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流域尺度景观格局时空演变与生态系统健康评价研究
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摘要
本文以地处长白山西麓、龙岗火山第四纪活动区的龙湾自然保护区为研究对象,以流域为研究尺度,分析了30年来该区域景观格局的时空变化,论文研究区后河流域是长白山区典型山间河源小流域,也是松花湖重要支流辉发河上游流域,区域内生态系统类型多,具有良好的区域代表性。流域内地质构造特殊,地貌类型复杂多样,发育有中国泥炭储量最大的矿养型的泥炭沼泽湿地——金川湿地,及火山喷发演化而来的火口湖,是龙湾国家级自然保护区的核心区,对该流域的保护极具生态意义。本论文研究所获得的主要结论如下:
     (1)利用研究区1980年、1991年、2000年和2011年LandsatTM影像、1:50000地形图数据及航拍影像数据,结合行政区划图、土地利用现状图林业规划及林相图等资料,在遥感影像预处理的基础上,建立分类系统提取了土地利用/覆被信息。以遥感解译数据结合GIS空间分析方法和动态变化度量模型,从各景观类型的面积变化趋势到各景观类型的互相转化过程,逐步深入的分析了研究区31年间的时空变化,并通过景观格局指数计算,分析类型水平和景观水平的景观格局演化特征。流域景观格局及各景观类型间的变化表明:后河流域在整个研究时段内景观类型没有发生改变,变化主要表现在各个地类的构成比例和空间格局上。景观演变过程的结果为:居民用地增加,水田减少,旱田先是快速增加后略减少,湿地先退化再趋于稳定,森林面积略波动增加,但幅度不大。从动态转换过程看,流域内的各景观类型变化包括增加和减少双向变化。流域的景观格局演化特征在景观水平上表现为流域人类活动对景观格局的影响趋于向有目的的有规划的规则形状改造,且总体上变化不大;斑块水平上,研究区变化剧烈的景观类型分别为水田、旱田和居民地,受干扰明显。
     (2)本文从自然因素和人文因素分析了研究区流域尺度的景观格局演变驱动力,其中自然因素以区域气象因子的年际变化特征为研究对象,应用MIKE SHE水文模拟软件构建了ET0蒸发经验模型,通过耦合最高气温、最低气温、湿度、风速等气象因子得到了流域潜在蒸发能力结果,给出了研究区域蒸发与降水关系,阐述了在目前的气候条件变化趋势下流域的自然来水量减小的趋势;人文因素分别从人口、社会经济、政策法规和市场调控方面进行了定性分析,并综合总人口、国民生产总值、基本建设投资、外资利用额、第一产业产值、第二产业产值、第三产业产值,农、林、牧、渔业指数,平均工资,居民消费水平,居民可支配收入等14项因素与建成区面积的关系进行了定量研究。经分析得知,研究时段内气候因子变化幅度不大,因此,人类活动是后河流域景观格局动态演化的主要驱动力。
     (3)在上述工作基础上,根据生态经济系统的能值流状况建立了一系列反映系统生态、经济产出水平的评价指标。按照能值分析的方法和步骤,对流域内各景观变化涉及的各种生态经济系统分别构建模型。用能值指标评价系统投入产出水平,进而根据研究区1980~2011年由于景观转化引起的生态经济效应的转变,较客观地解释了人类活动进行景观改造的目的。结果表明:各系统单位面积的生态经济投入和产出差别明显,在能值总投入方面,居民地的投入最高,河流、湖泊、水田和旱田其次但远低于前者,湿地、森林最低;在能值总产出方面,居民地最高,湖泊次之,之后依次为湿地、水田、森林,旱田较低。从研究区整体生态经济效益上看,景观格局变化带来的经济效益增加2.83×107US$,生态效益减少1.07×107US$,能值总产出增加1.03×1020sej,经济产出增加明显,但生态产出减少明显。从各阶段的变化速率来看,各级能值指标的年变化量呈先降低后增加的趋势。在整个研究时段内流域的生态、经济及复合生态系统整体可持续发展指标值都呈下降趋势,因此,后河流域的景观格局变化对流域生态系统的产出影响是使经济效益增长,但对生态环境的损害也非常明显,可持续发展空间缩小。
     (4)通过对研究区后河流域的结构与功能价值研究,明确了该生态系统的主要生态系统服务功能:支持服务、供给服务、调节服务、文化服务。对后河流域1980年、1991年、2000年、2011年的生态系统服务功能价值进行了评估,其中,流域生态系统提供的有物质载体的服务通过能值评估其服务功能价值量,对于没有物质载体的服务通过价值分类利用合理的价值评价方法评估。结果表明,1980~2011年间,后河流域总价值量呈波动变化,其驱动力来自人类活动造成的景观格局变化。结果表明:流域总的生态系统服务功能价值量从1980年的390050.06×104US$显著增加至1991年的396550.68×104US$,之后呈明显下降趋势,下降到了2000年的387616.09×104US$、又反弹至2011年的392722.75×104US$,与1991年相比下降2.25%和0.97%。从价值构成上看,支持功能价值的比重最大,约占整个生态系统服务功能价值的99%以上,其次是调节服务价值,之后是供给服务和文化服务价值,该构成说明,除表征生态系统基质的支持服务功能外,流域的生态系统运行过程对价值量的影响最大,为人类提供科研及休闲活动的场所是该系统最显著的文化功能价值,而提供粮食的农业生产虽然对景观过程影响很大,但创造的价值量小于自然系统的生态价值量。
     (5)在结合国内外学者研究的基础上,采用压力-状态-响应模型(PSR模型)对后河流域的健康状况进行综合评价。结合所研究的区域特征,根据生态系统的特性,本文构建PSR模型,其中包括14项分别从人类活动、生态系统、景观尺度刻画流域动态过程的评价指标,并运用层次分析法对各指标排序赋予权重,得到综合评价指数。其结果是:1980年、1991年、2000年、2011年分别为0.7750、0.7667、0.7189、0.7492,根据生态系统健康的分类级别,目前后河流域生态系统健康为0.7~0.9之间,表明该流域主要生态系统健康影响因素是受到政策与经济发展制约的人类活动,流域生态系统受到一定的改变但仍保持自然状态,景观格局相对稳定,结构比较合理,系统活力较强,外界压力小,仍可发挥正常的生态系统功能,系统尚稳定,流域总体生态系统健康水平处于较好。
