柴达木盆地西南缘新生代构造隆升的沉积记录
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摘要
本论文在系统研究柴达木盆地西南缘新生代地层的沉积学特征、碎屑锆石的年代学及碎屑磷灰石的裂变径迹年代学基础上，结合其它研究成果，对其源区—东昆仑地区的构造演化历史进行了讨论，初步得出以下认识：
1、长尾台剖面主要发育湖泊相、三角洲相和冲积扇相三大沉积体系。剖面下部自下干柴沟组至上油砂山组下部皆发育湖相沉积，并经历过两次完整的湖泛和湖退过程，上干柴沟组和下油砂山组沉积时期是湖泊水体最深时期，也是湖盆基底最稳定时期，发育有大套的湖相叠层石灰岩。上油砂山组顶部水体逐步变浅，转变成过渡环境。狮子沟组沉积时期，湖泊水体全面萎缩，主要发育一套盆地边缘相冲积扇沉积。
2、系统总结了长尾台剖面主要碎屑颗粒的显微构造鉴别特征及阴极发光特征，并对长尾台剖面垂向含量进行了统计。结果显示：碎屑组分垂向上变化主要集中在上、下干柴沟组之间和上、下油砂山之间。发生在上、下干柴沟组地层之间的有：岩浆岩来源和喷出岩来源石英、微斜长石、岩屑总量、侵入岩岩屑和变质岩岩屑，而岩浆岩来源和喷出岩来源石英、斜长石、喷出岩岩屑、侵入岩岩屑在上、下油砂山组地层之间发生了明显跳跃。这些碎屑颗粒的改变可能代表了源区构造事件的发生。同时，碎屑颗粒的物源对比分析和古水流数据说明，祁漫塔格山是长尾台剖面的物源。
3、对长尾台剖面碎屑锆石展开了成因矿物学和同位素年代学的研究。结果发现绝大多数锆石为无色透明或烟灰色岩浆成因锆石，少量的呈浅紫色、褐黄色、烟灰色变质成因锆石，极少量的热液型锆石。各地层锆石标型特征存在明显差异，主要体现在狮子沟组与上油砂山之间的锆石颜色、大小和长宽比值的突变。此外，在上干柴沟组与下油砂山组之间的锆石长宽比值的也发生了轻微的改变。这些标型特征的改变或许暗示了在此期间物源区物质组分的改变。
碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究表明，锆石的年龄谱系特征显示出柴达木盆地新生代地层中碎屑锆石具有相似的U-Pb特征峰值，反映物源具有一定相似性。对比周缘造山带同位素年代学年龄组成特征，显示出长尾台剖面自始新世以来碎屑锆石的年龄谱征与东昆仑山岩浆活动存在极为相似的峰值特征，暗示了东昆仑山自下干柴沟组沉积以来一直都是柴达木盆地的主要物源，同时意味着东昆仑山西段祁漫塔格山的初始隆起至少早于晚始新世。但是古生代碎屑锆石份子的垂向变化特征又显示出在柴达木盆地沉积时期，至少在上、下干柴沟组地层之间和上、下油砂山组地层之间，东昆仑山为盆地提供物源的物质组成曾经发生过明显的改变。
4、碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹年代学研究表明：东昆仑山地区存在自中生代中晚期以来的五期较大规模的构造活动事件，它们分别为晚侏罗世至早白垩世时期（150-120Ma）、晚白垩世（100-70Ma）、古新世-始新世（65-40Ma）、始新世至早中新世时期（30-15Ma）和中晚中新世以来（15-2Ma）。各个时期的构造热事件都得到东昆仑山地区及高原北缘地区同位素年代学和一些零星的地质记录所证实。
研究区古新世-始新世的构造剥露运动是东昆仑山造山带构造-热活动最活跃也是最普遍的一期构造事件，代表了印度板块与欧亚板块新生代碰撞的早期，其远程碰撞效应就已经同步传递至青藏高原北部地区。晚白垩世时期的构造热事件频度也相当高，说明了该时期构造隆升的广泛存在性，它的发生可能联系到雅鲁藏布江洋盆向北俯冲。而晚侏罗-早白垩世时期构造活动较微弱，代表了特提斯构造演化中的班公湖—怒江缝合带与欧亚大陆的增生拼贴。始新世至早中新世时期和中晚中新世以来的构造事件的产生则主要源于印度板块持续向北俯冲挤压，而高原北缘地区刚性块体的俯冲挤压，且始新世至早中新世时期构造运动幅度较大，东昆仑山体基本上是“瞬间”幕式抬升。
Based on the systematic studies of sedimentology, single detrital zirconchronology and apatite fission-track thermochrology of the Cenozoic stratum of theChangweitai sections before the Qimantage Mountain in the west section of the eastKunlun Montain, Combined with other research results, the structure evolution historyin the East Kunlun region is discussed. Following views have been summarized.
