北方采暖地区既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励研究
摘要
北方采暖地区既有居住建筑采暖能耗高、供热系统效率低下、居住热舒适度差,对其实施节能改造十分必要。但由于节能改造市场机制的不完善和经济激励政策的缺失,导致既有居住建筑节能改造举步维艰。立足于如何有效推动既有居住建筑节能改造开展这一关键问题,以既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励为研究对象,通过对既有居住建筑节能改造现状的广泛调查研究,综合运用Walras一般均衡理论、帕累托最优均衡理论、非均衡理论、外部性理论、博弈论、行为经济学等理论知识,对理想状态下既有居住建筑节能改造市场经济制度的优越性、现实环境中既有居住建筑节能改造市场非均衡运行的危害、既有居住建筑节能改造外部性对帕累托最优的影响、既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励的设计等方面进行了研究。
针对既有居住建筑节能改造内涵混乱的现状,从系统工程学的角度,将既有居住建筑节能改造划分为:以“建筑围护结构节能改造”、“建筑室内采暖系统热计量及温度调控改造”、“热源及管网热平衡改造”为主要内容的工程体系和以“用热商品化和社会化”、“供热价格联动机制”、“城镇供热特许经营”等为主要内容的制度体系,从总体上明确了既有居住建筑节能改造的边界:行政区划、热工分区、改造内容、供热形式、改造体系等,为分析既有居住建筑节能改造的微观经济属性和现实经济属性提供了支撑,为研究既有居住建筑节能改造市场均衡和市场失灵打下了基础。
其次,通过建立既有居住建筑节能改造Walras均衡模型和帕累托最优模型,证明了既有居住建筑节能改造领域Walras一般均衡状态存在性、唯一性和最优性,说明:在理想状态下,市场经济制度是解决既有居住建筑资源配置和资源利用的最有效率手段。
第三,通过建立既有居住节能改造的固定价格模型和外部性模型,分析了既有居住建筑节能改造非均衡运行对既有居住建筑供热市场的影响、外部性对既有居住建筑领域实现社会福利最大化的危害,得出了政府部门需要从加大供热体制改革的力度和制定科学的经济激励两个方面推动既有居住建筑节能改造的发展。
第四,在研究德国和波兰既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励经验的基础上,建立了政府部门和供热企业的动态博弈模型、热用户的经济行为模型,明确了既有居住建筑节能改造的经济激励机制:激励主体为政府部门、激励目标为建立节能改造市场、激励对象为热用户和供热企业、激励方式为“胡萝卜+大棒+宣传教育”的模式。按照既有居住建筑节能改造市场生命周期理论,从节能改造市场启动、成长、成熟三个不同的阶段,设计了相应的经济激励。
最后,结合上述研究内容及成果对北京市既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励进行了实证分析。从北京市既有居住建筑现状及其增长趋势、北京市既有居住建筑能耗现状及其趋势、北京市既有居住建筑改造节能潜力等三个方面论证了北京市实施既有居住建筑节能改造的必要性。结合北京市“十一五”期间既有居住建筑节能改造取得的进展及存在问题,分析了节能改造市场市场失灵对北京市既有居住建筑节能改造存在的影响,论证了经济激励措施对推动北京市既有居住建筑节能改造开展的必要性。在分析了北京市既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励的现状及存在问题的基础上,从设立既有居住建筑节能改造专项资金、明确既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励内容、加强对节能材料与产品的激励、培育既有居住建筑节能改造服务市场、进一步促进供热体制改革的深化、完善既有居住建筑节能改造配套措施等六个方面给出了相应的对策建议。
通过对既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励的研究,建议政府部门实施“基于需求和供给两端的既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励”,降低热用户参与既有居住建筑节能改造的进入门槛,坚定供热企业实施既有居住建筑节能改造的决心,共同推进既有居住建筑节能改造的顺利开展。
Because the energy consumption was high, heating systems was inefficient and residential thermal was poor, it was very necessary to implement energy-efficient renovation(ER) for existing residential buildings(ERB) in northern heating areas( NHA ) in China. However, the imperfection of energy-efficient market mechanisms(EMM) and the lack of encomic incentives(EI), the implementation of energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings(ERERB) was slow. Based on how to promote ERERB effectively, selected EI for ERERB as the research object. Through a wide range survy of ERERB, utilize the knowledge of Walras general equibrium theory, Pareto optimality theory, non-equibrium theory, externality theory, game theory and behaviour ecnomics. Deeply research on the excellence of energy-efficient market mechanisms of ERERB, non-equilibrium stir harm of ERERB, externalities ifflunce of ERERB, and design EI for ERERB.
