公路运输条件下牛的运输应激反应研究
摘要
试验以研究公路运输条件下牛的应激反应为目的，以装卸方法、装载方法、空间分配、运输时间、禁食禁水等应激源为重点，从短途运输对牛只血液和行为指标的影响，禁食禁水长途运输对牛只血液指标的影响，牛只运输时坡道装卸对其体温和行为的影响，装卸坡道设计对牛只卸车行为的影响，空间分配与拴系对运输牛只维持行为的影响以及长途运输中饲喂干草和饮水对牛只行为、血液生化、血常规和离子浓度指标影响的动态研究等方面，深入研究运输动物的福利，探讨运输过程中动物机体对抗应激源的机理，以求为运输车辆的改进和运输动物保护立法提供数据和理论依据。
试验一短途运输对牛只血液指标和行为的影响
试验在我国典型的短途运输（省内运输）条件下进行，选择10头20月龄左右（532.1±23.5kg）西门塔尔杂交母牛为试验对象，以506kg/m~2高密度散放装载，运输135min，省道和国道路程各一半，装车后启运前和卸车后分别采集颈静脉血，运输途中间隔20min观察记录牛只趴卧、站立和位置变化，研究短途运输对牛只血液指标和行为的影响。结果表明：135min运输可对牛构成应激源，主要表现为动物血清LDH和CK浓度的显著升高，但是机体只处于运输开始时的皮质醇浓度变化和持续的酶活性变化水平上的调节，可以维持机体能量供应，没有影响到机体的整体代谢水平，肝脏也未受明显损伤。即使短途运输且高密度装载，动物仍需要足够的趴卧空间以获得舒适的休息，但是高密度将导致趴卧牛无法再次站立。对牛来讲，装卸可能比运输本身的刺激更强烈，拥挤状况下的装车可能比卸车的刺激更强烈。
试验二禁食禁水长途运输对牛只血液指标的影响
试验在我国典型的长途运输（东北地区至河南省）条件下进行，选择10头15月龄左右（312.6±11.6kg）西门塔尔杂交母牛为试验对象，以433kg/m~2拴系装载，运输33h，以高速公路为主，装车前、卸车后和卸车后恢复72h分别采集颈静脉血，研究禁食禁水长途运输对牛只血液指标的影响。结果表明，在我国典型长途运输模式下，禁食禁水是重要应激源。禁食禁水长途运输33h可导致动物代谢水平升高、生长受阻、肝脏受损、离子平衡失调，但是免疫机能未受明显损害。运输后72h，牛只代谢水平、肝功能和离子水平有所恢复，但是未恢复到运输前状态。T3、T_4、GH和AST可作为评价动物长途运输应激的基本依据。
试验三牛只运输时坡道装卸对其体温和行为的影响
试验以我国典型装卸方法为试验条件，选择42头西门塔尔杂交公牛（363.2±18.1kg）为试验对象，随机分成2组，每组21头，以346kg/m~2装载，分别接受坡道装卸和无坡道装卸2种处理。装车前和卸车后测量直肠温度，装卸过程中观察记录牛只行为，研究2种装卸方法对牛只体温和行为的影响。结果表明，有坡道和无坡道2种装卸方式对牛均有刺激，且有坡道组刺激更强烈，表现为体温显著升高和逃跑、攻击、哞叫等应激行为反应。牛抵御装卸刺激的行为策略是首先选择逃跑，受阻后是攻击，最后是哞叫。
试验四装卸坡道设计对牛只卸车行为的影响
试验以荷斯坦母牛为研究对象。78头试验牛被随机分为3组，分别接受3种卸车坡道的处理。坡道1为土质坡道，高度约1.2m，坡度约37.5%，无侧面护栏，车辆与坡道间有踏板，接受该处理的牛33头。坡道2为土质坡道，高度约1.1m，坡度约34.4%，车辆与坡道间无踏板，坡道离车辆0.3m，接受该处理的牛27头。坡道3为土质坡道，高度约1.1m，坡度约34.4%，车辆与坡道间无踏板，坡道离车辆0.5m，接受该处理的牛18头。卸车过程中采用Panasonic HDC-HS700数码摄像机全程录像，记录全部牛只的行为。记录卸车用时和卸车过程中发生畏缩行为、试探行为、正常走下、跳跃下车、异常卸车的牛头数。结果表明，3种坡道卸车对牛均有压力，主要表现为畏缩行为、试探行为发生率较高；卸车时车辆与坡道之间的踏板可以使牛只卸车更顺利，而车辆与坡道之间存在空档对牛只压力更大。年龄未对卸车行为造成显著影响，同时驱赶几头牛下车会使卸车更顺利。
试验五空间分配与拴系对运输牛只维持行为的影响
试验分为2次进行。第1次试验牛为42头西门塔尔杂交公牛（363.2kg），随机分成2组（每组21头），以346kg/m2装载，分别接受头尾交叉排列拴系装载和散放装载2种处理，禁食禁水运输34h，以高速公路为主。第2次试验牛为21头西门塔尔杂交公牛（337.5kg），其中17头牛头部朝向与行车方向垂直并列排列，4头牛头部朝向与行车方向一致前后排列，禁食禁水运输40h，以高速公路为主。运输过程中间隔2~3h停车观察记录牛只趴卧行为（被侵犯、未被侵犯），反刍行为，牛只被缰绳牵拉情况（缰绳松驰、缰绳紧张）、牛只排列情况（有序、无序），间隔2h记录环境温度。结果表明，排列方式对牛只趴卧空间影响较大，反刍行为随运输时间延长而减少，但是排列方式没有影响反刍行为。拴系严重影响牛只位置的变化，但是没有影响牛只的趴卧，而且拴系牛只趴卧时容易被其他牛只踩压或踦跨。
试验六长途运输中饲喂干草和饮水对牛只行为的影响
试验牛选自焦作多尔克司示范乳业有限公司，舍饲散养，自由采食。试验牛为12月龄左右的健康荷斯担母牛20头，随机分成2组，每组10头，以1.1m2/头装载，分别均匀拴系于车辆的前部和后部。前部为试验组（平均体重为278kg），途中自由采食干羊草，分别于运输8h和12h饮水1次；后部为对照组（平均体重为288kg），全程禁食禁水。分别于装车后（运输0h）、运输4h、8h、12h、16h、22h、26h、30h、卸车后2h，通过直接观察并记录牛只饮水、反刍、趴卧行为。结果表明，长途运输导致牛只疲劳，趴卧行为随运输时间延长明显增加，提供干草和饮水与否没有影响到动物运输中的趴卧行为，且反刍行为也没有显著差异，卸车后30min内牛只全部趴卧。牛只对提供饮水的方式比较敏感，运输中饮水量和采食行为明显减少。
