企业动态联盟风险防范体系研究
摘要
本文所研究的课题是国家自然科学基金项目“企业动态联盟风险管理机制和防范体系研究(编号：70172042)”的重要组成部分。企业动态联盟是基于现代信息技术和网络技术，把具有不同知识、生产技术、市场行销和人才资源优势的企业组成一个阶段性的联盟体，这个联盟体中的各个企业以联盟体的整体优势共同开发、生产、销售新产品，以迅速实现机遇产品的开发、生产、销售，满足市场需求，应付市场挑战和联合参与竞争的一种企业群体集成组织形式。但是这种新兴的企业组织形式也潜藏着许多风险因素，有统计显示发生在我国的联盟有一半以上是以失败告终的，这严重阻碍了企业动态联盟在我国的发展。
本文所构建的风险防范体系包括：内生体系、外生体系、风险预控三部分。其中内生体系以联盟体的组建为基础，以风险管理机构为核心，在结合了联盟生命周期特点的同时对风险进行了识别和分类，并对于每类风险都给出了可行的防范措施或建议；外生体系包括法律体系和社会体系两个方面，其中法律体系是以一种强制性的，清晰的契约方式来约束某些风险。社会体系是以诚信为基础，是靠非强制性的、模糊的契约方式来约束某些风险。这两个方面的出发点不同，适用的范围和对象也不同；风险预控主要以风险核对表为基础，通过风险管理机构的调查及成员企业自身的监控对各类风险进行跟踪和预测，从而达到及时防范、减少损失的目的。
该体系的构建旨在从风险防范的角度出发来规范联盟机遇识别、组建、运营、解体这一系列过程中的各项活动，力图使联盟体在平稳、健康的条件下发展，从而避免或减少由于联盟体的失败而给各方面带来的损失。是对企业动态联盟理论研究的深入和发展，也对解决企业间联盟的风险问题具有十分重要的现实意义。
What was researched in this article is the main part of "Research on the scheme of risk management and on the system of risk prevent about dynamic alliance (number: 70172042)" which is supported by National Nature Science Foundation. Dynamic alliance is a new form of enterprise integrated organization which is based on modern communication and internet technology to organize different enterprises into a temporary alliance. Every member enterprise has their special ability such as knowledge, technology, marketing and human resource. All these enterprises exert their special ability together to develop, produce, and sell new produce just like a whole system, thus they can reality market chance swiftly, satisfy market need, face challenge and join into competition together. But at the same time, these character also lead some risk to alliance, it is showed by statistics that half of those alliance occurred in our country ended in defeat, this circumstance obstacle the enterprise dynamic alliance's development i
n our country seriously.
The system of risk prevention, which we researched in this article include three parts: the inside originated subsystem, the outside originated subsystem and the risk forecast-control subsystem. The inside originated subsystem is based on the alliance's construction, it contain a risk management organization which is deemed as the kernel part of manage the alliance's risk event, hi this subsystem we also identify the risk, which may affect the alliance's development greatly in the future, and according to the alliance's character we sort them into three categories and give each of them some advice on how to prevent this risk. The out side originated subsystem contain two part of law and society. The part of law is use the force of law and by the way of clearly contract to restrain some risk, the part of society is based on faith, and only depend on the no-force and unclearly contract to control some risk. The risk forecast-control subsystem is an assistant system, by use of the risk check sheet that the risk
management organization and those member enterprises can trace and forecast some risk which has been identified before, so that they can deal these risk before they occurred and reduce their lost.
hi this system we looked from the angle of risk prevent, and try to standardize the series activities of alliance's chance identify, organize, operation and dismiss, in order to supply a
stable and health condition to make alliance develop successfully and to prevent or to reduce the lose of every member due to the defeat of alliance. This is deepening and develops of the dynamic alliance's theoretical research, and having very important realistic meaning to solve risk problems of enterprise alliance.