Acorrding to the chaotic situation of the content of ERERB, divided ERERB to two parts by system engineering: one was engineering systems which included buildings envelope renovation, measurement of indoor thermal heating system and transformation temperature control; the other part was institution system which included hot commercialization and socialization, heating price linkage mechanism, urban heating franchise. And then the administrative divisions, thermal zoning, transform content, heating the form of transformation system were defineted, which would provide microecomics and macroecomics properties to study energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings, and give foundation to analize the market equibrium and market failures of ERERB.
Secondly, through the establishment of Walras equilibrium model and Pareto optimal model for ERERB, proved the existence, uniqueness and optimization of Walras equilibrium in ERERB. In an ideal status, market mechanism was the most efficient way of resources allocation for ERERB.
Thirdly, established fixed price model and external model for ERERB, analyzed the impact of non-equlibrium operation for heating market of ERERB, and the harm of externalities on the field of implementation of social welfare maximization in ERERB. Government need to promote the development of ERERB by pushing the heating mechanism reform forward and formulating scientific economic incentive programs.
Fourthly, on the basis of studying the EI experiences of Germany and Ploland, established dynamic game model between government departments and heating enterprises, economic behaviour model of heating consumers. Government deparments should be the main incentives, the incentive target would establish market mechanisms for ERERB, heating consumers and enterprises should be the incentive objects, the incentive model would be“carrot, stick and public education”. Using the theory of market life cycle of ERERB, designed the corresponding EI from the start-up, growth and maturity stages of energy-efficient market.
Lastly, according to the following research contents accomplished the empirical research of EI for ERERB. From the status of ERB in Beijing and its growth trend, the energy consumption status of ERB in Beijing and its trend, the energy-efficiency trend of ERERB in Beijing, demonstrated the implementation necessity of ERERB in Beijing. On the basis of analysizing the achivements and problems of ERERB in Beijing during eleventh five-years, analysized the the imfluence of market failure for ERERB in Beijing, demonstrated the necessity of EI in promoting ERERB in Beijing. On the basis of analyzing the progress and problems of economic incentive for energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings in Beijing, proposed corresponding suggestions from six parts, which included establishing special funds for energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings, definiting the contents of energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings, strengthending the economic incentive to energy-efficient material and products, fostering energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings market, pushing the heating mechanism reform forward furtherly, improving the support measures of energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings.
Government should implement economic incentive policies for energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings by reducing the heating consumers’barriers to enter energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings and strengthening the heating enterprises’determination to implement energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings.
针对既有居住建筑节能改造内涵混乱的现状,从系统工程学的角度,将既有居住建筑节能改造划分为:以“建筑围护结构节能改造”、“建筑室内采暖系统热计量及温度调控改造”、“热源及管网热平衡改造”为主要内容的工程体系和以“用热商品化和社会化”、“供热价格联动机制”、“城镇供热特许经营”等为主要内容的制度体系,从总体上明确了既有居住建筑节能改造的边界:行政区划、热工分区、改造内容、供热形式、改造体系等,为分析既有居住建筑节能改造的微观经济属性和现实经济属性提供了支撑,为研究既有居住建筑节能改造市场均衡和市场失灵打下了基础。
其次,通过建立既有居住建筑节能改造Walras均衡模型和帕累托最优模型,证明了既有居住建筑节能改造领域Walras一般均衡状态存在性、唯一性和最优性,说明:在理想状态下,市场经济制度是解决既有居住建筑资源配置和资源利用的最有效率手段。
第三,通过建立既有居住节能改造的固定价格模型和外部性模型,分析了既有居住建筑节能改造非均衡运行对既有居住建筑供热市场的影响、外部性对既有居住建筑领域实现社会福利最大化的危害,得出了政府部门需要从加大供热体制改革的力度和制定科学的经济激励两个方面推动既有居住建筑节能改造的发展。
第四,在研究德国和波兰既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励经验的基础上,建立了政府部门和供热企业的动态博弈模型、热用户的经济行为模型,明确了既有居住建筑节能改造的经济激励机制:激励主体为政府部门、激励目标为建立节能改造市场、激励对象为热用户和供热企业、激励方式为“胡萝卜+大棒+宣传教育”的模式。按照既有居住建筑节能改造市场生命周期理论,从节能改造市场启动、成长、成熟三个不同的阶段,设计了相应的经济激励。
最后,结合上述研究内容及成果对北京市既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励进行了实证分析。从北京市既有居住建筑现状及其增长趋势、北京市既有居住建筑能耗现状及其趋势、北京市既有居住建筑改造节能潜力等三个方面论证了北京市实施既有居住建筑节能改造的必要性。结合北京市“十一五”期间既有居住建筑节能改造取得的进展及存在问题,分析了节能改造市场市场失灵对北京市既有居住建筑节能改造存在的影响,论证了经济激励措施对推动北京市既有居住建筑节能改造开展的必要性。在分析了北京市既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励的现状及存在问题的基础上,从设立既有居住建筑节能改造专项资金、明确既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励内容、加强对节能材料与产品的激励、培育既有居住建筑节能改造服务市场、进一步促进供热体制改革的深化、完善既有居住建筑节能改造配套措施等六个方面给出了相应的对策建议。
