不同地区气候环境事件演变的研究方法探索与应用
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摘要
历史上发生的气候环境事件是全球气候变化研究的重点和热点之一,也是深入理解全球变化驱动机制的重要方面。自20世纪以来,由自然和人为原因所导致的环境气候事件日益增多,其影响因素复杂,影响范围广泛,因而也引起了人们对自然环境气候变化越来越多的关注。有甄别地选择合适的研究载体和研究方法,对不同地区受自然和人为因素影响所导致的不同类型的气候环境事件进行深入研究,是理解事件发生机制的有效途径。而对历史时期和现代条件下不同类型气候环境事件的研究,也是为了能够更好地“以古论今”,并为分析和预测未来气候环境条件的变化特征提供必要的科学依据。
本文分别选择位于中国浙江舟山朱家尖岛观音湾海滩上的泥裂构造,位于中国北黄海西部泥质区的沉积柱,位于北极新奥尔松地区的现代苔藓和表层土壤样品,和位于北极Juttahomen岛地区的泥炭剖面等为主要研究对象,综合年代学(210Pb、137Cs、光释光定年、AMS14C定年等)、粘土矿物矿相学(定性和半定量分析方法)、孢粉学、元素地球化学和粒度等多种指标的研究和分析方法,集中讨论了各研究载体所反映的不同时间尺度和区域背景下的气候环境事件。并尝试为千年尺度古气候事件和近现代受人为和自然因素共同影响的短时间尺度气候环境变化研究提供更多的研究载体和研究思路,为更好地预测未来提供科学基础。同时也考虑到不同环境和时间尺度下所采用的研究方法和取样之间的差别。
本文所涉及的主要内容和结果如下：
1.浙江舟山朱家尖岛泥裂中记录的千年尺度古气候事件研究
泥裂是一种常见的地层构造,一般常常被应用于地质层序的判断方面,但过去很少有研究者对其所蕴含的气候环境特征进行深入研究。特别是对于泥裂构造的年代学特征大都停留在其所在地层的地质年代,很少有对泥裂开裂时间进行的详细研究见诸报道。
本文对位于浙江舟山朱家尖岛海滩泥上的泥裂构造进行了包括年代学、孢粉学、粘土矿物矿相学和元素地球化学等多指标的分析,对泥裂不同层位(泥裂边泥、裂缝填充泥和泥裂盖层)充填样品的不同环境指标特征进行了对比分析。
研究结果表明,朱家尖岛所发育的泥裂构造并非是多次沉积环境干湿交替的结果,而很可能是一次大规模沉积环境变化的产物,其裂缝开裂时间发生于31.2-30.4cal ka B.P.期间。不同环境替代性指标的研究结果表明,裂缝开裂期间,研究地区植被衰落,整体气候类型相对其它时期表现出明显的寒冷干燥的特征。显然朱家尖岛的泥裂构造对应于一次大规模的气候快速变冷事件,反映了当地生态系统发生的重大变化。对比邻近区域其它研究载体的结果发现,浙江朱家尖岛的泥裂构造是Heinrich3事件在研究区域的反映和直接的景观证据。
泥裂构造为研究第四纪时期的气候快速变化事件提供了一种新的研究材料和研究方法。
2.中国北黄海泥质沉积物记录的气候环境事件研究
对过去由自然和人为因素所引起的气候环境事件的重建能够为探讨事件促发机制和发生规律提供科学依据,但环境载体的不同指标特征对不同事件的敏感程度也不相同,因此需要针对不同事件类型选择合适的指标。
本文对位于中国北黄海西部泥质沉积中的沉积柱38002进行了年代学(210Pb、137Cs(?)旨标)、粒度和元素地球化学指标(包括Pb、Hg等)的测定和分析,并综合前人的研究结果和历史文献记录,对沉积柱不同指标特征所指示的气候环境事件进行了分析和集中讨论。
年代学测试结果表明,38002沉积柱中样品的平均沉积速率为0.13cm/yr,据此得到38002沉积柱的沉积时间为1755-2009AD,沉积柱反映了过去254年来研究地区的气候环境变化信息。对北黄海泥质沉积38002沉积柱中不同指标的分析结果表明,北黄海泥质区受陆源河流输入影响显著,特别是在近150年来,明显受到了黄河输沙的影响。
沉积柱中粒度的分选系数、有机指标(TOC、TN和TOC/TN)和其它部分元素指标(Ni/Al、Mn/Al、Cr/Al、Co/Al和Se/Al)在21cm深处的变化都明确指示了1855AD所发生的黄河改道事件的发生；特别是分选系数,对发生于1938AD和1978AD的两次相对小规模的黄河改道事件也都有敏感指示。沉积柱中受人类活动影响较大的元素指标(Pb/Al、Zn/Al、Se/Al和TOC、TC、TN等)在表层10cm样品中出现的增长趋势,明显受到了中国大陆地区工农业以及水产养殖业等快速发展的影响,是中国经济快速发展过程的明确指示。
