一个新的功能在国内外已被广泛应用，它具有全天候、全天时、远距离成像的特点，可以大大提高雷达的信息获取能力，特别是战场感知能力。现在国外对战场感知要求高的雷达均配有二维成像功能，其对军用和民用均有重大实用价值。
雷达成像可分为逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像和合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像，它的实践性非常强，对其研究需要大量实测数据。在过去，由于我国的宽带雷达比较少，录取的实测数据非常少，许多研究是基于仿真数据和少数国外录取的数据，限制了研究的深入。在ISAR成像方面，情况要好一些，“863”高科技计划的支持下，93年国内400MHz的宽带实验雷达研制完成，成功地录取几批实测数据，提供给多所高校和研究所，大大推动了研究工作。在SAR成像方面，可供研究的国内实测数据非常少，但近年来，由于需求牵引，许多研究所，如航空607所、电子14所、电子38所和兵器206所等，先后对机载SAR进行了较多批次的试飞，录取了一大批数据。本文就是利用我国自己录取的实测数据，在已有的研究工作基础上，对雷达成像作进一步研究。主要工作概述如下：
第二章研究机动目标的逆合成孔径雷达成像原理。逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)和合成孔径雷达(SAR)都是利用目标(场景)与雷达的相对运动，提高横向分辨率，实现对目标(场景)的成像。SAR的运动方是雷达平台，可控制作平稳飞行，且用仪器测校其偏离误差；ISAR的运动方通常是非合作目标，运动不受控制，且难以精确测量。当目标作机动飞行时，以目标作固定基准，雷达等效地在空间形成流形复杂的逆合成孔径(阵列)，本第二章是对这种情况下成像原理进行了系统的研究。
第三章是研究机动目标的平动补偿和成像方法。首先讨论平动补偿，它通常可以分解为两步进行——包络对齐和自聚焦，通过分析表明，针对平稳飞行的包络对齐方法(如相关法和最小熵方法)仍适用于机动目标，而根据相干积累原理，已有的自聚焦方法(如单特显点法，多特显点法，PGA方法)从理论上和实际上来说都不是最优的，我们提出适用于机动目标和平稳目标的迭代相干积累自聚焦(ICSA)算法，PGA算法是ICSA算法的一个特例；然后，本文讨论机动目标的成像，它实际上是一个瞬时谱估计问题，已有的一些瞬时成像方法(如联合时频分布方法，Radon-Wigner方法)只适用于散射点子回波
基于实测数据的雷达成像方法研究
为线性调频信号(多普勒分布为直线)。针对多普勒分布为非直线的情况，我
们提出用自适应窗短时chirplet分解方法估计信号的瞬时频率和瞬时幅度，并
结合“洁净”技术，提出了快速自适应窗短时chirplet分解成像(ACDD算法。
实测数据的处理表明本章提出ICSA算法和ACDI算法是有效的。
令第四章研究舰船目标的ISAR成像。有关飞机目标的ISAR成像国内已有较深
入的研究，对水面舰船的雷达成像在国防上同样有重要意义，但国内对舰船
的ISAR成像的研究，基本上为空白状态。虽然舰船成像与飞机成像在基本
原理上没有区别，但由于海水的波动，使舰船的姿态变化比较复杂，有必要
作专门的研究。第四章利用外场实测数据，针对舰船运动的特殊性，提出基
于“Clean”的调幅·线性调频(AM一LFM)信号参数估计的方法，获得舰船目标
的距离。瞬时多普勒动态像。
令第五章研究一维高分辨距离像的特性。由前第二、三、四章可知，工SAR像的
横向为多普勒，高的多普勒分辨率需要长的回波序列，即目标需有一定的转
角，而且当目标机动时，所获得的工SAR像形态各异，给目标识别带来不利。
雷达目标的高分辨一维距离像易于获取，它也包含目标形态的信息，且目标
的机动与否，对其影响不大。但是，一维距离像的可视性是较差的，虽然一
维距离像己将目标按距离分辨单元分割开，但每个分辨单元例还有许多散射
点，该单元回波的复振幅为众多散射点子回波之和。当视角有微小变化时，
虽然各散射点到雷达的距离变化并不大，但相对于微波波长，其相位差的变
化相当大，从而使各分辨单元到复振幅有大的起伏，即一维距离像的方向敏
感性十分敏感。为了能正确利用一维距离像作目标识别，必须利用实测数据
对一维距离像的特性进行研究，并通过预处理得到相对稳定的一维距离像。
令第六章研究基于运动参数估计的窄波束宽幅SAR成像。近年来，国内很多研
究所，先后研制出分辨率为3m x 3m的机载SAR，进行了较多批次的试飞，
录取了一大批数据。但这些试验雷达，载机虽然装备有INS一GPS系统，但并
不对雷达的状态和参数作实时调整，天线上也未装捷联惯性测量组件(IMU)，
从而导航仪器测得的运动参数的精度较低，为作精确的运动补偿，运动参数
需要从实测数据估计得到。本第六章，利用基于数据的多普勒中心和调频率
估计方法，对运动参数的变化历程作了长时间的精确估计，并提出了新的补
偿和成像方法，可在飞行状态不很理想时，仍能获得好的宽幅图像。
Imaging as a new function of radar is widely used, which has the characteristic of all-weather, day/night and long range, enhance radar's information acquisition capability, especially battlefield awareness ability. Now, most of radar in abroad that needs high battlefield awareness ability has the 2-D imaging function, which has great value in both civilian and military applications.
Radar imaging can be divided Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. Radar imaging is a practical technique, a huge number of raw data must have to study it. In the past, because the number of wideband radar is few in our country, so the raw data is very rare, most of researches are based on simulation and raw from abroad, that restricts further researches. In 1993, a wideband ISAR radar with 400MHz bandwith is developed on the support of "863" program, and many raw data (or real data) is collected, ISAR research becomes