Houhe River Basin, within the crater lake and fen peat wetlands dotted, located inLonggang Volcanic Clusters Region of Changbai Mountain, is a typical water source regionof the Changbai Mountain, as well as one important source of the Second Songhua River,and is also the centre region of Longwan National Nature Reserve. The basin includes specialgeological formations, complex and diverse landforms such as forests, wetlands, rivers,Crater Lake and other natural geographical units, where developed a wetland owing largepeat reserves-the Jinchuan wetland. So there is great ecological significance of the basinprotection.
     The main conclusions of the study are as follows:
     (1) The classification system of watershed land use/cover types was established and theland use/cover information was extracted on the basis of interpreting four remote sensingimages of1980,1991,2000and2011Landsat TM image, topographic maps and forest map.The spatial characteristic changes of the study area during31years were gradually in-deepanalyzed by using remote sensing interpretation data, GIS spatial analysis and dynamicchanges measurement mode. Meanwhile the Landscape Pattern Indexes were used to analyzethe landscape pattern transformation characters on the type and landscape level. The changesof basin landscape pattern and types indicate: the landscape types of Houhe River basin werenot changed; the main changes were the landscapes proportions and the spatial pattern. Theprocess of landscape evolution was that residential land area increased, paddy fields areadeclined, dry farmland firstly rapidly increased and then slightly reduced, wetland depredatedfirst and then stabilized, forest area slightly increased volatility, but not much. Dynamicconversion process indicates that the basin landscape type changes include the two-waychange of increase and decrease. On the landscape level, human activities impact on thelandscape pattern made it tends to be shaped because of the human aims; on the plaque level,paddy fields, dry farmland and residential areas changed dramatically, which interferedobviously.
     (2) The annual change character of regional meteorological factors was analyze in thispaper. MIKE SHE hydrological modeling software was used to set up the evapotranspirationempirical model, which coupling the maximum temperature, minimum temperature,humidity, wind speed, precipitation and other meteorological factors, in order to calculate thebasin potential evaporation capacity, and the relationship between precipitation andevapotranspiration. According to the result above, the reduce trend of water resources in thebasin under current climate condition was described. The reason of landscape type transformation in the basin is complex, which can be concluded in two dominations of moreintensive human activities and climate change. Climatic factor in the period changes slightly,therefore, that human activities were the main dominate driving force for dynamictransformation of landscape pattern.
