利用花绒寄甲防治云斑白条天牛研究
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摘要
云斑白条天牛Batocera horsfieldi (Hope)是我国重要的林木蛀干害虫,分布于湖南、湖北、山西、陕西、山东等省,对杨树、核桃、白蜡等多种树木造成严重危害。由于云斑白条天牛主要以幼虫在树干内部蛀食危害,目前以化学防治为主的防治措施效果欠佳,为了实现对该害虫的可持续控制,本研究在调查其危害状况的基础上利用花绒寄甲对其进行生物防治,主要结果如下。
云斑白条天牛在洞庭湖平原和江汉平原地区主要危害杨树、在黄河三角洲地区主要危害白蜡、在太行山区主要危害核桃。云斑白条天牛在不同地区、不同寄主上危害时,在食性、补充营养、生态习性等方面具有明显差异,这应该是该害虫在不同地理区域形成寄主专化性后所引发的生态位分化现象。云斑白条天牛危害杨树和白蜡时排粪孔的空间布局为聚集分布,确定在不同精度下以排粪孔作为生物防治调查指标时的理论抽样数及序贯抽样数。
在洞庭湖平原和江汉平原地区的杨树、黄河三角洲地区的白蜡以及太行山区的核桃上分别释放寄生性天敌花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides(Fairmaire)的卵和成虫对云斑白条天牛进行防治,并利用天敌释放前后被害株数、株粪孔数和株虫口数3个指标,对防治效果进行了分析和评价。各个试验点防治效果如下:
在湖南省洞庭湖平原和湖北省江汉平原地区选取9个云斑白条天牛危害的杨树林作为试验林,其中3个试验林释放花绒寄甲卵,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为83.27%,平均被害株校正减退率为74.33%;6个试验林释放花绒寄甲成虫,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为84.23%,平均被害株校正减退率为75.65%。
在山东省黄河三角洲地区的东营和滨州市选取8个云斑白条天牛危害的白蜡林作为试验林,其中5个试验林释放花绒寄甲卵,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为73.16%,平均被害株校正减退率为72.36%;3个试验林释放花绒寄甲成虫,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为77.20%,平均被害株校正减退率为69.68%。
在山西省太行山区的左权县选取3个云斑白条天牛危害的核桃林作为试验林,其中2个试验林释放花绒寄甲卵,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为46.66%,平均被害株校正减退率为49.31%;1个试验林释放花绒寄甲成虫,释放后第二年的株虫口校正减退率为42.86%,被害株校正减退率为49.16%。
以上防治试验结果表明,林间释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫均对云斑白条天牛有良好的控制效果,其控制效果优于线虫制剂和川硬皮肿腿蜂,接近于树干注药和虫道插毒签。通过对释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后当年和第二年的防治结果进行比较,表明释放天敌成虫比释放卵的防治效果略好,但二者差异不显著。由于人工繁殖花绒寄甲成虫的成本远高于卵,因此,在生产中大面积防治云斑白条天牛时,采用释放花绒寄甲卵的方法更为经济。
本研究在国内首次利用寄生性天敌花绒寄甲对云斑白条天牛进行生物防治,结果表明,天敌寄生控制云斑白条天牛幼虫的效果明显。展现了该生物防治技术在控制我国重大蛀干害虫云斑白条天牛上的广阔前景,值得进一步大力推广应用。
Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) is a serious forest trunk-borer pest on many kinds of trees, such as poplar, ash and walnut, in Hunan, Hubei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces, etc. At present, chemical control effect is poor because of the so hidden damage, inside trunks by B. horsfieldi larvae. For realizing sustainable control of B. horsfieldi, biocontrol techniques by releasing parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides(Fairmaire)is studied, based on damage survey. Main results showed as follows.
It was shown by survey that B. horsfieldi mainly attacked poplars in the Dongting Lake Plain and Jianghan Plain, ashes in the Huanghe Yellow River Delta, and walnuts in the Mt. Taihangshan region. Obvious differences of feeding habit, complementary nutrition, and ecological behavior of B. horsfieldi were found in different regions. It shoud be considered as a niche differentiation phenomenon because of host specalization in different geographic regions. The spatial distribution pattern of frass hole were both aggregated distribution when B. horsfieldi damaged poplars and ashes.By using the parametersαandβin Iwao's m*-m regression equation,the optimal and sequential sampling numbers, which the frass hole was biocontrol survey indexes, were determined at different accuracy when B. horsfieldi damaged the poplars and ashes.