试验七长途运输中饲喂干草和饮水对牛血清激素和生化指标影响的动态研究
试验动物和处理同试验六。分别于运输前1h、装车后（运输0h）、运输4h、8h、12h、16h、22h、26h、30h、卸车后0h、2h、4h、12h、24h、48h，通过颈静脉留置针采集20头试验牛颈静脉血，测定测定血清T3、T4、COR、GH、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、葡萄糖（GLU）、尿素氮（BUN），乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）浓度，绘制动态曲线。结果表明，运输过程中4种激素有显著波动性，运输前的处理对牛只刺激更大。运输可导致机体蛋白质和能量动员加剧，而采食饮水可以降低运输过程中动物HPT轴的兴奋性，有助于缓解运输应激。运输应激反应主要表现为慢性应激反应，并表现出一定的适应性；与禁食禁水相比，采食饮水未对COR和牛只生长造成正面或负面影响；运输之初皮质醇和生长激素的作用可能比T3、T4更重要。
试验八长途运输中饲喂干草和饮水对牛血液常规指标影响的动态研究
试验设计同试验七。考察指标包括，白细胞总数（WBC）、红细胞总数（RBC）、血红蛋白浓度（HGB）、红细胞压积（HCT）、红细胞平均体积（MCV）。结果表明，随运输时间延长可导致动物脱水，并表现出一定的炎症反应，只是在本研究的运输条件下脱水症状不明显，而运输过程中提供饮水对缓解动物脱水则取决于饮水效果。没有证据证明运输过程中提供干草和饮水对炎症反应造成正面或负面的影响，但是因中途停车提供饮水的方式或是卸车后提供食物和饮水而造成动物肌肉紧张度的增加很可能是动物易感的真正原因。改善运输过程中提供食物和饮水的方式有待于进一步研究。
试验九长途运输中饲喂干草和饮水对牛血清离子浓度影响的动态研究
试验设计同试验七。考察指标包括，血清Na~+、K~+、Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、P和HCO_3~-浓度，绘制动态曲线。结果表明，禁食禁水长途运输导致Na~+、Cl-显著升高，K~+显著降低等一系列应激反应，运输过程中提供干草和饮水可以缓解动物的应激反应，但是缓解的程度与提供食物和饮水的方式有很大关系。而且对运输动物提供离子帮助的重点应放在Ca和Mg的补充上，同时应重视Ca和P、K和Mg、Na和氯以及碳酸氢根离子的协同效应，尚需进一步研究。
Aimed at research mechanism of stress and welfare of cattle by road transport, this researchdivided two parts consisted of effect of short haul transport on behavior and bloodconstituent of cattle, effect of long distance transport with fasting and recoverty aftertransport on blood constituent of cattle, effect of handling with and without chute on bodytemperature and behaviour of cattle, effect of space allowance and tied on maintenancebehavior of cattle, observation of cattle behavior during unloading from typical chute inchina, dynamic study on effect of long distance transport with food and drink on behaviorand blood indices of cattle, etc. This research would offer the basis of improving vehicle totransport cattle and legislating to protect transported animal.
Exp.1Effect of short haul transport on behavior and blood constituent of cattle
Aimed at research effects of short haul transport on behavior and blood constituent of cattle,a experiment was carried out on ten simental crossed cow, aged about20months, weighting532.1±23.5kg that were transported over135min. The stocking density was about506kg/m2. Fifty-fifty national trunk highway and provincial trunk highway were used. Bloodsamples of jugular vein were taken at before transportation and after unloading and behaviorof lying, standing and position change was observed every20min. The