高效能整流系统理论及关键技术研究
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摘要
随着化石能源的日渐枯竭和环境污染的日益加剧,电能作为当今时代最为便捷、宝贵、绿色环保的能源形式,对整个人类现代化文明的发展和推动起着重要作用。联合国千年大会确定全球经济走低碳、可持续发展道路的大背景下,如何提高电能使用效率、加强电能质量控制和管理正越来越得到各国政府的重视。对一些高耗能领域如冶金和化工等行业,目前广泛使用的二极管或晶闸管大功率整流电源系统,普遍存在能耗高、功率因数低和谐波污染严重等问题。因此,研究和开发新型高效能整流系统及配套控制技术,为实现企业节能、减排和增效的目标而具有极其重要的意义。
高效能整流系统是集电能变换、谐波治理和无功补偿于一体的以高效能为特征的大功率整流电源系统。本文基于课题组提出的感应滤波技术,主要针对新型12脉波高效能整流系统的基本理论、关键技术及工程应用等方面展开研究。本文所做研究工作的特色及取得的主要创新成果体现在以下几个方面：
1)对高效能整流系统的工作机理进行理论分析,建立了电路解耦模型。首先建立起以变压器为核心的系统电磁约束方程,并假设系统三相对称,推导出系统单相等值电路数学表达式,得到系统单相电路解耦模型,据此从电路理论角度揭示系统感应滤波作用机理、需满足的条件及无功补偿原理等；同时,依据系统工作条件及变压器物理结构对称的特点,对系统模型进行了简化处理,使得该模型既能充分表征系统内部复杂电磁作用关系又具有形式简洁、物理意义明晰的特点,为后续的系统运行特性研究、各部件优化设计及验证工作奠定了理论基础。
2)对高效能整流系统的稳态运行特性进行研究。以实施感应滤波技术对系统工作性能的改善程度为指标,推导了系统基波、谐波运行条件下的各端口电量关系特性方程。同时,探讨以新型整流变压器为核心的高效能整流系统对谐波抑制、无功补偿及整流换相过程的影响。依据相同工况,对常规网侧滤波整流系统和高效能整流系统进行基波、谐波运行条件下的比较研究,从仿真和实验效果验证高效能整流系统优于常规整流系统,能更好地满足各项运行指标要求。
3)对高效能整流系统配套滤波装置方案设计、选型及其参数优化方法进行深入研究。依据实际工况,对各滤波方案进行评估和选择的具体方法进行了系统分析和探讨,建立了滤波装置参数设计的多目标优化数学模型,提出了基于向量评价的改进粒子群算法,对滤波参数进行了全面优化设计。算例分析和仿真、实验结果表明：应用优化后的滤波方案及参数,使得系统网侧5、7次等低次谐波放大现象得到了有效防治,滤波效果及评价指标能够较好地满足预设要求。所涉及的滤波装置方案选型及参数优化设计方法,将为12脉波高效能整流系统的工程应用推广提供设计指导作用。同时,为电力系统其它类型滤波装置设计提供方法参考。
4)对高效能整流系统的整体节能增效潜能进行挖掘。通过采取系统能效监测、系统优化控制两个技术手段来进一步增进高效能整流系统的整体节能效果。在大功率整流节能新技术的推广应用过程中,迫切需要建立一套能效监测分析系统,以实现系统各部件能效指标的准确测量与考核,并以此实施对各项先进节能方案或技术的客观比较和评价。在该能效监测系统的研制过程中,提出了一种反演测算法,以解决整流现场大直流电流的精确测量问题。同时,在实施高效能整流过程控制中,以提升系统电能质量水平和晶闸管、调压设备二者动作协调性为目标,从晶闸管和调压变压器协同控制的角度,建立了晶闸管和调压设备专家协同控制算法模型。研究结论表明：采用此协同控制方案能够有效提升晶闸管和调压设备的动作效率,并使晶闸管的触发角处于最优调整范围。
5)对高效能整流系统的工程应用进行现场能效测试与分析。以某电解供电系统应用工程作为典型案例,介绍了高效能整流系统的应用背景、接线方案和主参数设计情况；对该系统谐波、功率因数、各部件功率损耗量测及效率指标情况进行了现场测试与分析。测试结果验证了高效能整流系统的效率和电能质量均具备较高的水平,为感应滤波技术在其它领域的应用推广提供了工程范例。
综上所述,本文就12脉波大功率高效能整流系统的主电路拓扑、解析数学模型、系统等值电路、系统工作机理、配套参数优化设计及专家仲裁协同控制算法等方面进行了研究,初步建立了一套关于高效能整流系统以节能提效为特点的较为完善的理论和方法,为高效能整流系统在电铁牵引系统、高压直流输电等领域的推广应用奠定了理论和技术基础,其所取得的研究成果和工程应用实践也为其它领域新型高效换流装备的研制提供有益的参考和借鉴作用。
With the increasing depletion of fossil fuels and exacerbation of environmental pollution, electric energy as the most convenient, valuable and green energy plays an important role to develop and promote the modernization of the entire human civilization. United Nations Millennium Assembly determined that the global economy should choose the low-carbon and sustainable way. Under this background, how to improve energy efficiency and enhance power quality control and management has increasingly gained the attention of governments of all countries. For some high energy-consuming areas such as metallurgy and chemical industries, the high-power rectifier system with diodes or thyristors is now widely employed, but there are huge energy loss, low power factor and severe harmonic pollution and other negative issues. Therefore, the research and development of new high performance rectifier system (HPRS) and its control technologies is extremely important for the realization of energy saving, emission reduction and efficiency promotion goals.
