沈阳经济区核心地带村庄用地转型与调控研究
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摘要
村庄(农村居民点)是人类社会发展到一定历史阶段的产物。作为农村人地关系的表现核心,村庄用地是农村人口生产和生活等综合功能的承载体,是我国农村土地利用的重要组成部分。尽管我国近年来城镇化水平有了很大提高,但长期以来村庄用地仍然是我国城乡建设用地的主要组成部分,村庄用地不仅依然在扩展,而且普遍存在人均户均面积严重超标、空置和闲置、内部结构不合理等问题。
当前我国城市和农村正处于经济社会转型时期,村庄用地是农村经济社会发展的承载体,决定了村庄用地变化与社会经济转型之间的密切关系,其发展变化规律与社会经济转型之间的动态关系必须结合历史的空间的分析来看待。我国是一个发展中大国,区域发展不平衡性极为突出,区域经济发展呈现出不同的阶段性。将村庄用地变化研究放到处于不同经济发展阶段的区域中认识和把握,能够认清社会转型期的村庄用地变化规律,对当前中国粗放的村庄用地实行切实可行的集约和合理利用具有重要的理论和现实意义。
基于上述认识,本文以沈阳经济区核心地带为研究区,以县域和村域为研究尺度,集成航天遥感影像、航空遥感影像、土地利用、统计资料和农户实地调查等多方面数据与资料,运用RS和GIS空间分析技术,社会统计调查、横向比较、数理统计、景观格局指数等多种研究方法,分析县域尺度和村域尺度上村庄用地转型的数量、空间、内部结构与属性变化,及其驱动机制,探讨村庄用地合理与集约利用的调控策略。目的是掌握村庄用地转型的规律,探究村庄用地利用存在问题的深层次根源,以期为城乡建设用地增减挂钩和村庄用地整理目标、运作模式及有关政策制定提供科学依据。研究得到以下主要结论：
(1)结合钱纳里和贝尔划分经济发展阶段所采用的标准,将沈阳经济区有村庄用地分布的县(市、区)划分相应经济发展阶段。在此基础上,选择处于前工业化阶段的昌图县、工业化早期的开原市、工业化成熟期早期的铁岭县、工业化后期早期的苏家屯区、工业化后期的沈北新区作为研究单元,建立模拟的长时序列以满足村庄用地转型研究要求。
(2)县域尺度上村庄用地转型主要特征为：随经济发展阶段提高,村庄用地占城乡建设用地比重逐渐降低,村庄用地变化幅度逐渐减小,而村庄用地规模逐渐增大。村庄用地规模20hm2以下累计百分率昌图县(96.71%)>开原市(96.28%)>铁岭县(94.48%)>苏家屯区(92.96%)>沈北新区(87.38%)；随着经济发展阶段提高,村庄用地分布形态逐渐由分散向集中发展,行政村中自然村(屯)平均个数由昌图县的15.01个减少到沈北新区的4.24个；村庄用地的斑块密度、平均斑块面积、平均最临近指数、聚合度和聚集度等景观格局指数随经济发展阶段提高呈规律性变化,如斑块密度呈逐渐降低趋势,平均斑块面积、最大斑块指数、平均最临近指数和聚集度等呈逐渐上升趋势。
(3)村域尺度上村庄用地转型主要特征为：从户均村庄用地结构角度看,随经济发展阶段提高,户均村庄用地面积、交通街巷用地和农村宅基地呈逐渐减少趋势,工矿仓储用地和公共管理与公共服务设施用地呈先增后减的倒“U”字型变化,信息熵值(S)总体呈现先增后减的趋势变化；从农村宅基地结构角度看,随经济发展阶段提高,住宅建筑用地呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而农林种植用地、生产仓储用地和生活服务用地面积却呈现逐渐减少的趋势；从农村宅基地使用特征分析,随经济发展阶段提高,农村宅基地闲置和“一户多宅”率呈现先减后增的“U”字型变化,楼房比例和住宅面积呈逐渐增加趋势；从农村宅基地整理可实现度角度看,在政府统一规划主导下选择新居住地呈现经济发展阶段越低选择“异地统一规划村庄”比例越高、经济发展阶段越高选择“镇上居住小区”和“安排到就近城市居住”比例越高。调查结果显示,经济发展阶段越低,农民在重新选择居住地时认为“耕作便利度”和“农业收入”越重要。
(4)县域尺度土地利用转型驱动因子灰色关联度重要度排序为：第一产业产值比重>土地政策>人均财政收入>地均GDP>人均农民纯收入>与中心城市距离>第二产业产值比重>乡村从业人员密度。总体上来看,县域尺度村庄用地利用转型主要驱动力为经济因素,并以第一产业产比重、人均财政收入、地均GDP、人均农民纯收入和第二产业产值比重为主导驱动因子；同时土地政策也是县域村庄用地利用转型重要推动力；另外区位条件和乡村从业人口也是县域村庄用地利用转型不可忽视的因素。
(5)村域尺度土地利用转型驱动因子灰色关联度重要度排序为：种植业收入>外出打工收入>其它劳动者>1980年前建房比例>与交通线距离>村里集中规划统一安排>户均收入>与城镇距离>私营企业劳动者比例>家庭经营非农劳动者比例。总体上看,村域尺度村庄用地转型主要驱动力为家庭收入来源、家庭成员从业结构、区位条件和村庄规划。与县域尺度村庄用地转型驱动力比较,经济水平在两个尺度上均表现对村庄用地转型显著影响的特性；区位条件在村域尺度上对村庄用地转型影响要强于县域尺度；土地政策在县域尺度上对村庄用地转型影响较大,而在村域尺度上却表现不明显。
(6)根据以上分析本研究认为,村庄用地调控应通过土地整理、城乡建设用地增减挂钩等途径,从区位理论、系统理论、城镇中心理论和景观理论出发,考虑生产条件、生活条件、区位条件和现实基础等4方面,并选择定量调控指标,以行政村为单元划分出乡村景观型、城乡统筹利用型、城市一体化型等3种模式,以对沈阳经济区核心地带处于不同经济发展阶段的村庄用地进行调控。
Village (rural residential) is the product of the development of human society to a certain historical stage. As the core of the relationship between the rural people and the village land, the village land is the carrier of the producing and living functions in village, it is an important component of the rural land use. Although the urbanization level has been greatly improved in recent years, the village land is still the main part of the rural-urban construction land use in China, the village land is not only remaining the expansion, but also existing the problems of the over standard area per capita, vacant and idle, the irrational of the internal structure and so on.