Biocontrol of B. horsfieldi was applied by releasing the parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides eggs and adults, respectively on poplars in the Dongting Lake Plain and Jianghan Plain, ashes in the Huanghe Yellow River Delta, and walnuts in the Mt. Taihangshan region. Control effect was evaluated by three investigation indexes: infested trees, frass holes density and larvae density.
Adults and eggs of D. helophoroides were released in the fields for biocontrol Batocera horsfieldi at nine plots in Dongting Lake Plain of Hunan Province and Jianghan Plain of Hubei Province. The control effect was that: Among three egg-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was 83.27%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 74.33%. Among six adult-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was 84.23%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 75.65%.
They were also released in the fields for biocontrol B. horsfieldi at eight plots in Dongying and Binzhou City of Huanghe Yellow River Delta, Shandong Province. The control effect was among five egg-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was was 73.16%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 72.36%. Among three adult-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was 77.20%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 69.68%.
At other three plots in Zuoquan County of Mt. Taihangshan region, Shanxi Province, the control effect was at two egg-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was 46.66%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 43.31%. At adult-releasing plot, corrected reducing rate of larvae per tree was 42.86%, corrected reducing rate of infested trees was 49.16%.
Above results showed that releasing eggs or adults can effectively control B. horsfieldi,and the control effect was better than netmatode and Scleroderma sichuanensis, closer to stem injection pesticides and inserting poison pick. Releasing adults was a little better than releasing eggs by comparing the control effect in the first and second year, while significance test showed no obvious difference between them. Considering higher cost of releasing adults than eggs, it is suggested to release Dastarcus helophoroides eggs to control Batocera horsfieldi in fields.
This is the first attempt to apply parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides for biocontrol of Batocera horsfieldi. Result showed that this natural enemy can effetively control B. horsfieldi larvae. Control effect is good in the first year after releasing adults or eggs. It is proved that the biocontrol technique has bright prospect in the field of controlling B. horsfieldi and is worthy of further application.
云斑白条天牛在洞庭湖平原和江汉平原地区主要危害杨树、在黄河三角洲地区主要危害白蜡、在太行山区主要危害核桃。云斑白条天牛在不同地区、不同寄主上危害时,在食性、补充营养、生态习性等方面具有明显差异,这应该是该害虫在不同地理区域形成寄主专化性后所引发的生态位分化现象。云斑白条天牛危害杨树和白蜡时排粪孔的空间布局为聚集分布,确定在不同精度下以排粪孔作为生物防治调查指标时的理论抽样数及序贯抽样数。
在洞庭湖平原和江汉平原地区的杨树、黄河三角洲地区的白蜡以及太行山区的核桃上分别释放寄生性天敌花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides(Fairmaire)的卵和成虫对云斑白条天牛进行防治,并利用天敌释放前后被害株数、株粪孔数和株虫口数3个指标,对防治效果进行了分析和评价。各个试验点防治效果如下:
在湖南省洞庭湖平原和湖北省江汉平原地区选取9个云斑白条天牛危害的杨树林作为试验林,其中3个试验林释放花绒寄甲卵,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为83.27%,平均被害株校正减退率为74.33%;6个试验林释放花绒寄甲成虫,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为84.23%,平均被害株校正减退率为75.65%。
在山东省黄河三角洲地区的东营和滨州市选取8个云斑白条天牛危害的白蜡林作为试验林,其中5个试验林释放花绒寄甲卵,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为73.16%,平均被害株校正减退率为72.36%;3个试验林释放花绒寄甲成虫,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为77.20%,平均被害株校正减退率为69.68%。
在山西省太行山区的左权县选取3个云斑白条天牛危害的核桃林作为试验林,其中2个试验林释放花绒寄甲卵,释放后第二年的平均株虫口校正减退率为46.66%,平均被害株校正减退率为49.31%;1个试验林释放花绒寄甲成虫,释放后第二年的株虫口校正减退率为42.86%,被害株校正减退率为49.16%。
以上防治试验结果表明,林间释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫均对云斑白条天牛有良好的控制效果,其控制效果优于线虫制剂和川硬皮肿腿蜂,接近于树干注药和虫道插毒签。通过对释放花绒寄甲卵和成虫后当年和第二年的防治结果进行比较,表明释放天敌成虫比释放卵的防治效果略好,但二者差异不显著。由于人工繁殖花绒寄甲成虫的成本远高于卵,因此,在生产中大面积防治云斑白条天牛时,采用释放花绒寄甲卵的方法更为经济。
本研究在国内首次利用寄生性天敌花绒寄甲对云斑白条天牛进行生物防治,结果表明,天敌寄生控制云斑白条天牛幼虫的效果明显。展现了该生物防治技术在控制我国重大蛀干害虫云斑白条天牛上的广阔前景,值得进一步大力推广应用。
Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) is a serious forest trunk-borer pest on many kinds of trees, such as poplar, ash and walnut, in Hunan, Hubei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Shandong Provinces, etc. At present, chemical control effect is poor because of the so hidden damage, inside trunks by B. horsfieldi larvae. For realizing sustainable control of B. horsfieldi, biocontrol techniques by releasing parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides(Fairmaire)is studied, based on damage survey. Main results showed as follows.
It was shown by survey that B. horsfieldi mainly attacked poplars in the Dongting Lake Plain and Jianghan Plain, ashes in the Huanghe Yellow River Delta, and walnuts in the Mt. Taihangshan region. Obvious differences of feeding habit, complementary nutrition, and ecological behavior of B. horsfieldi were found in different regions. It shoud be considered as a niche differentiation phenomenon because of host specalization in different geographic regions. The spatial distribution pattern of frass hole were both aggregated distribution when B. horsfieldi damaged poplars and ashes.By using the parametersαandβin Iwao's m*-m regression equation,the optimal and sequential sampling numbers, which the frass hole was biocontrol survey indexes, were determined at different accuracy when B. horsfieldi damaged the poplars and ashes.
Biocontrol of B. horsfieldi was applied by releasing the parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides eggs and adults, respectively on poplars in the Dongting Lake Plain and Jianghan Plain, ashes in the Huanghe Yellow River Delta, and walnuts in the Mt. Taihangshan region. Control effect was evaluated by three investigation indexes: infested trees, frass holes density and larvae density.
Adults and eggs of D. helophoroides were released in the fields for biocontrol Batocera horsfieldi at nine plots in Dongting Lake Plain of Hunan Province and Jianghan Plain of Hubei Province. The control effect was that: Among three egg-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was 83.27%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 74.33%. Among six adult-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was 84.23%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 75.65%.
They were also released in the fields for biocontrol B. horsfieldi at eight plots in Dongying and Binzhou City of Huanghe Yellow River Delta, Shandong Province. The control effect was among five egg-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was was 73.16%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 72.36%. Among three adult-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was 77.20%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 69.68%.
At other three plots in Zuoquan County of Mt. Taihangshan region, Shanxi Province, the control effect was at two egg-releasing plots, corrected mean reducing rate of larvae per tree was 46.66%, corrected mean reducing rate of infested trees was 43.31%. At adult-releasing plot, corrected reducing rate of larvae per tree was 42.86%, corrected reducing rate of infested trees was 49.16%.
Above results showed that releasing eggs or adults can effectively control B. horsfieldi,and the control effect was better than netmatode and Scleroderma sichuanensis, closer to stem injection pesticides and inserting poison pick. Releasing adults was a little better than releasing eggs by comparing the control effect in the first and second year, while significance test showed no obvious difference between them. Considering higher cost of releasing adults than eggs, it is suggested to release Dastarcus helophoroides eggs to control Batocera horsfieldi in fields.
This is the first attempt to apply parasitoid Dastarcus helophoroides for biocontrol of Batocera horsfieldi. Result showed that this natural enemy can effetively control B. horsfieldi larvae. Control effect is good in the first year after releasing adults or eggs. It is proved that the biocontrol technique has bright prospect in the field of controlling B. horsfieldi and is worthy of further application.
引文
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