With high operating performance, the proposed HPRS, which can synchronously complement electrical energy transformation, harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation, is a new-type high-power rectifying supply system. Based on inductive filtering method, the basic theory, key technologies and engineering application of HPRS in12-pulse form are mainly researched in this thesis. The major work and the innovative achievement in this thesis are summarized as follows:
1) The operating mechanism of HPRS is analyzed and the decoupling circuit model is established. First, the whole system electromagnetic constraint equations associated with the transformer are presented. Then, under the symmetric condition of power supply system with HPRS, the system single-phase decoupling model is established and its single-phase equivalent circuit equations are derived. Based on these equations, the operating mechanism of the inductive filtering system is analyzed, and the conditions of inductive filtering needed to meet and the principle of reactive power compensation are also discussed. Meanwhile, according to the system symmetrical feature of physical structure, the system decoupling model is simplified. With the simplified model, it has the advantage to fully characterize complex electromagnetic relationship of the system by using a simple form, which lays the theoretical foundation for the follow-up study of operating characteristics, the optimization design of components and verification work.
2) The steady-state operating characteristics of HPRS are studied. The characteristic equations of each port of the system under the fundamental and harmonic operating conditions are derived, which aims at the performance improvement with inductive filtering technology. At the same time, with the new-type rectifier transformer, the HPRS's performance on harmonic suppression, reactive power compensation and commutation process is separately investigated. For the same operating conditions of fundamental and harmonics environment, the comparative study is done between the HPRS and the conventional one which with filtering device on the network side. From the simulation and experimental results, it is concluded that HPRS is superior to conventional rectifier system and better meet the performance requirements.
3) The study on the design, selection and detail parameter optimization of L-C filtering device of HPRS is done. Considering the actual conditions, each filtering configuration is evaluated and the multi-objective optimization mathematical model for the filtering parameters design is established. An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on vector evaluation method is put forward for the parameters optimization of the chosen filtering scheme. Examples analysis, simulation and experimental results show that the optimized filter can satisfy with the pre-design requirements and performed a good filtering effect, especially to deal with the currents amplification phenomenon of5th and7th harmonic at the system grid-side. The method of filtering scheme selection and its filtering parameters optimization will provide design guidance for the engineering application of HPRS, and it also can provide reference for other power filters design.
4) The potential efficiency promoting methods for the HPRS is further excavated. By using the energy monitoring system and the optimization control technology, the overall efficiency of HPRS can be further enhanced. During the development of new energy-saving technology for high-power rectifier system, it urgently needs to employ an efficiency monitoring system in order to achieve accurate power measurement and give appropriate efficiency assessment for each component or energy-saving technology. For the proposed efficiency monitoring system, a current inversion algorithm is proposed to solve the accurately measurement problem for heavy direct current. Meanwhile, in order to improve system power quality and coordination between the thyristors and the voltage regulating devices, an expert cooperative control algorithm model is proposed for the rectifier control. The test results of this control algorithm showed that it can improve the adjustment efficiency of both thyristors and voltage regulator and guarantee the firing angle of the thyristors keeping within optimal adjustment range.
5) The system efficiency of HPRS's engineering application is tested and analyzed. By taking one electrolysis rectifier system as a typical case, the background of HPRS's application, the wiring scheme of main circuit and its design parameters are introduced. Then, based on these measured data got by field test, the items about system harmonics, power factor and power consumption of each component are analyzed. The analysis demonstrates that HPRS possesses good characteristics on operating efficiency and power quality, which provides engineering examples to promote the application of inductive filtering technology in other fields.