more deep by providing these data to many colleges, universities and institutes for research. In these years, many research institutes, such 607, 38,14 and 206, have developed airborne SAR system, and have collected many raw data from many times test-fly. This dissertation study the radar imaging methods based on real data collected by our country on the basis of existing research work. The following is the summarization of the main work: Chapter 2 studies the principle of ISAR imaging for maneuvering targets. ISAR and SAR all utilize the relative motion of target (scene) and radar to improve cross-range resolution, and then obtain the target's image. Usually, in SAR, the radar moves steadily by controlling, and the deviation can be measured, but, in ISAR, the target's motion is non-cooperative, and is difficult to measure. When target maneuvers, and if we take target as reference, radar will form a complicated inverse synthetic aperture (array) manifold equivalently in space, this chapter studies the imaging problem systematically in this situation.
Chapter 3 studies the translational motion compensation (TMC) and imaging methods of maneuvering target. We first discuss TMC, which is usually discomposed into two step: envelope alignment and autofocus. The existing envelope alignment algorithms are still effective for not too big maneuvering target
PhD Thesis of Xidian University
whose migration through resolution cells (MTRC) is not take place, but the existing autofocus algorithms are not effective for maneuvering target in practice and in theory according to coherent summation principle. So we propose an iterative coherent summation autofocus (ICSA) algorithm, PGA is a particular case of ICSA. Then we discuss maneuvering target imaging problem, in fact, which is a instantaneous spectrum estimation problem, most existing algorithms are only effective when scatterers' echoes are linear frequency modulation (LFM) signals, for the situation when scatterers' time-frequency distribution is not linear, we put forward a adaptive chirplet decomposition method to estimate instantaneous frequency and instantaneous complex amplitude of multi-component polynomial phase signals, and propose a fast adaptive chirplet decomposition imaging (ACDI) algorithm by utilizing "Clean" technique. Real data processing proves the proposed ICSA algorithm and ACDI algorithm are effective.
Chapter 4 studies the IS AR imaging of ship. Many researches of IS AR imaging for airplane have been done in our country, ISAR imaging for ship is also very important in national defense, but the research for it is very few. Although the difference is little in principle between airplane imaging and ship imaging, the pose variation of ship is more complicate for the fluctuation of sea, so it need to be studied specially. This paper propose a Range-Instantaneous Doppler Algorithm (RIDA) based on multi-component amplitude modulation and linear frequency modulation (AM-LFM) signal parameter estimation method to obtain good ship ISAR images from real data.