results showed asignificant increase of serum lactate dehydrogenase and reatine kinase after135mintransportation, as compared to that of before transportation, but organism was in a change ofinitial cortisol and continued enzymatic activity to maintain energy accommodate and thewhole metaboilic level was not effected and the liver not injured significantly. Enough spaceto lying was needed by even if animals were transported short time in a high stockingdensity because of that lying cattle could not stand up again. For cattle, loading andunloading were more stressful than the actual transportaion and loading in the event ofcrowed was more stressful than unloading.
Exp.2Effect of long distance transport with fasting and recoverty after transport on bloodconstituent of cattle
Aimed at research effects of typical long distance transport in China with fasting andrecoverty after transport on blood constituent of cattle, a experiment was carried out on tensimental crossed cow, aged about15months, weighting312.6±11.6kg that were transportedover33hours. The stocking density was about433kg/m2. Expressway were used. Bloodsamples of jugular vein were taken at before transportation, after unloading and after72h recovery respectively. The results showed a significant increase of metaboilic level, a growthblocked, a injured liver, and a ionic disequilibrium, but immune function was injuredsignificantly. the fasting was a important stressor in the typical long distance transportationin China. Metaboilic level, liver and ion lever of cattle did not recovered fully until72-hourafter unloading. Serum T3, T4, GH and AST were useful indicator of stress from longdistance transportation.
Exp.3Effect of handling with and without chute on body temperature and behaviour ofcattle
Aimed at research effects of handling with and without chute on body temperature andbehaviour of cattle, a experiment was carried out on forty-two simental crossed bull,weighting363.2±18.1kg that were randomly divided into two same groups handledrespectively with and without chute. The results revealed that both of handlings with andwithout chute were stressful, with chute was more stressful than without chute, stressresponses of cattle included the elevated temperature and behavior of escape, aggression,vocalization, and behavior strategy to resist handling stress were firstly escape, secondlyaggression after escape were hindered and finally vocalization.