1. The Changweitai section mainly has three sedimentary systems: lake facies,delta facies and alluvial fan facies. Lake Facies developed from the XiaganchaigouFormation to the bottom of the Shangyoushashan Formation at the bottom of thesection, and it experienced two integrated lake-flooding and lake-withdrawal process.The Shangganchaigou Formation and the Xiayoushashan Formation period witnessedthe deepest lake water period, and the most stable lake basin period, with thedevelopment of the whole set of lake and laminated limestone. The water at the top ofthe Shangyoushashan Formation gradually became shallow and turns into transitionalenvironment. The lake experienced overall withering during the Shizigou sedimentaryperiod and mainly developed a whole set of basin marginal facies alluvial fansedimentary.
2. The thesis conducts a systematic analysis of the microscopically identificationfeatures and cathode luminescence feature of the main detrital component in theChangweitai section, and statistics of the vertical content of the Changweitai section.The results show that vertically the change of the debris mainly concentrates betweenthe Shangganchaigou Formation and the Xiaganchaigou Formation, theShangyoushashan Formation and the Xiayoushashan Formation. Significant changeshave been noticed in the content of the quartz gross, microcline, intrusive rock debrisand metamorphic rock debris; while tremendous changes also occur between the top and bottom of the Youshashan Formation in the content of the quartz gross, quartzwith intrusive rock sources, quartz with the metamorphic rock sources, plagioclase,debris gross, effusive rock debris and intrusive rock debris. The changes of the debriscontent may represent the coming up of the tectonic event in the source region. At thesame time, contrastive analysis of the debris content also reveals that QimantageMontain is indeed the source of the Changweitai section.
3. Single detrital zircon chronology in the Changweitai section has beenconducted. Most zircons are colorless and transparent or smoky gray magmatic originzircon, with only small amount of light purple, isabelline and smoky gray magmaticorigin, and even less amount of hydrothermal solution zircon. Typomorphicpeculiarities of the zircon between each stratum also reveal significant differences,mainly in the mutation of the color, size and ratio of the length and width in theShizigou Formation and Shangyoushashan Formation. Moreover, slight changes ofthe ratio of length and width of the zircon also took place in the ShangganchaigouFormation and Xiayoushashan Formation. The features perhaps indicate the changesof the material source during the period.
The isotope chronological research of the debris zircon U-Pb shows that agespectrum characteristics has similar U-Pb characteristic peak in the Cenozoic stratumof the Qaidam Basin, suggesting they have similar source area. Comparison with theisotope chronological age characteristics of peripheral orogenic belts reveals that agespectrum of the debris zircon from the Cenozoic of the Changweitai section is similarwith the East Kunlun Mountain, which indicates that the East Kunlun Mountain hasalways been the main source area of the Qaidam Basin since the XiaganchaigouFormation, and also means that the initial uplift of the Qimantage Mountain in thewest part of the East Kunlun Mountain occurs early than at least the late Eocene.However the Paleozoic debris zircon features on the vertical direction show thatsignificant changes have taken place of the source components provided by the EastKunlun Mountain for the basin, at least between Shangganchaigou and XiaganchaigouFormation stratum, and Shangyoushashan and Xiayoushashan Formation stratum.
4. Apatite fission-track thermochrological research shows there are five tectonicactivities events in the East Kunlun region since Middle and Late Mesozoic: LateJurassic to Early Cretaceous (150-120Ma), Late Mesozoic (100-70Ma), EarlyCenozoic (65-40Ma), from Eocene to Early and Middle Miocene (30-15Ma), andsince Middle and Late Miocene (15-2Ma). Tectothermal events in each period havebeen identified by isotope chronology of the Kunlun areas and northern margins of the plateau and also some sporadic tectonic records.
The tectonic denudation movements of Early Cenozoic in the research areas isthe most common event in the orogenic belt of east Kunlun Mountain, which canexhibit the early period of Cenozoic collision of India Plate and Eurasian Plate. Theeffect of collision can be seen in the northern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Thephenomenon of structuring in the Mesozoic epoch is in great frequency, which showsthe existence and occurrence of tectonic uplift in this epoch. In the meantime, thephenomenon might be caused by the northern thrusting of the Yarlung Zangbo Riverbasin. However, the movement during the late Jurassic period and the earlyCretaceous period is not active, which can represent the Hyperplasia collage ofBangong Lake—Nujiang ophiolite belt and Eurasian continent in the evolution ofTethys structure. The tectonic events during the Eocene and the Miocene are mainlycaused by the constant thrusting and squeezing of India Plate. Because of the thrustingand squeezing of the rigid blocks from northern part of the plateau, and the greatmovements during Eocene to Early Miocene, the east Kunlun Mountain was formedlike a sudden rising curtain.