北黄海泥质沉积中粒度和元素地球化学指标的变化分别在不同程度上指示了中国大陆地区的气候环境历史事件。这类事件拥有明确的时间特征和标志性的指标变化特征,可以作为中国浅海陆架沉积中有效的时间节点,对于建立沉积柱的年代学标尺有潜在的应用价值。
3.北极环境样品中记录的气候环境事件
北极新奥尔松地区远离人类主要活动区,本地人类污染排放源罕见,相对其它同纬度地区而言,拥有更为丰富的生物群落,因而能够对气候环境的波动作出敏感反映,是研究环境变化,特别是全球背景下环境污染物分布和传播的良好场所。
1)本文对位于北极新奥尔松地区煤矿开采区、机场周边等人类活动区以及少人类干扰区共81个采样点的苔藓(Dicranum angustum)和下覆土壤样品,以及区域内采集的煤和煤矸石样品,进行了锑(Sb)元素含量的测定。并综合前人的研究结果,对比了不同地区地表系统中Sb的分布特征,对本地区Sb在不同环境材料中的分布进行了集中讨论。
结果表明,新奥尔松地区煤和煤矸石样品中的Sb含量很低(约为0.1mg/kg),本地煤层的暴露风化过程不会引起表层土壤和苔藓中Sb含量的升高。
新奥尔松地区表层土壤中Sb含量的分布显示,本地区表层土壤中Sb含量的参考值为0.313mg/kg,其结果远低于土壤中Sb的环境容量,不会对当地生态系统产生毒害作用。影响土壤中Sb分布特征的主要因素包括过去的煤矿开采活动和现代道路交通的作用,同时海浪冲刷等自然作用过程也会在一定程度上对其分布产生影响。
新奥尔松地区苔藓植被中Sb含量的分布显示,当地苔藓中Sb含量的参考值为0.108mg/kg。与表层土壤相比,地形和风向等自然因素对于Sb在苔藓植被中的表达影响更显著。此外,苔藓对Sb的吸收表现出一定程度上的生物累积作用,因而对于历时更久的Sb污染源反映更为敏感,对低污染区域Sb的监测有很大的应用前景。
2)本文对采自北极Juttahomen岛的泥炭剖面BI开展了210Pb、137Cs以及包括LOI550℃c在内的元素地球化学指标的综合测试,并对比本文和其他研究者对不同沉积端元的指标分析结果,集中讨论了污染元素在该泥炭剖面中的表达过程。
分析结果表明,泥炭剖面的主要沉积端元包括研究地区的沉积风化产物,当地的苔藓植被沉积,以及一定量的鸟粪输入。由于放射性核素(210Pb、137Cs)受到了沉积端元,特别是苔藓植被的富集和积累作用的影响,且BI剖面中不同层位的苔藓所占比例差异很大,因此在用于年代学判断时,需要先对相应指标进行校正。
元素指标的统计学分析结果表明,沉积剖面中Hg、Pb、Sb等元素在BI沉积中的表达源自不同的途径。其中Hg、Pb的含量变化受到了主要反映当地海鸟等种群数量变化的因子控制,因此认为,Hg、Pb等元素受海鸟类动物的活动影响程度较大,其主要输入可能来自于研究地区的海鸟粪(通过生物富集)；而Sb的含量受到了主要反映当地苔藓等植被沉积端元比例的因子控制,表明Sb等元素受当地苔藓植被沉积影响较大,其输入的主要来源可能源自于苔藓植被的大气吸收过程。
Abrupt paleo-climate and-environment events occurred in the history, one of the key points in the paleoclimate research, are strongly important for further understanding of the mechanisms for the global climate change. As the time goes by, the climate and environment condition becomes much more complex. Since the mid-20th century, climate and environment events related to both nature and human reasons have occurred much frequently. Researchers paid much more attentions to these events. More proper materials and suitable indicators are needed to distinguish the nature and anthropogenic reasons for these events in different study areas and would be useful for better understanding the impact process.