Exp.4Effect of the handling chute design on the unloading behavior of cattle
Aimed at research effects of unloading from typical chute in China cattle behavior, aexperiment was carried out on seventy-eight Holstein cattle that were randomly divided intothree groups handled respectively by three unloading soil chutes. Thirty-three cattle weretreated by Chute I that was35.5%slope,1.2m altitude without guardrail and with pedalconnected vehicle with chute. Twenty-seven cattle were treated by chute II that was34.4%slope,, with a0.3m distance to vehicle,1.1m altitude without pedal connected vehicle withchute. Eighteen cattle were treated by chute III that was34.4%slope,, with a0.5m distanceto vehicle,1.1m altitude without pedal connected vehicle with chute. Behavior of balk,exploration, off normal, jump off, off abnormal was recorded by Panasonic HDC-HS700digital camera. The results showed that all three chutes were stressful for cattle, stressresponses included a high incidence rate of balk and exploration. A easier unloading wasobserved in experiment I and when several cattle were drived to unload all the same time,and space between vehicle and chute was stressful for cattle. No effect of age on unloadingbehaviour.
Exp.5Effect of space allowance and tied on maintenance behavior of cattle
Aimed at research effects of space allowance and tied on maintenance behavior of cattle,two experiments were carried out. Experiment I was carried out on forty-two simentalcrossed bulls, weighting363.2kg that were randomly divided into two same groups stocked respectively in tied and loosed. The stocking density was about346kg/m2. All cattle weretransported with fasting on expressway over34hours. Experiment II was carried out ontwenty-one simental crossed bulls, weighting337.5kg that were randomly divided into twogroups and17bulls of group I stocked perpendicular to driving direction and4bulls ofgroup II stocked parallel to driving direction. All cattle were transported with fasting onexpressway over40hours. Behavior of lying, rumination, drawn-off by rein and rankingwas observed every2~3hours and ambient temperature was recorded every2hours. Theresults showed that a significant effect from lying space of cattle and a decrease ofrumination not effected by ranking of cattle. Position change of cattle was seriously effectedby tied not effecting lying. Lying cattle were stamped or straddled by others easily.
Exp6. Dynamic study on effects of long distance transport with food and drink onmaintenance behavior of cattle during transport
The study was carried out on twenty Holstein heifer from Jiaozuo Drex Dairy Industry in China,aged about12months that were randomly devided into two same group and transported over30hours. Group I was treated by hay available freely and offering water at8h,12h intransportation. Group II was treated by fasting in whole journey. Behavior of drinking,ruminating, lying was observed and recorded. The result showed that long distancetransportation leaded to fatigue of cattle, and lying increased. Lying and ruminating were noteffected significantly by offering hay and water. Lying was selected by all cattle in30minafter transport. Cattle was sensitive to method of offering water, and drinking and feedingwere decreasing in transportation.
Exp.7Dynamic study on effects of long distance transport with food and drink on serumhormonal and biochemistry indices of cattle during transport
Animal and treatment were same as Exp6. Blood samples of jugular vein were taken byVenous indwelling needle at1h before transportation,0h after loading,4h,8h,12h,16h,22h,26h,30h in transport,0h,2h,4h,12h,24h,48h after unloading. T3, T4, COR, GH,ALT, AST, ALP, TP, ALB, GLU, BUN, LDH, CK were analysed. The result showed asignificant wave property of the four hormone, and the treatment before transport was morestressful for cattle. Transport could lead to a increasing mobilization of fat and protein inbody, but excitability of HPT axis of cattle in transport was reduced by feeding and drinkingwhich were helpful to alleviate stress response. Transport stress response showed chronicand adaptability. There was not positive or negative influence of hay and water to cortisoland growth of cattle. Cortisol and growth hormone was more important than T3and T4atinitial transport.
Exp.8Dynamic study on effects of long distance transport with food and drink on blood routine indices of cattle during transport
Experimental design were same as Exp7. WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV were analysed. Theresult showed that transport could lead to a unsignificant dehydration and inflammation of cattle.There was no evidence of a positive or negative influence of hay and water on inflammation.Improving method of offering food and water should be research further.