1、长尾台剖面主要发育湖泊相、三角洲相和冲积扇相三大沉积体系。剖面下部自下干柴沟组至上油砂山组下部皆发育湖相沉积，并经历过两次完整的湖泛和湖退过程，上干柴沟组和下油砂山组沉积时期是湖泊水体最深时期，也是湖盆基底最稳定时期，发育有大套的湖相叠层石灰岩。上油砂山组顶部水体逐步变浅，转变成过渡环境。狮子沟组沉积时期，湖泊水体全面萎缩，主要发育一套盆地边缘相冲积扇沉积。
2、系统总结了长尾台剖面主要碎屑颗粒的显微构造鉴别特征及阴极发光特征，并对长尾台剖面垂向含量进行了统计。结果显示：碎屑组分垂向上变化主要集中在上、下干柴沟组之间和上、下油砂山之间。发生在上、下干柴沟组地层之间的有：岩浆岩来源和喷出岩来源石英、微斜长石、岩屑总量、侵入岩岩屑和变质岩岩屑，而岩浆岩来源和喷出岩来源石英、斜长石、喷出岩岩屑、侵入岩岩屑在上、下油砂山组地层之间发生了明显跳跃。这些碎屑颗粒的改变可能代表了源区构造事件的发生。同时，碎屑颗粒的物源对比分析和古水流数据说明，祁漫塔格山是长尾台剖面的物源。
3、对长尾台剖面碎屑锆石展开了成因矿物学和同位素年代学的研究。结果发现绝大多数锆石为无色透明或烟灰色岩浆成因锆石，少量的呈浅紫色、褐黄色、烟灰色变质成因锆石，极少量的热液型锆石。各地层锆石标型特征存在明显差异，主要体现在狮子沟组与上油砂山之间的锆石颜色、大小和长宽比值的突变。此外，在上干柴沟组与下油砂山组之间的锆石长宽比值的也发生了轻微的改变。这些标型特征的改变或许暗示了在此期间物源区物质组分的改变。
碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究表明，锆石的年龄谱系特征显示出柴达木盆地新生代地层中碎屑锆石具有相似的U-Pb特征峰值，反映物源具有一定相似性。对比周缘造山带同位素年代学年龄组成特征，显示出长尾台剖面自始新世以来碎屑锆石的年龄谱征与东昆仑山岩浆活动存在极为相似的峰值特征，暗示了东昆仑山自下干柴沟组沉积以来一直都是柴达木盆地的主要物源，同时意味着东昆仑山西段祁漫塔格山的初始隆起至少早于晚始新世。但是古生代碎屑锆石份子的垂向变化特征又显示出在柴达木盆地沉积时期，至少在上、下干柴沟组地层之间和上、下油砂山组地层之间，东昆仑山为盆地提供物源的物质组成曾经发生过明显的改变。
4、碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹年代学研究表明：东昆仑山地区存在自中生代中晚期以来的五期较大规模的构造活动事件，它们分别为晚侏罗世至早白垩世时期（150-120Ma）、晚白垩世（100-70Ma）、古新世-始新世（65-40Ma）、始新世至早中新世时期（30-15Ma）和中晚中新世以来（15-2Ma）。各个时期的构造热事件都得到东昆仑山地区及高原北缘地区同位素年代学和一些零星的地质记录所证实。
研究区古新世-始新世的构造剥露运动是东昆仑山造山带构造-热活动最活跃也是最普遍的一期构造事件，代表了印度板块与欧亚板块新生代碰撞的早期，其远程碰撞效应就已经同步传递至青藏高原北部地区。晚白垩世时期的构造热事件频度也相当高，说明了该时期构造隆升的广泛存在性，它的发生可能联系到雅鲁藏布江洋盆向北俯冲。而晚侏罗-早白垩世时期构造活动较微弱，代表了特提斯构造演化中的班公湖—怒江缝合带与欧亚大陆的增生拼贴。始新世至早中新世时期和中晚中新世以来的构造事件的产生则主要源于印度板块持续向北俯冲挤压，而高原北缘地区刚性块体的俯冲挤压，且始新世至早中新世时期构造运动幅度较大，东昆仑山体基本上是“瞬间”幕式抬升。
Based on the systematic studies of sedimentology, single detrital zirconchronology and apatite fission-track thermochrology of the Cenozoic stratum of theChangweitai sections before the Qimantage Mountain in the west section of the eastKunlun Montain, Combined with other research results, the structure evolution historyin the East Kunlun region is discussed. Following views have been summarized.