In summary, the HPRS's working mechanism, the main circuit topology, analytical mathematical model, the system equivalent circuit, the filtering parameter optimization design and the system collaborative control algorithms based on experts arbitration are conducted in this thesis. The basic theory and key technology of HPRS, which has the characteristics of power saving and efficiency promoting, is initially set up, it lay the theoretical and technical foundation for the application of HPRS in high power current conversion areas such as electric railway traction systems, HVDC, etc. The research results and engineering application cases of HPRS can also provide a useful reference for the development of high performance commutation equipments in other areas.
高效能整流系统是集电能变换、谐波治理和无功补偿于一体的以高效能为特征的大功率整流电源系统。本文基于课题组提出的感应滤波技术,主要针对新型12脉波高效能整流系统的基本理论、关键技术及工程应用等方面展开研究。本文所做研究工作的特色及取得的主要创新成果体现在以下几个方面：
1)对高效能整流系统的工作机理进行理论分析,建立了电路解耦模型。首先建立起以变压器为核心的系统电磁约束方程,并假设系统三相对称,推导出系统单相等值电路数学表达式,得到系统单相电路解耦模型,据此从电路理论角度揭示系统感应滤波作用机理、需满足的条件及无功补偿原理等；同时,依据系统工作条件及变压器物理结构对称的特点,对系统模型进行了简化处理,使得该模型既能充分表征系统内部复杂电磁作用关系又具有形式简洁、物理意义明晰的特点,为后续的系统运行特性研究、各部件优化设计及验证工作奠定了理论基础。
2)对高效能整流系统的稳态运行特性进行研究。以实施感应滤波技术对系统工作性能的改善程度为指标,推导了系统基波、谐波运行条件下的各端口电量关系特性方程。同时,探讨以新型整流变压器为核心的高效能整流系统对谐波抑制、无功补偿及整流换相过程的影响。依据相同工况,对常规网侧滤波整流系统和高效能整流系统进行基波、谐波运行条件下的比较研究,从仿真和实验效果验证高效能整流系统优于常规整流系统,能更好地满足各项运行指标要求。
3)对高效能整流系统配套滤波装置方案设计、选型及其参数优化方法进行深入研究。依据实际工况,对各滤波方案进行评估和选择的具体方法进行了系统分析和探讨,建立了滤波装置参数设计的多目标优化数学模型,提出了基于向量评价的改进粒子群算法,对滤波参数进行了全面优化设计。算例分析和仿真、实验结果表明：应用优化后的滤波方案及参数,使得系统网侧5、7次等低次谐波放大现象得到了有效防治,滤波效果及评价指标能够较好地满足预设要求。所涉及的滤波装置方案选型及参数优化设计方法,将为12脉波高效能整流系统的工程应用推广提供设计指导作用。同时,为电力系统其它类型滤波装置设计提供方法参考。
4)对高效能整流系统的整体节能增效潜能进行挖掘。通过采取系统能效监测、系统优化控制两个技术手段来进一步增进高效能整流系统的整体节能效果。在大功率整流节能新技术的推广应用过程中,迫切需要建立一套能效监测分析系统,以实现系统各部件能效指标的准确测量与考核,并以此实施对各项先进节能方案或技术的客观比较和评价。在该能效监测系统的研制过程中,提出了一种反演测算法,以解决整流现场大直流电流的精确测量问题。同时,在实施高效能整流过程控制中,以提升系统电能质量水平和晶闸管、调压设备二者动作协调性为目标,从晶闸管和调压变压器协同控制的角度,建立了晶闸管和调压设备专家协同控制算法模型。研究结论表明：采用此协同控制方案能够有效提升晶闸管和调压设备的动作效率,并使晶闸管的触发角处于最优调整范围。
5)对高效能整流系统的工程应用进行现场能效测试与分析。以某电解供电系统应用工程作为典型案例,介绍了高效能整流系统的应用背景、接线方案和主参数设计情况；对该系统谐波、功率因数、各部件功率损耗量测及效率指标情况进行了现场测试与分析。测试结果验证了高效能整流系统的效率和电能质量均具备较高的水平,为感应滤波技术在其它领域的应用推广提供了工程范例。
综上所述,本文就12脉波大功率高效能整流系统的主电路拓扑、解析数学模型、系统等值电路、系统工作机理、配套参数优化设计及专家仲裁协同控制算法等方面进行了研究,初步建立了一套关于高效能整流系统以节能提效为特点的较为完善的理论和方法,为高效能整流系统在电铁牵引系统、高压直流输电等领域的推广应用奠定了理论和技术基础,其所取得的研究成果和工程应用实践也为其它领域新型高效换流装备的研制提供有益的参考和借鉴作用。
With the increasing depletion of fossil fuels and exacerbation of environmental pollution, electric energy as the most convenient, valuable and green energy plays an important role to develop and promote the modernization of the entire human civilization. United Nations Millennium Assembly determined that the global economy should choose the low-carbon and sustainable way. Under this background, how to improve energy efficiency and enhance power quality control and management has increasingly gained the attention of governments of all countries. For some high energy-consuming areas such as metallurgy and chemical industries, the high-power rectifier system with diodes or thyristors is now widely employed, but there are huge energy loss, low power factor and severe harmonic pollution and other negative issues. Therefore, the research and development of new high performance rectifier system (HPRS) and its control technologies is extremely important for the realization of energy saving, emission reduction and efficiency promotion goals.