Exp.9Dynamic study on effects of long distance transport with food and drink on bloodion indices of cattle during transport
Experimental design were same as Exp7. Serum Na~+, K~+, Cl~-, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), P, HCO_3~-wereanalysed. The result showed a significant increase of Na~+and K~+and a decrease of K~+and aseries of stress response. Hay and water were helpful to alleviate stress response, but thedegress to alleviate stress was relating to method of water and feed. For transported animal,supplement of Ca and Mg and synergistic effect of Ca and P, K and Mg, Na and Cl shouldbe emphasized.
试验一短途运输对牛只血液指标和行为的影响
试验在我国典型的短途运输（省内运输）条件下进行，选择10头20月龄左右（532.1±23.5kg）西门塔尔杂交母牛为试验对象，以506kg/m~2高密度散放装载，运输135min，省道和国道路程各一半，装车后启运前和卸车后分别采集颈静脉血，运输途中间隔20min观察记录牛只趴卧、站立和位置变化，研究短途运输对牛只血液指标和行为的影响。结果表明：135min运输可对牛构成应激源，主要表现为动物血清LDH和CK浓度的显著升高，但是机体只处于运输开始时的皮质醇浓度变化和持续的酶活性变化水平上的调节，可以维持机体能量供应，没有影响到机体的整体代谢水平，肝脏也未受明显损伤。即使短途运输且高密度装载，动物仍需要足够的趴卧空间以获得舒适的休息，但是高密度将导致趴卧牛无法再次站立。对牛来讲，装卸可能比运输本身的刺激更强烈，拥挤状况下的装车可能比卸车的刺激更强烈。
试验二禁食禁水长途运输对牛只血液指标的影响
试验在我国典型的长途运输（东北地区至河南省）条件下进行，选择10头15月龄左右（312.6±11.6kg）西门塔尔杂交母牛为试验对象，以433kg/m~2拴系装载，运输33h，以高速公路为主，装车前、卸车后和卸车后恢复72h分别采集颈静脉血，研究禁食禁水长途运输对牛只血液指标的影响。结果表明，在我国典型长途运输模式下，禁食禁水是重要应激源。禁食禁水长途运输33h可导致动物代谢水平升高、生长受阻、肝脏受损、离子平衡失调，但是免疫机能未受明显损害。运输后72h，牛只代谢水平、肝功能和离子水平有所恢复，但是未恢复到运输前状态。T3、T_4、GH和AST可作为评价动物长途运输应激的基本依据。
试验三牛只运输时坡道装卸对其体温和行为的影响
试验以我国典型装卸方法为试验条件，选择42头西门塔尔杂交公牛（363.2±18.1kg）为试验对象，随机分成2组，每组21头，以346kg/m~2装载，分别接受坡道装卸和无坡道装卸2种处理。装车前和卸车后测量直肠温度，装卸过程中观察记录牛只行为，研究2种装卸方法对牛只体温和行为的影响。结果表明，有坡道和无坡道2种装卸方式对牛均有刺激，且有坡道组刺激更强烈，表现为体温显著升高和逃跑、攻击、哞叫等应激行为反应。牛抵御装卸刺激的行为策略是首先选择逃跑，受阻后是攻击，最后是哞叫。
试验四装卸坡道设计对牛只卸车行为的影响
试验以荷斯坦母牛为研究对象。78头试验牛被随机分为3组，分别接受3种卸车坡道的处理。坡道1为土质坡道，高度约1.2m，坡度约37.5%，无侧面护栏，车辆与坡道间有踏板，接受该处理的牛33头。坡道2为土质坡道，高度约1.1m，坡度约34.4%，车辆与坡道间无踏板，坡道离车辆0.3m，接受该处理的牛27头。坡道3为土质坡道，高度约1.1m，坡度约34.4%，车辆与坡道间无踏板，坡道离车辆0.5m，接受该处理的牛18头。卸车过程中采用Panasonic HDC-HS700数码摄像机全程录像，记录全部牛只的行为。记录卸车用时和卸车过程中发生畏缩行为、试探行为、正常走下、跳跃下车、异常卸车的牛头数。结果表明，3种坡道卸车对牛均有压力，主要表现为畏缩行为、试探行为发生率较高；卸车时车辆与坡道之间的踏板可以使牛只卸车更顺利，而车辆与坡道之间存在空档对牛只压力更大。年龄未对卸车行为造成显著影响，同时驱赶几头牛下车会使卸车更顺利。
试验五空间分配与拴系对运输牛只维持行为的影响
试验分为2次进行。第1次试验牛为42头西门塔尔杂交公牛（363.2kg），随机分成2组（每组21头），以346kg/m2装载，分别接受头尾交叉排列拴系装载和散放装载2种处理，禁食禁水运输34h，以高速公路为主。第2次试验牛为21头西门塔尔杂交公牛（337.5kg），其中17头牛头部朝向与行车方向垂直并列排列，4头牛头部朝向与行车方向一致前后排列，禁食禁水运输40h，以高速公路为主。运输过程中间隔2~3h停车观察记录牛只趴卧行为（被侵犯、未被侵犯），反刍行为，牛只被缰绳牵拉情况（缰绳松驰、缰绳紧张）、牛只排列情况（有序、无序），间隔2h记录环境温度。结果表明，排列方式对牛只趴卧空间影响较大，反刍行为随运输时间延长而减少，但是排列方式没有影响反刍行为。拴系严重影响牛只位置的变化，但是没有影响牛只的趴卧，而且拴系牛只趴卧时容易被其他牛只踩压或踦跨。