本文所构建的风险防范体系包括：内生体系、外生体系、风险预控三部分。其中内生体系以联盟体的组建为基础，以风险管理机构为核心，在结合了联盟生命周期特点的同时对风险进行了识别和分类，并对于每类风险都给出了可行的防范措施或建议；外生体系包括法律体系和社会体系两个方面，其中法律体系是以一种强制性的，清晰的契约方式来约束某些风险。社会体系是以诚信为基础，是靠非强制性的、模糊的契约方式来约束某些风险。这两个方面的出发点不同，适用的范围和对象也不同；风险预控主要以风险核对表为基础，通过风险管理机构的调查及成员企业自身的监控对各类风险进行跟踪和预测，从而达到及时防范、减少损失的目的。
该体系的构建旨在从风险防范的角度出发来规范联盟机遇识别、组建、运营、解体这一系列过程中的各项活动，力图使联盟体在平稳、健康的条件下发展，从而避免或减少由于联盟体的失败而给各方面带来的损失。是对企业动态联盟理论研究的深入和发展，也对解决企业间联盟的风险问题具有十分重要的现实意义。
What was researched in this article is the main part of "Research on the scheme of risk management and on the system of risk prevent about dynamic alliance (number: 70172042)" which is supported by National Nature Science Foundation. Dynamic alliance is a new form of enterprise integrated organization which is based on modern communication and internet technology to organize different enterprises into a temporary alliance. Every member enterprise has their special ability such as knowledge, technology, marketing and human resource. All these enterprises exert their special ability together to develop, produce, and sell new produce just like a whole system, thus they can reality market chance swiftly, satisfy market need, face challenge and join into competition together. But at the same time, these character also lead some risk to alliance, it is showed by statistics that half of those alliance occurred in our country ended in defeat, this circumstance obstacle the enterprise dynamic alliance's development i
n our country seriously.
The system of risk prevention, which we researched in this article include three parts: the inside originated subsystem, the outside originated subsystem and the risk forecast-control subsystem. The inside originated subsystem is based on the alliance's construction, it contain a risk management organization which is deemed as the kernel part of manage the alliance's risk event, hi this subsystem we also identify the risk, which may affect the alliance's development greatly in the future, and according to the alliance's character we sort them into three categories and give each of them some advice on how to prevent this risk. The out side originated subsystem contain two part of law and society. The part of law is use the force of law and by the way of clearly contract to restrain some risk, the part of society is based on faith, and only depend on the no-force and unclearly contract to control some risk. The risk forecast-control subsystem is an assistant system, by use of the risk check sheet that the risk
management organization and those member enterprises can trace and forecast some risk which has been identified before, so that they can deal these risk before they occurred and reduce their lost.
hi this system we looked from the angle of risk prevent, and try to standardize the series activities of alliance's chance identify, organize, operation and dismiss, in order to supply a
stable and health condition to make alliance develop successfully and to prevent or to reduce the lose of every member due to the defeat of alliance. This is deepening and develops of the dynamic alliance's theoretical research, and having very important realistic meaning to solve risk problems of enterprise alliance.
引文
[1] 陈剑，冯蔚东．虚拟企业构建与管理．清华大学出版社，2002．1
[2] 李向阳，郭景远，孔晓慧．企业动态联盟生命过程及其法律环境影响．决策借鉴．2000．10
[3] 蒋新松，张申生．敏捷竞争的挑战与思考．CIMS，1996，1
[4] 聂德怀，宋国防，管媛．虚拟企业与合作竞争．工业工程与管理，1999，6
[5] 戈德曼，内格尔，普瑞斯．灵捷竞争者与虚拟组织，辽宁教育出版社，2000：208～234
[6] 英，R，梅雷迪恩，贝尔滨．未来的组织形式．机械工业出版社，2001，5
[7] 解树江．虚拟企业——理论分析、运行机制与发展战略．经济管理出版社，2002，1：53～90
[8] 赵春明．虚拟企业．浙江人民出版社，1999，12