In the present study, the desiccation cracks discovered in Zhoushan Archipelago, East China Sea, the sediment core named38002, collected from Northern Yellow Sea Mud, as well as moss, topsoils, and a peat bog named BI, collected from Ny-Alesund, Arctic, were studied. Combining with the chronological, mineralogical, palynological, and geochemical results, the climate and environment change events could be reconstructed from these materials. In this paper, we tried to find more reliable materials and proxies for the further understanding of the thousand-year time-scale paleoclimate shift event and the climate and environment change events caused by nature and anthropogenic reasons during these centuries. It might be helpful for the climate prediction in the future. At the same time, different kinds of proxies and sampling methods were considered according to the environment and time-scales.
The main contents are summarized as follows:
1. Climate shift event recorded in the desiccation cracks discovered in Zhujiajian Island, Zhoushan Archipelago, Zhejiang Province
Desiccation crack, a kind of common and clear structures of ancient strata, has mainly been used as an evidence for sedimentary sequences. Few works have been done on the applications in paleoclimate and paleoenvironment research. Furthermore, the chronology character of desiccation cracks has been limited reported.
Large desiccation cracks, discovered in the intertidal zone of Zhujiajian Island, Zhejiang Province, were performed with chronological, palynological, mineralogical, and elemental geochemical analyses. By contrasting with the different proxies'results of the host sediment, the overlying sediment and filling sediment, we reconstructed the formation of the desiccation cracks.
Results showed that, the desiccation crack found in Zhujiajian Island, formed around31.2-30.4cal ka B.P., was very likely the production of an abrupt climate shift event. During the cracks period, the climate condition seemed to be much colder and more arid, with a decline in vegetation. The desiccation crack reflected a sudden climate change of the local ecosystem. Compared with different results indicated from other proxies, the climate event, inferred from the desiccation cracks in Zhujiajian Island, is quite likely linked to Heinrich event3via the East Asian Monsoon.
Desiccation cracks may provide a new proxy material for study paleoclimate and paleoenvironment in the Quaternary.
2. Climate and environment events recorded in the sediment core from Northern Yellow Sea Mud The reconstruction of the climate and environment events related to natural and anthropogenic reasons could provide useful scientific formation to discuss the principles and mechanisms. However, different proxies from the environment materials might be with different sensitivities to different events.
In the present study, a sediment core, named38002, was collected from the Northern Yellow Sea Mud. The sedimentary analyses, including the chronology information, grain size, as well as the elements contents, were performed. Combining with the former researches, the climate and environment events suggested in the sediment core were discussed.
The chronology result showed that, the average sedimentation rate was0.13cm/yr, therefore, the time span of the core is1755-2009AD. The sediment might provide the climate and environment change information during the past250years in the study area. The sedimentary characteristics showed that the study area was strongly influenced by the rivers surrounding Bohai Sea, and especially by Yellow River during the past150years.
The variation of different proxies from the sediment core might provide some information of the climate and environment change event occurred in the Chinese Mainland. The characters of sort coefficient of grain size, the organic proxies (TOC, TN and TOC/TN), and kinds of elements ratios (Ni/Al, Mn/Al, Cr/Al, Co/Al, and Se/Al) showed great variation in the depth of21cm, indicating the relocation of the Yellow River in1855AD. The relocations of the Yellow River entrance in1938AD and1978AD were also found in the sediment core according to the sort coefficient. The increasing trends of the elements (Pb, Zn, Se, TOC, TC, TN, and so on) changed a lot in the surface10cm (1950AD), suggesting the development of China.
The sedimentary characteristics of sediment core collected from Northern Yellow Sea Mud were considered as the implication for several major historical events occurred in China. Furthermore, these events might provide an accurate dating method in the study area.