试验六长途运输中饲喂干草和饮水对牛只行为的影响
试验牛选自焦作多尔克司示范乳业有限公司，舍饲散养，自由采食。试验牛为12月龄左右的健康荷斯担母牛20头，随机分成2组，每组10头，以1.1m2/头装载，分别均匀拴系于车辆的前部和后部。前部为试验组（平均体重为278kg），途中自由采食干羊草，分别于运输8h和12h饮水1次；后部为对照组（平均体重为288kg），全程禁食禁水。分别于装车后（运输0h）、运输4h、8h、12h、16h、22h、26h、30h、卸车后2h，通过直接观察并记录牛只饮水、反刍、趴卧行为。结果表明，长途运输导致牛只疲劳，趴卧行为随运输时间延长明显增加，提供干草和饮水与否没有影响到动物运输中的趴卧行为，且反刍行为也没有显著差异，卸车后30min内牛只全部趴卧。牛只对提供饮水的方式比较敏感，运输中饮水量和采食行为明显减少。
试验七长途运输中饲喂干草和饮水对牛血清激素和生化指标影响的动态研究
试验动物和处理同试验六。分别于运输前1h、装车后（运输0h）、运输4h、8h、12h、16h、22h、26h、30h、卸车后0h、2h、4h、12h、24h、48h，通过颈静脉留置针采集20头试验牛颈静脉血，测定测定血清T3、T4、COR、GH、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、葡萄糖（GLU）、尿素氮（BUN），乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）浓度，绘制动态曲线。结果表明，运输过程中4种激素有显著波动性，运输前的处理对牛只刺激更大。运输可导致机体蛋白质和能量动员加剧，而采食饮水可以降低运输过程中动物HPT轴的兴奋性，有助于缓解运输应激。运输应激反应主要表现为慢性应激反应，并表现出一定的适应性；与禁食禁水相比，采食饮水未对COR和牛只生长造成正面或负面影响；运输之初皮质醇和生长激素的作用可能比T3、T4更重要。
试验八长途运输中饲喂干草和饮水对牛血液常规指标影响的动态研究
试验设计同试验七。考察指标包括，白细胞总数（WBC）、红细胞总数（RBC）、血红蛋白浓度（HGB）、红细胞压积（HCT）、红细胞平均体积（MCV）。结果表明，随运输时间延长可导致动物脱水，并表现出一定的炎症反应，只是在本研究的运输条件下脱水症状不明显，而运输过程中提供饮水对缓解动物脱水则取决于饮水效果。没有证据证明运输过程中提供干草和饮水对炎症反应造成正面或负面的影响，但是因中途停车提供饮水的方式或是卸车后提供食物和饮水而造成动物肌肉紧张度的增加很可能是动物易感的真正原因。改善运输过程中提供食物和饮水的方式有待于进一步研究。
试验九长途运输中饲喂干草和饮水对牛血清离子浓度影响的动态研究
试验设计同试验七。考察指标包括，血清Na~+、K~+、Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、P和HCO_3~-浓度，绘制动态曲线。结果表明，禁食禁水长途运输导致Na~+、Cl-显著升高，K~+显著降低等一系列应激反应，运输过程中提供干草和饮水可以缓解动物的应激反应，但是缓解的程度与提供食物和饮水的方式有很大关系。而且对运输动物提供离子帮助的重点应放在Ca和Mg的补充上，同时应重视Ca和P、K和Mg、Na和氯以及碳酸氢根离子的协同效应，尚需进一步研究。
Aimed at research mechanism of stress and welfare of cattle by road transport, this researchdivided two parts consisted of effect of short haul transport on behavior and bloodconstituent of cattle, effect of long distance transport with fasting and recoverty aftertransport on blood constituent of cattle, effect of handling with and without chute on bodytemperature and behaviour of cattle, effect of space allowance and tied on maintenancebehavior of cattle, observation of cattle behavior during unloading from typical chute inchina, dynamic study on effect of long distance transport with food and drink on behaviorand blood indices of cattle, etc. This research would offer the basis of improving vehicle totransport cattle and legislating to protect transported animal.
