无线地下传感器网络电磁波在土壤介质中的传输研究
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摘要
本文以无线地下传感器网络（Wireless Underground Sensor Network, WUSN）为研究对象，旨在揭示电磁波在耕作层土壤中传输的一般特性，为进一步研究与搭建无线地下传感器网络提供基础支撑。
论文以土壤含水率为测试对象，利用所开发的低功耗无线地下传感器网络节点，通过计算机模拟、室内屏蔽测试、大田地下实测，对不同节点射频频率、土壤含水率、传感器节点在地下埋藏深度与水平距离等条件下电磁波的传输特性进行了研究，建立了电磁波属性、土壤属性以及实验环境属性等参数的二维、三维关系模型，提出了一般性的计算机模拟、室内理想环境下以及大田实测的WUSN电磁波在土壤中的传输特性。论文取得以下初步研究成果：
（1）初步明确了节点频率、节点埋藏深度、水平节点间距离、土壤含水率等因素为电磁波在土壤中传输的主要影响因素
研究了农业无线地下传感器网络体系结构、类型和通信方式。确定了在无线地下传感器网络节点频率为240MHz、433MHz和868MHz、节点埋藏深度在10cm至100cm范围、节点间水平距离在100cm至1000cm之间、土壤含水率在5%至30%之间变化的情况下，无线地下传感器网络电磁波在土壤介质中的通信是可行的。
（2）建立了WUSN节点透地传输的基本特性参数关系
针对地上汇聚节点不同布置情况下的地上-地下和地下-地上透地通信方式，分析了节点埋藏深度和土壤含水率对通信的综合影响，得出了水平节点间距离和土壤含水率与通信接收信号强度和误码率的二维关系。
（3）建立了WUSN节点之间地下传输的基本特性参数关系在无线地下传感器网络节点间的地下通信中，节点埋藏深度、水平节点间距离和土壤含水率对接收信号强度的影响均呈二次关系，通信误码率在不同情况下呈指数、线性和二次关系变化。
（4）建立了特定频率下的WUSN电磁波在土壤中传输的基本特性
WUSN节点频率在433MHz时，研究了节点埋藏深度、水平节点间距离和土壤含水率对通信的综合影响，得出了节点埋藏深度、水平节点间距离和土壤含水率与通信接收信号强度和误码率的三维关系，建立了电磁波在土壤中传输的基本特性。
农业无线地下传感器网络是一个新的研究方向，关于电磁波在农田地下土壤中的透地传输、地下传输以及地下组网的研究尚处于初步阶段，尤其是无线地下传感器网络电磁波在土壤介质中的传输特性及多因素综合影响规律可供研究的内容很多，本文对此仅是探索性研究，主要研究成果是在实验室内获得，今后需要在大田中进行进一步的研究。
This paper aims at studying wireless underground sensor network, works to reveal thegeneral characteristics of electromagnetic wave transmission in cultivated horizon soil, andprovides the basis support for further research and building of wireless underground sensornetwork.
In the paper, soil water content was seemed as the test object, under the condition ofdifferent nodes RF frequencies, soil water content, buried depth and horizontal distance ofsensor nodes, electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics was studied throughcomputer simulation, indoor test and field underground measurement by using the developedlow power wireless underground sensor network nodes. Two dimensional and Threedimensional relation models of the electromagnetic properties, soil properties andexperimental environment parameters were established, and the transmission characteristicsof WUSN electromagnetic wave in soil were put forward under the condition of the generalcomputer simulation, indoor ideal conditions and field measurement. The following resultswere obtained:
(1) It preliminarily identified that the nodes frequencies, nodes burial depth, horizontalinternodes distance, soil water content factors were the main influence factors on thetransmission of electromagnetic wave in the soil.
Agricultural wireless underground sensor network architecture, types and communicationmode were studied. In the condition of the wireless underground sensor network nodefrequency were240MHz,433MHz and868MHz, nodes burial depth were in the range of10cm to100cm, the internodes horizontal distance changed from100cm to1000cm and soilwater content changed between5%and30%, the communication of wireless undergroundsensor network electromagnetic wave in the soil medium was feasible.
(2) The basic characteristic parameters relationship of WUSN node through-the-earthtransmission were established.
Through-the-earth communication mode of aboveground-underground andunderground-aboveground on different sink node deployed, the comprehensive effects of thenode burial depth and soil water content on communication were analyzed, two dimensional relation between the horizontal internodes distance, the soil water content and the receivedsignal strength, communication error rate was obtained.
(3) The basic characteristic parameters relationship of WUSN internodes undergroundtransmission were established.
In the wireless underground sensor network internodes communication, the influence ofthe nodes burial depth, the horizontal internodes distance and the soil water content on thereceived signal strength is a quadratic relationship, communication error rate changed in theway of exponentially, the linear and quadratic relationship in different cases.
(4) The basic characteristic of WUSN electromagnetic wave under specific frequencytransmission in the soil were established.
When WUSN node frequency was433MHz, the comprehensive effects of nodes burialdepth, the horizontal internodes distance and the soil water content on communication werestudied. Three dimensional relation of the nodes burial depth, the horizontal internodesdistance, the soil water content and the received signal strength, communication error ratewere obtained, and the basic characteristic of the electromagnetic wave transmission in thesoil was established.
Agricultural wireless underground sensor network is a new research direction, theresearch on through-the-earth communication, underground transmission and undergroundnetwork of electromagnetic wave in the farmland soil is still at the initial stage. Especially,there are a lot of content available for study about the transmission characteristics of wirelessunderground sensor network electromagnetic wave in soil medium and the several factorscomprehensive influence.The paper is only a exploratory research, the main research resultsare obtained in the laboratory, further studies in the field are needed in the future.