At present, the urban and rural economic is in transition, the village land is the carrier of the economic and social development in rural, which decided to the close relationship between the change of the village land use and the socio-economic transformation, it must be combined with the analysis of the history of the space to study. China is a developing country. The unbalanced regional development is a very prominent, it takes on different stages. To understand rules of the social transformation of the village land-use change, researching into the village land-use change at different stages of economic development in the region, there is the important theoretical and practical significance for the extensive practical village land to intensive and rational use on China's current.
Based on the above understanding, this paper is taking the core zone of Shenyang Economic region as the study area, taking county and village-scale as the field study, an integrated space remote sensing images, aerial remote sensing images, land use, site statistics and household survey data and information and other aspects, the use of RS and GIS spatial analysis, social surveys, horizontal comparison, statistics, indices and other landscape research methods, analysis the transformation of the number, space, internal structure and properties change, and drive mechanism of the village land in the scale field of county and village, discuss the reasonable regulation and control policy of the intensive use of the village. Aim is to master the rule of transformation of village land, the deep roots of village land use explore problems, in order to provide the scientific basis for the fluctuate hook of urban-rural construction land, the objectives of the land consolidation, mode of operation, the policy-making. The main conclusions are drewn as follows:
(1) The combination of Chenery and Bell stage of economic development division of the standards, this paper will have the village land distribution in the counties (cities, districts) into the corresponding stage of economic development in Shenyang Economic Region. On this basis, select in the pre-industrial stage of Changtu County, early industrialization of Kaiyuan, industrialization of Tie Lingxian early maturity and late industrialization of Sujiatun, late industrialization of Shenbei as a unit, set up the simulation long time series to meet the transformation of village land requirements.
(2)The main features of the transformation of the village land in county scale are:With the increase of economic development, the village land which account for the proportion of urban and rural construction land is decreasing, the village land-use change rate decreases, while the village land size increases. The total percentages of the 20hm2 land size of the village is the following:Changtu County (96.71%)> Kaiyuan (96.28%)> Tie Lingxian (94.48%)> Sujiatun District (92.96%)> Shenbei (87.38%); with increasing gradually economic development phase, the village land is the development patterns of scatter to focus, the average number of administrative villages in the villages (Tun) is by the Changtu 15.01 reduced to Shenbei 4.24; with changing regularly the stage of economic development about the village land patch density, mean patch area, the average nearest neighbor index, degree of polymerization and aggregation degree of landscape pattern indices, such as the patch density was gradually decreased, the average patch size, largest patch index, mean nearest neighbor index and aggregation degree was gradually increased.