Exp.1Effect of short haul transport on behavior and blood constituent of cattle
Aimed at research effects of short haul transport on behavior and blood constituent of cattle,a experiment was carried out on ten simental crossed cow, aged about20months, weighting532.1±23.5kg that were transported over135min. The stocking density was about506kg/m2. Fifty-fifty national trunk highway and provincial trunk highway were used. Bloodsamples of jugular vein were taken at before transportation and after unloading and behaviorof lying, standing and position change was observed every20min. The results showed asignificant increase of serum lactate dehydrogenase and reatine kinase after135mintransportation, as compared to that of before transportation, but organism was in a change ofinitial cortisol and continued enzymatic activity to maintain energy accommodate and thewhole metaboilic level was not effected and the liver not injured significantly. Enough spaceto lying was needed by even if animals were transported short time in a high stockingdensity because of that lying cattle could not stand up again. For cattle, loading andunloading were more stressful than the actual transportaion and loading in the event ofcrowed was more stressful than unloading.
Exp.2Effect of long distance transport with fasting and recoverty after transport on bloodconstituent of cattle
Aimed at research effects of typical long distance transport in China with fasting andrecoverty after transport on blood constituent of cattle, a experiment was carried out on tensimental crossed cow, aged about15months, weighting312.6±11.6kg that were transportedover33hours. The stocking density was about433kg/m2. Expressway were used. Bloodsamples of jugular vein were taken at before transportation, after unloading and after72h recovery respectively. The results showed a significant increase of metaboilic level, a growthblocked, a injured liver, and a ionic disequilibrium, but immune function was injuredsignificantly. the fasting was a important stressor in the typical long distance transportationin China. Metaboilic level, liver and ion lever of cattle did not recovered fully until72-hourafter unloading. Serum T3, T4, GH and AST were useful indicator of stress from longdistance transportation.
Exp.3Effect of handling with and without chute on body temperature and behaviour ofcattle
Aimed at research effects of handling with and without chute on body temperature andbehaviour of cattle, a experiment was carried out on forty-two simental crossed bull,weighting363.2±18.1kg that were randomly divided into two same groups handledrespectively with and without chute. The results revealed that both of handlings with andwithout chute were stressful, with chute was more stressful than without chute, stressresponses of cattle included the elevated temperature and behavior of escape, aggression,vocalization, and behavior strategy to resist handling stress were firstly escape, secondlyaggression after escape were hindered and finally vocalization.