1. The Changweitai section mainly has three sedimentary systems: lake facies,delta facies and alluvial fan facies. Lake Facies developed from the XiaganchaigouFormation to the bottom of the Shangyoushashan Formation at the bottom of thesection, and it experienced two integrated lake-flooding and lake-withdrawal process.The Shangganchaigou Formation and the Xiayoushashan Formation period witnessedthe deepest lake water period, and the most stable lake basin period, with thedevelopment of the whole set of lake and laminated limestone. The water at the top ofthe Shangyoushashan Formation gradually became shallow and turns into transitionalenvironment. The lake experienced overall withering during the Shizigou sedimentaryperiod and mainly developed a whole set of basin marginal facies alluvial fansedimentary.
2. The thesis conducts a systematic analysis of the microscopically identificationfeatures and cathode luminescence feature of the main detrital component in theChangweitai section, and statistics of the vertical content of the Changweitai section.The results show that vertically the change of the debris mainly concentrates betweenthe Shangganchaigou Formation and the Xiaganchaigou Formation, theShangyoushashan Formation and the Xiayoushashan Formation. Significant changeshave been noticed in the content of the quartz gross, microcline, intrusive rock debrisand metamorphic rock debris; while tremendous changes also occur between the top and bottom of the Youshashan Formation in the content of the quartz gross, quartzwith intrusive rock sources, quartz with the metamorphic rock sources, plagioclase,debris gross, effusive rock debris and intrusive rock debris. The changes of the debriscontent may represent the coming up of the tectonic event in the source region. At thesame time, contrastive analysis of the debris content also reveals that QimantageMontain is indeed the source of the Changweitai section.
3. Single detrital zircon chronology in the Changweitai section has beenconducted. Most zircons are colorless and transparent or smoky gray magmatic originzircon, with only small amount of light purple, isabelline and smoky gray magmaticorigin, and even less amount of hydrothermal solution zircon. Typomorphicpeculiarities of the zircon between each stratum also reveal significant differences,mainly in the mutation of the color, size and ratio of the length and width in theShizigou Formation and Shangyoushashan Formation. Moreover, slight changes ofthe ratio of length and width of the zircon also took place in the ShangganchaigouFormation and Xiayoushashan Formation. The features perhaps indicate the changesof the material source during the period.
The isotope chronological research of the debris zircon U-Pb shows that agespectrum characteristics has similar U-Pb characteristic peak in the Cenozoic stratumof the Qaidam Basin, suggesting they have similar source area. Comparison with theisotope chronological age characteristics of peripheral orogenic belts reveals that agespectrum of the debris zircon from the Cenozoic of the Changweitai section is similarwith the East Kunlun Mountain, which indicates that the East Kunlun Mountain hasalways been the main source area of the Qaidam Basin since the XiaganchaigouFormation, and also means that the initial uplift of the Qimantage Mountain in thewest part of the East Kunlun Mountain occurs early than at least the late Eocene.However the Paleozoic debris zircon features on the vertical direction show thatsignificant changes have taken place of the source components provided by the EastKunlun Mountain for the basin, at least between Shangganchaigou and XiaganchaigouFormation stratum, and Shangyoushashan and Xiayoushashan Formation stratum.
4. Apatite fission-track thermochrological research shows there are five tectonicactivities events in the East Kunlun region since Middle and Late Mesozoic: LateJurassic to Early Cretaceous (150-120Ma), Late Mesozoic (100-70Ma), EarlyCenozoic (65-40Ma), from Eocene to Early and Middle Miocene (30-15Ma), andsince Middle and Late Miocene (15-2Ma). Tectothermal events in each period havebeen identified by isotope chronology of the Kunlun areas and northern margins of the plateau and also some sporadic tectonic records.
The tectonic denudation movements of Early Cenozoic in the research areas isthe most common event in the orogenic belt of east Kunlun Mountain, which canexhibit the early period of Cenozoic collision of India Plate and Eurasian Plate. Theeffect of collision can be seen in the northern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Thephenomenon of structuring in the Mesozoic epoch is in great frequency, which showsthe existence and occurrence of tectonic uplift in this epoch. In the meantime, thephenomenon might be caused by the northern thrusting of the Yarlung Zangbo Riverbasin. However, the movement during the late Jurassic period and the earlyCretaceous period is not active, which can represent the Hyperplasia collage ofBangong Lake—Nujiang ophiolite belt and Eurasian continent in the evolution ofTethys structure. The tectonic events during the Eocene and the Miocene are mainlycaused by the constant thrusting and squeezing of India Plate. Because of the thrustingand squeezing of the rigid blocks from northern part of the plateau, and the greatmovements during Eocene to Early Miocene, the east Kunlun Mountain was formedlike a sudden rising curtain.
引文
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