Chapter 5 investigates the properti
雷达成像可分为逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像和合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像，它的实践性非常强，对其研究需要大量实测数据。在过去，由于我国的宽带雷达比较少，录取的实测数据非常少，许多研究是基于仿真数据和少数国外录取的数据，限制了研究的深入。在ISAR成像方面，情况要好一些，“863”高科技计划的支持下，93年国内400MHz的宽带实验雷达研制完成，成功地录取几批实测数据，提供给多所高校和研究所，大大推动了研究工作。在SAR成像方面，可供研究的国内实测数据非常少，但近年来，由于需求牵引，许多研究所，如航空607所、电子14所、电子38所和兵器206所等，先后对机载SAR进行了较多批次的试飞，录取了一大批数据。本文就是利用我国自己录取的实测数据，在已有的研究工作基础上，对雷达成像作进一步研究。主要工作概述如下：
第二章研究机动目标的逆合成孔径雷达成像原理。逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)和合成孔径雷达(SAR)都是利用目标(场景)与雷达的相对运动，提高横向分辨率，实现对目标(场景)的成像。SAR的运动方是雷达平台，可控制作平稳飞行，且用仪器测校其偏离误差；ISAR的运动方通常是非合作目标，运动不受控制，且难以精确测量。当目标作机动飞行时，以目标作固定基准，雷达等效地在空间形成流形复杂的逆合成孔径(阵列)，本第二章是对这种情况下成像原理进行了系统的研究。
第三章是研究机动目标的平动补偿和成像方法。首先讨论平动补偿，它通常可以分解为两步进行——包络对齐和自聚焦，通过分析表明，针对平稳飞行的包络对齐方法(如相关法和最小熵方法)仍适用于机动目标，而根据相干积累原理，已有的自聚焦方法(如单特显点法，多特显点法，PGA方法)从理论上和实际上来说都不是最优的，我们提出适用于机动目标和平稳目标的迭代相干积累自聚焦(ICSA)算法，PGA算法是ICSA算法的一个特例；然后，本文讨论机动目标的成像，它实际上是一个瞬时谱估计问题，已有的一些瞬时成像方法(如联合时频分布方法，Radon-Wigner方法)只适用于散射点子回波
基于实测数据的雷达成像方法研究
为线性调频信号(多普勒分布为直线)。针对多普勒分布为非直线的情况，我
们提出用自适应窗短时chirplet分解方法估计信号的瞬时频率和瞬时幅度，并
结合“洁净”技术，提出了快速自适应窗短时chirplet分解成像(ACDD算法。
实测数据的处理表明本章提出ICSA算法和ACDI算法是有效的。
令第四章研究舰船目标的ISAR成像。有关飞机目标的ISAR成像国内已有较深
入的研究，对水面舰船的雷达成像在国防上同样有重要意义，但国内对舰船
的ISAR成像的研究，基本上为空白状态。虽然舰船成像与飞机成像在基本
原理上没有区别，但由于海水的波动，使舰船的姿态变化比较复杂，有必要
作专门的研究。第四章利用外场实测数据，针对舰船运动的特殊性，提出基
于“Clean”的调幅·线性调频(AM一LFM)信号参数估计的方法，获得舰船目标
的距离。瞬时多普勒动态像。
令第五章研究一维高分辨距离像的特性。由前第二、三、四章可知，工SAR像的
横向为多普勒，高的多普勒分辨率需要长的回波序列，即目标需有一定的转
角，而且当目标机动时，所获得的工SAR像形态各异，给目标识别带来不利。
雷达目标的高分辨一维距离像易于获取，它也包含目标形态的信息，且目标
的机动与否，对其影响不大。但是，一维距离像的可视性是较差的，虽然一
维距离像己将目标按距离分辨单元分割开，但每个分辨单元例还有许多散射
点，该单元回波的复振幅为众多散射点子回波之和。当视角有微小变化时，
虽然各散射点到雷达的距离变化并不大，但相对于微波波长，其相位差的变
化相当大，从而使各分辨单元到复振幅有大的起伏，即一维距离像的方向敏
感性十分敏感。为了能正确利用一维距离像作目标识别，必须利用实测数据
对一维距离像的特性进行研究，并通过预处理得到相对稳定的一维距离像。
令第六章研究基于运动参数估计的窄波束宽幅SAR成像。近年来，国内很多研
究所，先后研制出分辨率为3m x 3m的机载SAR，进行了较多批次的试飞，
录取了一大批数据。但这些试验雷达，载机虽然装备有INS一GPS系统，但并
不对雷达的状态和参数作实时调整，天线上也未装捷联惯性测量组件(IMU)，
从而导航仪器测得的运动参数的精度较低，为作精确的运动补偿，运动参数
需要从实测数据估计得到。本第六章，利用基于数据的多普勒中心和调频率
估计方法，对运动参数的变化历程作了长时间的精确估计，并提出了新的补
偿和成像方法，可在飞行状态不很理想时，仍能获得好的宽幅图像。
Imaging as a new function of radar is widely used, which has the characteristic of all-weather, day/night and long range, enhance radar's information acquisition capability, especially battlefield awareness ability. Now, most of radar in abroad that needs high battlefield awareness ability has the 2-D imaging function, which has great value in both civilian and military applications.