3. Climate and environment records achieved in moss, topsoils, and peat bogs from Ny-Alesund, Arctic
Ny-Alesund, Arctic was far from the human society, with no obvious local pollution source. Contracting with other places at the same latitude, there were much more plants and animals in Ny-Alesund. Therefore, it was considered as one of the most important areas for the study of global climate change and the distribution and spread of pollutions.1) The moss(Dicranum angustum) and topsoil samples were collected in both disturbed and undisturbed areas in Ny-Alesund. Sb concentrations in all the samples as well as coal and gangue were examined. We discuss the biogeochemical process of Sb in different materials, and try to explain the Sb distribution in the study area.
Results show that the average Sb concentration of coal and gangue from Ny-Alesund is only0.1mg/kg (mean value). Therefore, the weathering process of local coal bed could not contribute to the increase of Sb concentrations in topsoil and moss in the study area.
The reference value of Sb in the topsoils from Ny-Alesund is0.313mg/kg, which is much lower than the predicted baseline Sb concentration for soil, suggesting that the Sb level in soil is unlikely to be hazardous. The distribution of Sb in topsoil samples was partially associated with traffic and historical mining activities. In addition, the decrease of Sb content in topsoil may be caused by the washing of snow water and seawater.
The reference value of Sb in moss from Ny-Alesund is0.108mg/kg. The appearance of the peak value of Sb concentration in moss was related with the location of sampling sites and wind field in the study area. Compared with topsoils, Sb in moss could reflect its accumulation on a larger and longer scale. Therefore,
moss could be used to estimate Sb pollution level in both highly and lightly polluted areas.
2) The peat bog named BI was collected in Juttahomen Island, Arctic. The analysis of210Pb,137Cs, and elements were performed to the subsamples. The expression process of major pollution element in the peat bog was discussed.
The peat bog sediments were composed of the vegetations, sedentary product of local bedrock, and droppings of seabirds. Since the210Pb and137Cs results were strongly influenced by the vegetations, and the contents of the vegetations changed a lot in the profile, the results of these radio isotopes should be calibrated before the establishment of sediment chronology.
The concentrations of the elements, as well as the Factor analysis results showed that Hg, Pb, and Sb accumulated in the samples were mainly transported via atmosphere. The contents of Hg and Pb might be influenced by the activities of seabirds via the droppings. However, the variation of Sb content is mainly correlated with local vegetations, and influenced by the absorption of moss.