(3) the main features of transformation of the village land in villages scale are:land-use structure from the perspective of the village per household, with the increase of economic development, the village land area per household, traffic street space and rural residential land was gradually decreasing, mining warehouse land and public land management and public service facilities were increased and decreased like the inverted "U" shape, the information entropy (S) showed the overall trend of increased and decreased change; from the perspective of rural residential land structure, with economic development phase increase, residential building land base showed the trend of increasing, while agriculture and forestry land, production and warehouse space and land area of life services are rendered and the decreasing; from the residence land use characteristics, with the increase of economic development, rural homestead idle and "more than one house" rate at first decreased and then increased like the "U" shape, the proportion of buildings and residential areas increased gradually; from rural land consolidation can be achieved degree angle, choosing the government under the guidance of unified planning, the new place of residence show the lower stage of economic development select "remote village of unified planning," the higher the ratio, the higher stage of economic development options, "the town Residential" and "arrangements to the nearest urban living," the higher the ratio. The result show that the lower stage of economic development, more important farmers to relocate that "ease of cultivation" and "agricultural income".
(4) The order of importance grey correlation of driving factors of land use transition in county scale is:the proportion of primary industry output value> Land Policy> per capita revenue> per area GDP> per capita net income of farmers> the distance from the central city > the proportion of secondary industry output value> Rural Employment density. Overall, the main driving force of land use transition is the economic factors in county-scale village, and the proportion of primary industry production, per capita revenue, per area GDP, per capita net income of farmers and the proportion of secondary industry output value as the leading driving; the same as land use policy is also an important impetus for transformation in land County village; regional conditions and the rural working population is also the county village land can not be ignored.
(5) The order of importance grey correlation of driving factors of land use transition in villages scale is:planting income> migrant workers income> other workers> before1980 housing> with distance from the village centralized planning, private sector workers "proportion unified arrangement> proportion of non-agricultural workers. Overall, the main driving force of the transformation of the village land is the source of family income in the village field scale, family practitioners structure, location and village planning, the level of economic is significantly affected the characteristics of transition in the village and county land use drivers; regional conditions in the village field scale is better than the village land restructuring county scale; land policy in the county scale is obvious, but has no obvious effect on the domain scale.