论文以土壤含水率为测试对象，利用所开发的低功耗无线地下传感器网络节点，通过计算机模拟、室内屏蔽测试、大田地下实测，对不同节点射频频率、土壤含水率、传感器节点在地下埋藏深度与水平距离等条件下电磁波的传输特性进行了研究，建立了电磁波属性、土壤属性以及实验环境属性等参数的二维、三维关系模型，提出了一般性的计算机模拟、室内理想环境下以及大田实测的WUSN电磁波在土壤中的传输特性。论文取得以下初步研究成果：
（1）初步明确了节点频率、节点埋藏深度、水平节点间距离、土壤含水率等因素为电磁波在土壤中传输的主要影响因素
研究了农业无线地下传感器网络体系结构、类型和通信方式。确定了在无线地下传感器网络节点频率为240MHz、433MHz和868MHz、节点埋藏深度在10cm至100cm范围、节点间水平距离在100cm至1000cm之间、土壤含水率在5%至30%之间变化的情况下，无线地下传感器网络电磁波在土壤介质中的通信是可行的。
（2）建立了WUSN节点透地传输的基本特性参数关系
针对地上汇聚节点不同布置情况下的地上-地下和地下-地上透地通信方式，分析了节点埋藏深度和土壤含水率对通信的综合影响，得出了水平节点间距离和土壤含水率与通信接收信号强度和误码率的二维关系。
（3）建立了WUSN节点之间地下传输的基本特性参数关系在无线地下传感器网络节点间的地下通信中，节点埋藏深度、水平节点间距离和土壤含水率对接收信号强度的影响均呈二次关系，通信误码率在不同情况下呈指数、线性和二次关系变化。
（4）建立了特定频率下的WUSN电磁波在土壤中传输的基本特性
WUSN节点频率在433MHz时，研究了节点埋藏深度、水平节点间距离和土壤含水率对通信的综合影响，得出了节点埋藏深度、水平节点间距离和土壤含水率与通信接收信号强度和误码率的三维关系，建立了电磁波在土壤中传输的基本特性。
农业无线地下传感器网络是一个新的研究方向，关于电磁波在农田地下土壤中的透地传输、地下传输以及地下组网的研究尚处于初步阶段，尤其是无线地下传感器网络电磁波在土壤介质中的传输特性及多因素综合影响规律可供研究的内容很多，本文对此仅是探索性研究，主要研究成果是在实验室内获得，今后需要在大田中进行进一步的研究。
This paper aims at studying wireless underground sensor network, works to reveal thegeneral characteristics of electromagnetic wave transmission in cultivated horizon soil, andprovides the basis support for further research and building of wireless underground sensornetwork.
In the paper, soil water content was seemed as the test object, under the condition ofdifferent nodes RF frequencies, soil water content, buried depth and horizontal distance ofsensor nodes, electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics was studied throughcomputer simulation, indoor test and field underground measurement by using the developedlow power wireless underground sensor network nodes. Two dimensional and Threedimensional relation models of the electromagnetic properties, soil properties andexperimental environment parameters were established, and the transmission characteristicsof WUSN electromagnetic wave in soil were put forward under the condition of the generalcomputer simulation, indoor ideal conditions and field measurement. The following resultswere obtained:
(1) It preliminarily identified that the nodes frequencies, nodes burial depth, horizontalinternodes distance, soil water content factors were the main influence factors on thetransmission of electromagnetic wave in the soil.
Agricultural wireless underground sensor network architecture, types and communicationmode were studied. In the condition of the wireless underground sensor network nodefrequency were240MHz,433MHz and868MHz, nodes burial depth were in the range of10cm to100cm, the internodes horizontal distance changed from100cm to1000cm and soilwater content changed between5%and30%, the communication of wireless undergroundsensor network electromagnetic wave in the soil medium was feasible.
(2) The basic characteristic parameters relationship of WUSN node through-the-earthtransmission were established.
Through-the-earth communication mode of aboveground-underground andunderground-aboveground on different sink node deployed, the comprehensive effects of thenode burial depth and soil water content on communication were analyzed, two dimensional relation between the horizontal internodes distance, the soil water content and the receivedsignal strength, communication error rate was obtained.
(3) The basic characteristic parameters relationship of WUSN internodes undergroundtransmission were established.
In the wireless underground sensor network internodes communication, the influence ofthe nodes burial depth, the horizontal internodes distance and the soil water content on thereceived signal strength is a quadratic relationship, communication error rate changed in theway of exponentially, the linear and quadratic relationship in different cases.
(4) The basic characteristic of WUSN electromagnetic wave under specific frequencytransmission in the soil were established.
When WUSN node frequency was433MHz, the comprehensive effects of nodes burialdepth, the horizontal internodes distance and the soil water content on communication werestudied. Three dimensional relation of the nodes burial depth, the horizontal internodesdistance, the soil water content and the received signal strength, communication error ratewere obtained, and the basic characteristic of the electromagnetic wave transmission in thesoil was established.
Agricultural wireless underground sensor network is a new research direction, theresearch on through-the-earth communication, underground transmission and undergroundnetwork of electromagnetic wave in the farmland soil is still at the initial stage. Especially,there are a lot of content available for study about the transmission characteristics of wirelessunderground sensor network electromagnetic wave in soil medium and the several factorscomprehensive influence.The paper is only a exploratory research, the main research resultsare obtained in the laboratory, further studies in the field are needed in the future.
引文
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