本文分别选择位于中国浙江舟山朱家尖岛观音湾海滩上的泥裂构造,位于中国北黄海西部泥质区的沉积柱,位于北极新奥尔松地区的现代苔藓和表层土壤样品,和位于北极Juttahomen岛地区的泥炭剖面等为主要研究对象,综合年代学(210Pb、137Cs、光释光定年、AMS14C定年等)、粘土矿物矿相学(定性和半定量分析方法)、孢粉学、元素地球化学和粒度等多种指标的研究和分析方法,集中讨论了各研究载体所反映的不同时间尺度和区域背景下的气候环境事件。并尝试为千年尺度古气候事件和近现代受人为和自然因素共同影响的短时间尺度气候环境变化研究提供更多的研究载体和研究思路,为更好地预测未来提供科学基础。同时也考虑到不同环境和时间尺度下所采用的研究方法和取样之间的差别。
本文所涉及的主要内容和结果如下：
1.浙江舟山朱家尖岛泥裂中记录的千年尺度古气候事件研究
泥裂是一种常见的地层构造,一般常常被应用于地质层序的判断方面,但过去很少有研究者对其所蕴含的气候环境特征进行深入研究。特别是对于泥裂构造的年代学特征大都停留在其所在地层的地质年代,很少有对泥裂开裂时间进行的详细研究见诸报道。
本文对位于浙江舟山朱家尖岛海滩泥上的泥裂构造进行了包括年代学、孢粉学、粘土矿物矿相学和元素地球化学等多指标的分析,对泥裂不同层位(泥裂边泥、裂缝填充泥和泥裂盖层)充填样品的不同环境指标特征进行了对比分析。
研究结果表明,朱家尖岛所发育的泥裂构造并非是多次沉积环境干湿交替的结果,而很可能是一次大规模沉积环境变化的产物,其裂缝开裂时间发生于31.2-30.4cal ka B.P.期间。不同环境替代性指标的研究结果表明,裂缝开裂期间,研究地区植被衰落,整体气候类型相对其它时期表现出明显的寒冷干燥的特征。显然朱家尖岛的泥裂构造对应于一次大规模的气候快速变冷事件,反映了当地生态系统发生的重大变化。对比邻近区域其它研究载体的结果发现,浙江朱家尖岛的泥裂构造是Heinrich3事件在研究区域的反映和直接的景观证据。
泥裂构造为研究第四纪时期的气候快速变化事件提供了一种新的研究材料和研究方法。
2.中国北黄海泥质沉积物记录的气候环境事件研究
对过去由自然和人为因素所引起的气候环境事件的重建能够为探讨事件促发机制和发生规律提供科学依据,但环境载体的不同指标特征对不同事件的敏感程度也不相同,因此需要针对不同事件类型选择合适的指标。
本文对位于中国北黄海西部泥质沉积中的沉积柱38002进行了年代学(210Pb、137Cs(?)旨标)、粒度和元素地球化学指标(包括Pb、Hg等)的测定和分析,并综合前人的研究结果和历史文献记录,对沉积柱不同指标特征所指示的气候环境事件进行了分析和集中讨论。
年代学测试结果表明,38002沉积柱中样品的平均沉积速率为0.13cm/yr,据此得到38002沉积柱的沉积时间为1755-2009AD,沉积柱反映了过去254年来研究地区的气候环境变化信息。对北黄海泥质沉积38002沉积柱中不同指标的分析结果表明,北黄海泥质区受陆源河流输入影响显著,特别是在近150年来,明显受到了黄河输沙的影响。
沉积柱中粒度的分选系数、有机指标(TOC、TN和TOC/TN)和其它部分元素指标(Ni/Al、Mn/Al、Cr/Al、Co/Al和Se/Al)在21cm深处的变化都明确指示了1855AD所发生的黄河改道事件的发生；特别是分选系数,对发生于1938AD和1978AD的两次相对小规模的黄河改道事件也都有敏感指示。沉积柱中受人类活动影响较大的元素指标(Pb/Al、Zn/Al、Se/Al和TOC、TC、TN等)在表层10cm样品中出现的增长趋势,明显受到了中国大陆地区工农业以及水产养殖业等快速发展的影响,是中国经济快速发展过程的明确指示。
北黄海泥质沉积中粒度和元素地球化学指标的变化分别在不同程度上指示了中国大陆地区的气候环境历史事件。这类事件拥有明确的时间特征和标志性的指标变化特征,可以作为中国浅海陆架沉积中有效的时间节点,对于建立沉积柱的年代学标尺有潜在的应用价值。
3.北极环境样品中记录的气候环境事件
北极新奥尔松地区远离人类主要活动区,本地人类污染排放源罕见,相对其它同纬度地区而言,拥有更为丰富的生物群落,因而能够对气候环境的波动作出敏感反映,是研究环境变化,特别是全球背景下环境污染物分布和传播的良好场所。
1)本文对位于北极新奥尔松地区煤矿开采区、机场周边等人类活动区以及少人类干扰区共81个采样点的苔藓(Dicranum angustum)和下覆土壤样品,以及区域内采集的煤和煤矸石样品,进行了锑(Sb)元素含量的测定。并综合前人的研究结果,对比了不同地区地表系统中Sb的分布特征,对本地区Sb在不同环境材料中的分布进行了集中讨论。
结果表明,新奥尔松地区煤和煤矸石样品中的Sb含量很低(约为0.1mg/kg),本地煤层的暴露风化过程不会引起表层土壤和苔藓中Sb含量的升高。
新奥尔松地区表层土壤中Sb含量的分布显示,本地区表层土壤中Sb含量的参考值为0.313mg/kg,其结果远低于土壤中Sb的环境容量,不会对当地生态系统产生毒害作用。影响土壤中Sb分布特征的主要因素包括过去的煤矿开采活动和现代道路交通的作用,同时海浪冲刷等自然作用过程也会在一定程度上对其分布产生影响。
新奥尔松地区苔藓植被中Sb含量的分布显示,当地苔藓中Sb含量的参考值为0.108mg/kg。与表层土壤相比,地形和风向等自然因素对于Sb在苔藓植被中的表达影响更显著。此外,苔藓对Sb的吸收表现出一定程度上的生物累积作用,因而对于历时更久的Sb污染源反映更为敏感,对低污染区域Sb的监测有很大的应用前景。
2)本文对采自北极Juttahomen岛的泥炭剖面BI开展了210Pb、137Cs以及包括LOI550℃c在内的元素地球化学指标的综合测试,并对比本文和其他研究者对不同沉积端元的指标分析结果,集中讨论了污染元素在该泥炭剖面中的表达过程。
分析结果表明,泥炭剖面的主要沉积端元包括研究地区的沉积风化产物,当地的苔藓植被沉积,以及一定量的鸟粪输入。由于放射性核素(210Pb、137Cs)受到了沉积端元,特别是苔藓植被的富集和积累作用的影响,且BI剖面中不同层位的苔藓所占比例差异很大,因此在用于年代学判断时,需要先对相应指标进行校正。
元素指标的统计学分析结果表明,沉积剖面中Hg、Pb、Sb等元素在BI沉积中的表达源自不同的途径。其中Hg、Pb的含量变化受到了主要反映当地海鸟等种群数量变化的因子控制,因此认为,Hg、Pb等元素受海鸟类动物的活动影响程度较大,其主要输入可能来自于研究地区的海鸟粪(通过生物富集)；而Sb的含量受到了主要反映当地苔藓等植被沉积端元比例的因子控制,表明Sb等元素受当地苔藓植被沉积影响较大,其输入的主要来源可能源自于苔藓植被的大气吸收过程。