[9] 马士华，供应链管理．机械工业出版社，2001，10
[10] 柴跃廷，敏捷供需链管理．清华大学出版社，2001，9
[11] 史占中，企业战略联盟．上海财经大学出版社，1999
[12] 王刚．循序渐进——虚拟企业的建立过程．管理工程学报，2000，2
[13] 李冀，李昕．虚拟企业有几种．中外管理，2000，6
[14] 徐晓飞，战德臣，叶丹等．动态联盟的建立及其集成支撑环境．计算机集成制造 系统 CIMS，1998，(1)：15～19
[15] 美．肯尼斯·普瑞斯，史蒂文，L，戈德曼，罗杰，N，内格尔．以合作求竞争．辽宁教育出版社，1998：143～144
[16] 马新安．供应链合作伙伴关系与合作伙伴选择．工业工程与管理，2000，4
[17] 范征．并购企业文化整合的过程、类型与方法．中国软科学，2000，8
[18] Mayer R. C., F.H. Davis & F. David Schoorman, An integrated model of organization trusts. Academy of management review, 1995,Vol.20, No, 3:709～734
[19] 候光明．管理激励与约束．北京理工大学出版社，1999，7：18～23
[20] 储雪林，周传华．虚拟企业的企业理论和组织架构分析．技术经济与管理研究，2001，3：45
[21] 王圣文，马士华，陈荣秋．供应链协议研究．科研管理，1999(6)：93～97
[22] 李波，王志坚．虚拟组织的生命周期．外国经济与管理，2001，8：7～10
[23] Presley A, Barnett B, Liles D, H. Virtual enterprise architecture. 4th Annual Agility Forum Conference Proc, 1995: 477～485
[24] 周剑．企业外包的风险控制．中外管理，2001，8：36～37
[25] 吴宪华．动态联盟的分配格局研究．系统工程，2001(3)：34～38
[26] 万慧勇．企业治理结构中监督方式的比较和创新．决策借鉴，2000，6：28～32
[27] 马新安．供应链中的信息共享激励：动态模型．中国管理科学，2001，2
[28] 汪贤裕．委托代理关系中的激励和监督．中国管理科学，2000，9
[29] 柴跃廷．敏捷供需链中供需协作模式的研究．系统工程理论与实践，2000，3
[30] 王海，李向阳．企业动态联伙伴选择的经济分析．决策借鉴，2000，12
[31] 贾良定．交易分工经济的涌现及其自组织机制研究．预测，2001，1
[32] 骆品亮，向盛斌．R&D的外部性及其内部化机制研究．科研管理，2001，9
[33] 陈晓剑，周良冬．“外包”的意义及实现形式．中国软科学，1999，5
[34] 彭正银．网络治理理论探析．中国软科学，2002(3)
[35] 张青山．国家自然科学基金申请简表
[36] 厦征农 主编．辞海．上海辞书出版社，1990，12
[37] Gilbert F W, Yong J A, O, Neal C R. Buyer-seller relationships in JIT purchasing environment. Journal of Business Research, 1994, 29: 111～120
[38] Dove R K. Business Practices Critical to Early Realization of Agile Enterprise. Proc. of the 5th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1996
[39] 经济学家情报社，安达信咨询公司，IBM咨询公司．未来组织设计．新华出版社．2000
[40] 何畔．战略联盟：现代企业的竞争模式．广东经济出版社．2000
[41] Reid L, et al. A Methodology for Engineering the Virtual Enterprise. Proceeding of the 5th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1996
[42] Hayes R, Pisano G. Beyond World-Class: The Now Manufacturing Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 1994, January-February
[43] Morgan R M, Hunt S D. The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 1997(58)
[44] Grainer R, Metes G. Has Outsourcing Gone too Far [N]. Business Week, 1996 April(1): 28
[45] Roger Nagel, Rick Dove, 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy: An Industryled View & Infrastructure. Iacocca Institute, Lehigh University, 1991
[46] Quinn, J. Strategic Control [M], London: Pitman Press, 1993
[47] John A. Byrne. The Virtual Corporation. Business Week. February 8, 1993
[48] Rick Dove. Agile Enterprise and Agile Production. Production Magazine, Nov. 1995
[49] Turtle D. Activities: The Common Currency of the Virtual Organization. Proc. Of the 4th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1995
[50] Barnett W B. Object-Oriented Business Process Modeling of the Virtual Enterprise. Proc. Of the 4th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1995
[51] Mahajan R. Building the Virtual Enterprise. Proc. Of the 4th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1995
[52] D.E.Leidner. Virtual Partnership in Support of Electronic Commerce: The Case of TCIS. Journal of Strategic Information System, 1999(8)
[53] Gail Hunlinck, Doing Business Virtually, Communication World, February-March, 2000
[54] Chandler, A. D., Strategy and Structure [M], MIT Press, 1982
[55] Byrne J. The Virtual Corporation IN]. Business Week. February, 1993.(8):36-41
[2] 李向阳，郭景远，孔晓慧．企业动态联盟生命过程及其法律环境影响．决策借鉴．2000．10
[3] 蒋新松，张申生．敏捷竞争的挑战与思考．CIMS，1996，1
[4] 聂德怀，宋国防，管媛．虚拟企业与合作竞争．工业工程与管理，1999，6
[5] 戈德曼，内格尔，普瑞斯．灵捷竞争者与虚拟组织，辽宁教育出版社，2000：208～234