通过对既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励的研究,建议政府部门实施“基于需求和供给两端的既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励”,降低热用户参与既有居住建筑节能改造的进入门槛,坚定供热企业实施既有居住建筑节能改造的决心,共同推进既有居住建筑节能改造的顺利开展。
Because the energy consumption was high, heating systems was inefficient and residential thermal was poor, it was very necessary to implement energy-efficient renovation(ER) for existing residential buildings(ERB) in northern heating areas( NHA ) in China. However, the imperfection of energy-efficient market mechanisms(EMM) and the lack of encomic incentives(EI), the implementation of energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings(ERERB) was slow. Based on how to promote ERERB effectively, selected EI for ERERB as the research object. Through a wide range survy of ERERB, utilize the knowledge of Walras general equibrium theory, Pareto optimality theory, non-equibrium theory, externality theory, game theory and behaviour ecnomics. Deeply research on the excellence of energy-efficient market mechanisms of ERERB, non-equilibrium stir harm of ERERB, externalities ifflunce of ERERB, and design EI for ERERB.
Acorrding to the chaotic situation of the content of ERERB, divided ERERB to two parts by system engineering: one was engineering systems which included buildings envelope renovation, measurement of indoor thermal heating system and transformation temperature control; the other part was institution system which included hot commercialization and socialization, heating price linkage mechanism, urban heating franchise. And then the administrative divisions, thermal zoning, transform content, heating the form of transformation system were defineted, which would provide microecomics and macroecomics properties to study energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings, and give foundation to analize the market equibrium and market failures of ERERB.
Secondly, through the establishment of Walras equilibrium model and Pareto optimal model for ERERB, proved the existence, uniqueness and optimization of Walras equilibrium in ERERB. In an ideal status, market mechanism was the most efficient way of resources allocation for ERERB.
Thirdly, established fixed price model and external model for ERERB, analyzed the impact of non-equlibrium operation for heating market of ERERB, and the harm of externalities on the field of implementation of social welfare maximization in ERERB. Government need to promote the development of ERERB by pushing the heating mechanism reform forward and formulating scientific economic incentive programs.
Fourthly, on the basis of studying the EI experiences of Germany and Ploland, established dynamic game model between government departments and heating enterprises, economic behaviour model of heating consumers. Government deparments should be the main incentives, the incentive target would establish market mechanisms for ERERB, heating consumers and enterprises should be the incentive objects, the incentive model would be“carrot, stick and public education”. Using the theory of market life cycle of ERERB, designed the corresponding EI from the start-up, growth and maturity stages of energy-efficient market.
Lastly, according to the following research contents accomplished the empirical research of EI for ERERB. From the status of ERB in Beijing and its growth trend, the energy consumption status of ERB in Beijing and its trend, the energy-efficiency trend of ERERB in Beijing, demonstrated the implementation necessity of ERERB in Beijing. On the basis of analysizing the achivements and problems of ERERB in Beijing during eleventh five-years, analysized the the imfluence of market failure for ERERB in Beijing, demonstrated the necessity of EI in promoting ERERB in Beijing. On the basis of analyzing the progress and problems of economic incentive for energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings in Beijing, proposed corresponding suggestions from six parts, which included establishing special funds for energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings, definiting the contents of energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings, strengthending the economic incentive to energy-efficient material and products, fostering energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings market, pushing the heating mechanism reform forward furtherly, improving the support measures of energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings.
Government should implement economic incentive policies for energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings by reducing the heating consumers’barriers to enter energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings and strengthening the heating enterprises’determination to implement energy-efficient renovation for existing residential buildings.
引文
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