Abrupt paleo-climate and-environment events occurred in the history, one of the key points in the paleoclimate research, are strongly important for further understanding of the mechanisms for the global climate change. As the time goes by, the climate and environment condition becomes much more complex. Since the mid-20th century, climate and environment events related to both nature and human reasons have occurred much frequently. Researchers paid much more attentions to these events. More proper materials and suitable indicators are needed to distinguish the nature and anthropogenic reasons for these events in different study areas and would be useful for better understanding the impact process.
In the present study, the desiccation cracks discovered in Zhoushan Archipelago, East China Sea, the sediment core named38002, collected from Northern Yellow Sea Mud, as well as moss, topsoils, and a peat bog named BI, collected from Ny-Alesund, Arctic, were studied. Combining with the chronological, mineralogical, palynological, and geochemical results, the climate and environment change events could be reconstructed from these materials. In this paper, we tried to find more reliable materials and proxies for the further understanding of the thousand-year time-scale paleoclimate shift event and the climate and environment change events caused by nature and anthropogenic reasons during these centuries. It might be helpful for the climate prediction in the future. At the same time, different kinds of proxies and sampling methods were considered according to the environment and time-scales.
The main contents are summarized as follows:
1. Climate shift event recorded in the desiccation cracks discovered in Zhujiajian Island, Zhoushan Archipelago, Zhejiang Province
Desiccation crack, a kind of common and clear structures of ancient strata, has mainly been used as an evidence for sedimentary sequences. Few works have been done on the applications in paleoclimate and paleoenvironment research. Furthermore, the chronology character of desiccation cracks has been limited reported.
Large desiccation cracks, discovered in the intertidal zone of Zhujiajian Island, Zhejiang Province, were performed with chronological, palynological, mineralogical, and elemental geochemical analyses. By contrasting with the different proxies'results of the host sediment, the overlying sediment and filling sediment, we reconstructed the formation of the desiccation cracks.
Results showed that, the desiccation crack found in Zhujiajian Island, formed around31.2-30.4cal ka B.P., was very likely the production of an abrupt climate shift event. During the cracks period, the climate condition seemed to be much colder and more arid, with a decline in vegetation. The desiccation crack reflected a sudden climate change of the local ecosystem. Compared with different results indicated from other proxies, the climate event, inferred from the desiccation cracks in Zhujiajian Island, is quite likely linked to Heinrich event3via the East Asian Monsoon.