Exp.4Effect of the handling chute design on the unloading behavior of cattle
Aimed at research effects of unloading from typical chute in China cattle behavior, aexperiment was carried out on seventy-eight Holstein cattle that were randomly divided intothree groups handled respectively by three unloading soil chutes. Thirty-three cattle weretreated by Chute I that was35.5%slope,1.2m altitude without guardrail and with pedalconnected vehicle with chute. Twenty-seven cattle were treated by chute II that was34.4%slope,, with a0.3m distance to vehicle,1.1m altitude without pedal connected vehicle withchute. Eighteen cattle were treated by chute III that was34.4%slope,, with a0.5m distanceto vehicle,1.1m altitude without pedal connected vehicle with chute. Behavior of balk,exploration, off normal, jump off, off abnormal was recorded by Panasonic HDC-HS700digital camera. The results showed that all three chutes were stressful for cattle, stressresponses included a high incidence rate of balk and exploration. A easier unloading wasobserved in experiment I and when several cattle were drived to unload all the same time,and space between vehicle and chute was stressful for cattle. No effect of age on unloadingbehaviour.
Exp.5Effect of space allowance and tied on maintenance behavior of cattle
Aimed at research effects of space allowance and tied on maintenance behavior of cattle,two experiments were carried out. Experiment I was carried out on forty-two simentalcrossed bulls, weighting363.2kg that were randomly divided into two same groups stocked respectively in tied and loosed. The stocking density was about346kg/m2. All cattle weretransported with fasting on expressway over34hours. Experiment II was carried out ontwenty-one simental crossed bulls, weighting337.5kg that were randomly divided into twogroups and17bulls of group I stocked perpendicular to driving direction and4bulls ofgroup II stocked parallel to driving direction. All cattle were transported with fasting onexpressway over40hours. Behavior of lying, rumination, drawn-off by rein and rankingwas observed every2~3hours and ambient temperature was recorded every2hours. Theresults showed that a significant effect from lying space of cattle and a decrease ofrumination not effected by ranking of cattle. Position change of cattle was seriously effectedby tied not effecting lying. Lying cattle were stamped or straddled by others easily.
Exp6. Dynamic study on effects of long distance transport with food and drink onmaintenance behavior of cattle during transport
The study was carried out on twenty Holstein heifer from Jiaozuo Drex Dairy Industry in China,aged about12months that were randomly devided into two same group and transported over30hours. Group I was treated by hay available freely and offering water at8h,12h intransportation. Group II was treated by fasting in whole journey. Behavior of drinking,ruminating, lying was observed and recorded. The result showed that long distancetransportation leaded to fatigue of cattle, and lying increased. Lying and ruminating were noteffected significantly by offering hay and water. Lying was selected by all cattle in30minafter transport. Cattle was sensitive to method of offering water, and drinking and feedingwere decreasing in transportation.
Exp.7Dynamic study on effects of long distance transport with food and drink on serumhormonal and biochemistry indices of cattle during transport
Animal and treatment were same as Exp6. Blood samples of jugular vein were taken byVenous indwelling needle at1h before transportation,0h after loading,4h,8h,12h,16h,22h,26h,30h in transport,0h,2h,4h,12h,24h,48h after unloading. T3, T4, COR, GH,ALT, AST, ALP, TP, ALB, GLU, BUN, LDH, CK were analysed. The result showed asignificant wave property of the four hormone, and the treatment before transport was morestressful for cattle. Transport could lead to a increasing mobilization of fat and protein inbody, but excitability of HPT axis of cattle in transport was reduced by feeding and drinkingwhich were helpful to alleviate stress response. Transport stress response showed chronicand adaptability. There was not positive or negative influence of hay and water to cortisoland growth of cattle. Cortisol and growth hormone was more important than T3and T4atinitial transport.
Exp.8Dynamic study on effects of long distance transport with food and drink on blood routine indices of cattle during transport
Experimental design were same as Exp7. WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV were analysed. Theresult showed that transport could lead to a unsignificant dehydration and inflammation of cattle.There was no evidence of a positive or negative influence of hay and water on inflammation.Improving method of offering food and water should be research further.
Exp.9Dynamic study on effects of long distance transport with food and drink on bloodion indices of cattle during transport
Experimental design were same as Exp7. Serum Na~+, K~+, Cl~-, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), P, HCO_3~-wereanalysed. The result showed a significant increase of Na~+and K~+and a decrease of K~+and aseries of stress response. Hay and water were helpful to alleviate stress response, but thedegress to alleviate stress was relating to method of water and feed. For transported animal,supplement of Ca and Mg and synergistic effect of Ca and P, K and Mg, Na and Cl shouldbe emphasized.
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