[6] 英，R，梅雷迪恩，贝尔滨．未来的组织形式．机械工业出版社，2001，5
[7] 解树江．虚拟企业——理论分析、运行机制与发展战略．经济管理出版社，2002，1：53～90
[8] 赵春明．虚拟企业．浙江人民出版社，1999，12
[9] 马士华，供应链管理．机械工业出版社，2001，10
[10] 柴跃廷，敏捷供需链管理．清华大学出版社，2001，9
[11] 史占中，企业战略联盟．上海财经大学出版社，1999
[12] 王刚．循序渐进——虚拟企业的建立过程．管理工程学报，2000，2
[13] 李冀，李昕．虚拟企业有几种．中外管理，2000，6
[14] 徐晓飞，战德臣，叶丹等．动态联盟的建立及其集成支撑环境．计算机集成制造 系统 CIMS，1998，(1)：15～19
[15] 美．肯尼斯·普瑞斯，史蒂文，L，戈德曼，罗杰，N，内格尔．以合作求竞争．辽宁教育出版社，1998：143～144
[16] 马新安．供应链合作伙伴关系与合作伙伴选择．工业工程与管理，2000，4
[17] 范征．并购企业文化整合的过程、类型与方法．中国软科学，2000，8
[18] Mayer R. C., F.H. Davis & F. David Schoorman, An integrated model of organization trusts. Academy of management review, 1995,Vol.20, No, 3:709～734
[19] 候光明．管理激励与约束．北京理工大学出版社，1999，7：18～23
[20] 储雪林，周传华．虚拟企业的企业理论和组织架构分析．技术经济与管理研究，2001，3：45
[21] 王圣文，马士华，陈荣秋．供应链协议研究．科研管理，1999(6)：93～97
[22] 李波，王志坚．虚拟组织的生命周期．外国经济与管理，2001，8：7～10
[23] Presley A, Barnett B, Liles D, H. Virtual enterprise architecture. 4th Annual Agility Forum Conference Proc, 1995: 477～485
[24] 周剑．企业外包的风险控制．中外管理，2001，8：36～37
[25] 吴宪华．动态联盟的分配格局研究．系统工程，2001(3)：34～38
[26] 万慧勇．企业治理结构中监督方式的比较和创新．决策借鉴，2000，6：28～32
[27] 马新安．供应链中的信息共享激励：动态模型．中国管理科学，2001，2
[28] 汪贤裕．委托代理关系中的激励和监督．中国管理科学，2000，9
[29] 柴跃廷．敏捷供需链中供需协作模式的研究．系统工程理论与实践，2000，3
[30] 王海，李向阳．企业动态联伙伴选择的经济分析．决策借鉴，2000，12
[31] 贾良定．交易分工经济的涌现及其自组织机制研究．预测，2001，1
[32] 骆品亮，向盛斌．R&D的外部性及其内部化机制研究．科研管理，2001，9
[33] 陈晓剑，周良冬．“外包”的意义及实现形式．中国软科学，1999，5
[34] 彭正银．网络治理理论探析．中国软科学，2002(3)
[35] 张青山．国家自然科学基金申请简表
[36] 厦征农 主编．辞海．上海辞书出版社，1990，12
[37] Gilbert F W, Yong J A, O, Neal C R. Buyer-seller relationships in JIT purchasing environment. Journal of Business Research, 1994, 29: 111～120
[38] Dove R K. Business Practices Critical to Early Realization of Agile Enterprise. Proc. of the 5th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1996
[39] 经济学家情报社，安达信咨询公司，IBM咨询公司．未来组织设计．新华出版社．2000
[40] 何畔．战略联盟：现代企业的竞争模式．广东经济出版社．2000
[41] Reid L, et al. A Methodology for Engineering the Virtual Enterprise. Proceeding of the 5th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1996
[42] Hayes R, Pisano G. Beyond World-Class: The Now Manufacturing Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 1994, January-February
[43] Morgan R M, Hunt S D. The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 1997(58)
[44] Grainer R, Metes G. Has Outsourcing Gone too Far [N]. Business Week, 1996 April(1): 28
[45] Roger Nagel, Rick Dove, 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy: An Industryled View & Infrastructure. Iacocca Institute, Lehigh University, 1991
[46] Quinn, J. Strategic Control [M], London: Pitman Press, 1993
[47] John A. Byrne. The Virtual Corporation. Business Week. February 8, 1993
[48] Rick Dove. Agile Enterprise and Agile Production. Production Magazine, Nov. 1995
[49] Turtle D. Activities: The Common Currency of the Virtual Organization. Proc. Of the 4th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1995
[50] Barnett W B. Object-Oriented Business Process Modeling of the Virtual Enterprise. Proc. Of the 4th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1995
[51] Mahajan R. Building the Virtual Enterprise. Proc. Of the 4th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Atlanta, USA, 1995
[52] D.E.Leidner. Virtual Partnership in Support of Electronic Commerce: The Case of TCIS. Journal of Strategic Information System, 1999(8)
[53] Gail Hunlinck, Doing Business Virtually, Communication World, February-March, 2000
[54] Chandler, A. D., Strategy and Structure [M], MIT Press, 1982
[55] Byrne J. The Virtual Corporation IN]. Business Week. February, 1993.(8):36-41