Desiccation cracks may provide a new proxy material for study paleoclimate and paleoenvironment in the Quaternary.
2. Climate and environment events recorded in the sediment core from Northern Yellow Sea Mud The reconstruction of the climate and environment events related to natural and anthropogenic reasons could provide useful scientific formation to discuss the principles and mechanisms. However, different proxies from the environment materials might be with different sensitivities to different events.
In the present study, a sediment core, named38002, was collected from the Northern Yellow Sea Mud. The sedimentary analyses, including the chronology information, grain size, as well as the elements contents, were performed. Combining with the former researches, the climate and environment events suggested in the sediment core were discussed.
The chronology result showed that, the average sedimentation rate was0.13cm/yr, therefore, the time span of the core is1755-2009AD. The sediment might provide the climate and environment change information during the past250years in the study area. The sedimentary characteristics showed that the study area was strongly influenced by the rivers surrounding Bohai Sea, and especially by Yellow River during the past150years.
The variation of different proxies from the sediment core might provide some information of the climate and environment change event occurred in the Chinese Mainland. The characters of sort coefficient of grain size, the organic proxies (TOC, TN and TOC/TN), and kinds of elements ratios (Ni/Al, Mn/Al, Cr/Al, Co/Al, and Se/Al) showed great variation in the depth of21cm, indicating the relocation of the Yellow River in1855AD. The relocations of the Yellow River entrance in1938AD and1978AD were also found in the sediment core according to the sort coefficient. The increasing trends of the elements (Pb, Zn, Se, TOC, TC, TN, and so on) changed a lot in the surface10cm (1950AD), suggesting the development of China.
The sedimentary characteristics of sediment core collected from Northern Yellow Sea Mud were considered as the implication for several major historical events occurred in China. Furthermore, these events might provide an accurate dating method in the study area.
3. Climate and environment records achieved in moss, topsoils, and peat bogs from Ny-Alesund, Arctic
Ny-Alesund, Arctic was far from the human society, with no obvious local pollution source. Contracting with other places at the same latitude, there were much more plants and animals in Ny-Alesund. Therefore, it was considered as one of the most important areas for the study of global climate change and the distribution and spread of pollutions.1) The moss(Dicranum angustum) and topsoil samples were collected in both disturbed and undisturbed areas in Ny-Alesund. Sb concentrations in all the samples as well as coal and gangue were examined. We discuss the biogeochemical process of Sb in different materials, and try to explain the Sb distribution in the study area.
Results show that the average Sb concentration of coal and gangue from Ny-Alesund is only0.1mg/kg (mean value). Therefore, the weathering process of local coal bed could not contribute to the increase of Sb concentrations in topsoil and moss in the study area.
The reference value of Sb in the topsoils from Ny-Alesund is0.313mg/kg, which is much lower than the predicted baseline Sb concentration for soil, suggesting that the Sb level in soil is unlikely to be hazardous. The distribution of Sb in topsoil samples was partially associated with traffic and historical mining activities. In addition, the decrease of Sb content in topsoil may be caused by the washing of snow water and seawater.
The reference value of Sb in moss from Ny-Alesund is0.108mg/kg. The appearance of the peak value of Sb concentration in moss was related with the location of sampling sites and wind field in the study area. Compared with topsoils, Sb in moss could reflect its accumulation on a larger and longer scale. Therefore,
moss could be used to estimate Sb pollution level in both highly and lightly polluted areas.
2) The peat bog named BI was collected in Juttahomen Island, Arctic. The analysis of210Pb,137Cs, and elements were performed to the subsamples. The expression process of major pollution element in the peat bog was discussed.
The peat bog sediments were composed of the vegetations, sedentary product of local bedrock, and droppings of seabirds. Since the210Pb and137Cs results were strongly influenced by the vegetations, and the contents of the vegetations changed a lot in the profile, the results of these radio isotopes should be calibrated before the establishment of sediment chronology.
The concentrations of the elements, as well as the Factor analysis results showed that Hg, Pb, and Sb accumulated in the samples were mainly transported via atmosphere. The contents of Hg and Pb might be influenced by the activities of seabirds via the droppings. However, the variation of Sb content is mainly correlated with local vegetations, and influenced by the absorption of moss.
引文
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