With high operating performance, the proposed HPRS, which can synchronously complement electrical energy transformation, harmonic suppression and reactive power compensation, is a new-type high-power rectifying supply system. Based on inductive filtering method, the basic theory, key technologies and engineering application of HPRS in12-pulse form are mainly researched in this thesis. The major work and the innovative achievement in this thesis are summarized as follows:
1) The operating mechanism of HPRS is analyzed and the decoupling circuit model is established. First, the whole system electromagnetic constraint equations associated with the transformer are presented. Then, under the symmetric condition of power supply system with HPRS, the system single-phase decoupling model is established and its single-phase equivalent circuit equations are derived. Based on these equations, the operating mechanism of the inductive filtering system is analyzed, and the conditions of inductive filtering needed to meet and the principle of reactive power compensation are also discussed. Meanwhile, according to the system symmetrical feature of physical structure, the system decoupling model is simplified. With the simplified model, it has the advantage to fully characterize complex electromagnetic relationship of the system by using a simple form, which lays the theoretical foundation for the follow-up study of operating characteristics, the optimization design of components and verification work.
2) The steady-state operating characteristics of HPRS are studied. The characteristic equations of each port of the system under the fundamental and harmonic operating conditions are derived, which aims at the performance improvement with inductive filtering technology. At the same time, with the new-type rectifier transformer, the HPRS's performance on harmonic suppression, reactive power compensation and commutation process is separately investigated. For the same operating conditions of fundamental and harmonics environment, the comparative study is done between the HPRS and the conventional one which with filtering device on the network side. From the simulation and experimental results, it is concluded that HPRS is superior to conventional rectifier system and better meet the performance requirements.
3) The study on the design, selection and detail parameter optimization of L-C filtering device of HPRS is done. Considering the actual conditions, each filtering configuration is evaluated and the multi-objective optimization mathematical model for the filtering parameters design is established. An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on vector evaluation method is put forward for the parameters optimization of the chosen filtering scheme. Examples analysis, simulation and experimental results show that the optimized filter can satisfy with the pre-design requirements and performed a good filtering effect, especially to deal with the currents amplification phenomenon of5th and7th harmonic at the system grid-side. The method of filtering scheme selection and its filtering parameters optimization will provide design guidance for the engineering application of HPRS, and it also can provide reference for other power filters design.
4) The potential efficiency promoting methods for the HPRS is further excavated. By using the energy monitoring system and the optimization control technology, the overall efficiency of HPRS can be further enhanced. During the development of new energy-saving technology for high-power rectifier system, it urgently needs to employ an efficiency monitoring system in order to achieve accurate power measurement and give appropriate efficiency assessment for each component or energy-saving technology. For the proposed efficiency monitoring system, a current inversion algorithm is proposed to solve the accurately measurement problem for heavy direct current. Meanwhile, in order to improve system power quality and coordination between the thyristors and the voltage regulating devices, an expert cooperative control algorithm model is proposed for the rectifier control. The test results of this control algorithm showed that it can improve the adjustment efficiency of both thyristors and voltage regulator and guarantee the firing angle of the thyristors keeping within optimal adjustment range.
5) The system efficiency of HPRS's engineering application is tested and analyzed. By taking one electrolysis rectifier system as a typical case, the background of HPRS's application, the wiring scheme of main circuit and its design parameters are introduced. Then, based on these measured data got by field test, the items about system harmonics, power factor and power consumption of each component are analyzed. The analysis demonstrates that HPRS possesses good characteristics on operating efficiency and power quality, which provides engineering examples to promote the application of inductive filtering technology in other fields.
In summary, the HPRS's working mechanism, the main circuit topology, analytical mathematical model, the system equivalent circuit, the filtering parameter optimization design and the system collaborative control algorithms based on experts arbitration are conducted in this thesis. The basic theory and key technology of HPRS, which has the characteristics of power saving and efficiency promoting, is initially set up, it lay the theoretical and technical foundation for the application of HPRS in high power current conversion areas such as electric railway traction systems, HVDC, etc. The research results and engineering application cases of HPRS can also provide a useful reference for the development of high performance commutation equipments in other areas.
引文
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