Radar imaging can be divided Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. Radar imaging is a practical technique, a huge number of raw data must have to study it. In the past, because the number of wideband radar is few in our country, so the raw data is very rare, most of researches are based on simulation and raw from abroad, that restricts further researches. In 1993, a wideband ISAR radar with 400MHz bandwith is developed on the support of "863" program, and many raw data (or real data) is collected, ISAR research becomes more deep by providing these data to many colleges, universities and institutes for research. In these years, many research institutes, such 607, 38,14 and 206, have developed airborne SAR system, and have collected many raw data from many times test-fly. This dissertation study the radar imaging methods based on real data collected by our country on the basis of existing research work. The following is the summarization of the main work: Chapter 2 studies the principle of ISAR imaging for maneuvering targets. ISAR and SAR all utilize the relative motion of target (scene) and radar to improve cross-range resolution, and then obtain the target's image. Usually, in SAR, the radar moves steadily by controlling, and the deviation can be measured, but, in ISAR, the target's motion is non-cooperative, and is difficult to measure. When target maneuvers, and if we take target as reference, radar will form a complicated inverse synthetic aperture (array) manifold equivalently in space, this chapter studies the imaging problem systematically in this situation.
Chapter 3 studies the translational motion compensation (TMC) and imaging methods of maneuvering target. We first discuss TMC, which is usually discomposed into two step: envelope alignment and autofocus. The existing envelope alignment algorithms are still effective for not too big maneuvering target
PhD Thesis of Xidian University
whose migration through resolution cells (MTRC) is not take place, but the existing autofocus algorithms are not effective for maneuvering target in practice and in theory according to coherent summation principle. So we propose an iterative coherent summation autofocus (ICSA) algorithm, PGA is a particular case of ICSA. Then we discuss maneuvering target imaging problem, in fact, which is a instantaneous spectrum estimation problem, most existing algorithms are only effective when scatterers' echoes are linear frequency modulation (LFM) signals, for the situation when scatterers' time-frequency distribution is not linear, we put forward a adaptive chirplet decomposition method to estimate instantaneous frequency and instantaneous complex amplitude of multi-component polynomial phase signals, and propose a fast adaptive chirplet decomposition imaging (ACDI) algorithm by utilizing "Clean" technique. Real data processing proves the proposed ICSA algorithm and ACDI algorithm are effective.
Chapter 4 studies the IS AR imaging of ship. Many researches of IS AR imaging for airplane have been done in our country, ISAR imaging for ship is also very important in national defense, but the research for it is very few. Although the difference is little in principle between airplane imaging and ship imaging, the pose variation of ship is more complicate for the fluctuation of sea, so it need to be studied specially. This paper propose a Range-Instantaneous Doppler Algorithm (RIDA) based on multi-component amplitude modulation and linear frequency modulation (AM-LFM) signal parameter estimation method to obtain good ship ISAR images from real data.
Chapter 5 investigates the properti
引文
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