     (3)On the basis of the above work, the ecological system value was evaluated and aseries of evaluation indicators reflecting the level of ecological and economic yield wereestablished depend on the emergy theory and method. According to Emergy analysismethods and procedures, model of ecological economic systems related with landscapepattern transformation was constructed separately. The emergy indicators was used toevaluate system input-output level, and then explain the purpose of human activitiestransferring landscape pattern on the foundations of ecological economic changes due tolandscape transformation from1980to2000. The results show that: the total emergy inputsand outputs were obvious different between every sub-landscape system in unit area, themost input landscape per unit was residents, lakes, paddy fields and dry fields followed butfar lower than the former, the lowest was wetland and forest; The difference between everylandscape unit yield is large, residents and lakes highest, wetlands, forests and paddy fieldsSecondly, dry farmland lowest. On the aspect of overall ecological and economic benefitsof the study area, landscape pattern change lead to economic benefits increase of2.83×107US$, the ecological benefits reduction of1.07×107US$, total emergy yield increaseof1.03×1020sej. Economic yield increased significantly, but the ecological yield wassignificantly reduced. The emergy indexes first decreased and then increased. In the entirestudy period, the ecological, economic and ecological system sustainable development indexvalue tended to decrease. Therefore Houhe River basin Landscape pattern change lead to theeconomic benefits growth, but very obvious damage to the ecological environment,meanwhile the sustainable development space was narrowing.
     (4)On the basis of the pattern structure and function studies, the main ecosystemservices function of houhe river basin was determined, which consist with basic services andsocial services, corresponding value of base value (the value of the substance, process value,existence value) and social values (aesthetic value, cultural value of scientific research,etc.)separately. The Houhe river ecological function values of1980,1991,2000and2011were evaluated by making use of the effective value classification and reasonable evaluationmethod, including the market price method, expenditure method, shadow project method, theproductivity change method, human capital method, the production function method and theecological value method. The results suggest that between1980and2011,the total value ofhouhe river basin significantly fluctuated. landscape pattern transformation owing to humanactivities significantly affect the watershed ecosystem services function. Basin totalecosystem services value quantity decreased significantly from1980to1991, separately390050.06×104US$and1991396550.68×104US$, and decreased continuously after1991, in2000the total value was387616.09×104US$, and then in2011recovered to 392722.75×104US$respectively, decrease of2.25%and0.97%respectively compared with1991. In the aspect of value composition, support service function is the largest, accountingfor about99%of the entire ecosystem services, Second is regulation services, followed bythe production supply services and cultural services. The composition indicates that apartfrom the support service which is the material basic of nature ecosystem, ecologicalprocess make the largest impact on the entire value, Culture service value, mainly consistedof scientific research and leisure service, is a subsidiary function of system. Even thoughagricultural production activities make a great impact on the landscape transformationprocess, value contribution is much less than the natural ecological system.
     (5)The comprehensive health assessment of Houhe River basin ecosystem was madeby utilizing the pressure-state-response model (PSR model), on the base of the latelyresearch achievement of domestic and foreign scholars on the ecosystem health assessment.The indexes of PSR model include the human disturbance index and population densityindex. status indicators were selected from the organization, vitality, functionality andflexibility aspects of landscape diversity, and average plaque area index, hydrologicalregulation index biodiversity conservation index net primary productivity index, flexibilityindex and pollutants purification index, to reflect the structure and function of the ecosystem.fragmentation index and the economic rate of return index were choose as houhe river basinecology system health evaluation index, using analytical hierarchy process to weight thesorted indicators, and then calculate comprehensive evaluation index. The final result ofcomprehensive Assessment Index in1980,1991,2000,2011is0.7750、0.7667、0.7189、0.7492respectively. According to the index classification level of ecosystem health, thehealth value of Houhe River basin is belong the interval of0.7to0.9, that means, at presenthuman activities governed by the policies and economic development is the main influencingfactors of the basin ecosystem health; basin ecosystem to be some changes, but still maintaina nature state; landscape pattern is relatively stable and the structure relatively reasonable,system vitality relatively strong, pressure relatively light; the basin can still play normalecosystem functions, system is still stable; the basin ecosystem health is staying on a goodlevel.
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