(6) According to the above analysis, the results show that the village land use regulation should be based on land consolidation, the fluctuate hook of urban-rural construction land and so on, from location theory, systems theory, theories of urban centers and landscape theory, consider the production conditions and living conditions, regional conditions and realistic basis, and select the quantitative regulation of indicators to administrative village as a unit,divided into rural landscape type, urban and rural use type, urban integration of type and other three kinds of models to strengthen the Core Strip of Shenyang economy in villages in different stages of economic development of the land use regulation.
当前我国城市和农村正处于经济社会转型时期,村庄用地是农村经济社会发展的承载体,决定了村庄用地变化与社会经济转型之间的密切关系,其发展变化规律与社会经济转型之间的动态关系必须结合历史的空间的分析来看待。我国是一个发展中大国,区域发展不平衡性极为突出,区域经济发展呈现出不同的阶段性。将村庄用地变化研究放到处于不同经济发展阶段的区域中认识和把握,能够认清社会转型期的村庄用地变化规律,对当前中国粗放的村庄用地实行切实可行的集约和合理利用具有重要的理论和现实意义。
基于上述认识,本文以沈阳经济区核心地带为研究区,以县域和村域为研究尺度,集成航天遥感影像、航空遥感影像、土地利用、统计资料和农户实地调查等多方面数据与资料,运用RS和GIS空间分析技术,社会统计调查、横向比较、数理统计、景观格局指数等多种研究方法,分析县域尺度和村域尺度上村庄用地转型的数量、空间、内部结构与属性变化,及其驱动机制,探讨村庄用地合理与集约利用的调控策略。目的是掌握村庄用地转型的规律,探究村庄用地利用存在问题的深层次根源,以期为城乡建设用地增减挂钩和村庄用地整理目标、运作模式及有关政策制定提供科学依据。研究得到以下主要结论：
(1)结合钱纳里和贝尔划分经济发展阶段所采用的标准,将沈阳经济区有村庄用地分布的县(市、区)划分相应经济发展阶段。在此基础上,选择处于前工业化阶段的昌图县、工业化早期的开原市、工业化成熟期早期的铁岭县、工业化后期早期的苏家屯区、工业化后期的沈北新区作为研究单元,建立模拟的长时序列以满足村庄用地转型研究要求。
(2)县域尺度上村庄用地转型主要特征为：随经济发展阶段提高,村庄用地占城乡建设用地比重逐渐降低,村庄用地变化幅度逐渐减小,而村庄用地规模逐渐增大。村庄用地规模20hm2以下累计百分率昌图县(96.71%)>开原市(96.28%)>铁岭县(94.48%)>苏家屯区(92.96%)>沈北新区(87.38%)；随着经济发展阶段提高,村庄用地分布形态逐渐由分散向集中发展,行政村中自然村(屯)平均个数由昌图县的15.01个减少到沈北新区的4.24个；村庄用地的斑块密度、平均斑块面积、平均最临近指数、聚合度和聚集度等景观格局指数随经济发展阶段提高呈规律性变化,如斑块密度呈逐渐降低趋势,平均斑块面积、最大斑块指数、平均最临近指数和聚集度等呈逐渐上升趋势。
(3)村域尺度上村庄用地转型主要特征为：从户均村庄用地结构角度看,随经济发展阶段提高,户均村庄用地面积、交通街巷用地和农村宅基地呈逐渐减少趋势,工矿仓储用地和公共管理与公共服务设施用地呈先增后减的倒“U”字型变化,信息熵值(S)总体呈现先增后减的趋势变化；从农村宅基地结构角度看,随经济发展阶段提高,住宅建筑用地呈现逐渐增加的趋势,而农林种植用地、生产仓储用地和生活服务用地面积却呈现逐渐减少的趋势；从农村宅基地使用特征分析,随经济发展阶段提高,农村宅基地闲置和“一户多宅”率呈现先减后增的“U”字型变化,楼房比例和住宅面积呈逐渐增加趋势；从农村宅基地整理可实现度角度看,在政府统一规划主导下选择新居住地呈现经济发展阶段越低选择“异地统一规划村庄”比例越高、经济发展阶段越高选择“镇上居住小区”和“安排到就近城市居住”比例越高。调查结果显示,经济发展阶段越低,农民在重新选择居住地时认为“耕作便利度”和“农业收入”越重要。
(4)县域尺度土地利用转型驱动因子灰色关联度重要度排序为：第一产业产值比重>土地政策>人均财政收入>地均GDP>人均农民纯收入>与中心城市距离>第二产业产值比重>乡村从业人员密度。总体上来看,县域尺度村庄用地利用转型主要驱动力为经济因素,并以第一产业产比重、人均财政收入、地均GDP、人均农民纯收入和第二产业产值比重为主导驱动因子；同时土地政策也是县域村庄用地利用转型重要推动力；另外区位条件和乡村从业人口也是县域村庄用地利用转型不可忽视的因素。
(5)村域尺度土地利用转型驱动因子灰色关联度重要度排序为：种植业收入>外出打工收入>其它劳动者>1980年前建房比例>与交通线距离>村里集中规划统一安排>户均收入>与城镇距离>私营企业劳动者比例>家庭经营非农劳动者比例。总体上看,村域尺度村庄用地转型主要驱动力为家庭收入来源、家庭成员从业结构、区位条件和村庄规划。与县域尺度村庄用地转型驱动力比较,经济水平在两个尺度上均表现对村庄用地转型显著影响的特性；区位条件在村域尺度上对村庄用地转型影响要强于县域尺度；土地政策在县域尺度上对村庄用地转型影响较大,而在村域尺度上却表现不明显。
(6)根据以上分析本研究认为,村庄用地调控应通过土地整理、城乡建设用地增减挂钩等途径,从区位理论、系统理论、城镇中心理论和景观理论出发,考虑生产条件、生活条件、区位条件和现实基础等4方面,并选择定量调控指标,以行政村为单元划分出乡村景观型、城乡统筹利用型、城市一体化型等3种模式,以对沈阳经济区核心地带处于不同经济发展阶段的村庄用地进行调控。
Village (rural residential) is the product of the development of human society to a certain historical stage. As the core of the relationship between the rural people and the village land, the village land is the carrier of the producing and living functions in village, it is an important component of the rural land use. Although the urbanization level has been greatly improved in recent years, the village land is still the main part of the rural-urban construction land use in China, the village land is not only remaining the expansion, but also existing the problems of the over standard area per capita, vacant and idle, the irrational of the internal structure and so on.
At present, the urban and rural economic is in transition, the village land is the carrier of the economic and social development in rural, which decided to the close relationship between the change of the village land use and the socio-economic transformation, it must be combined with the analysis of the history of the space to study. China is a developing country. The unbalanced regional development is a very prominent, it takes on different stages. To understand rules of the social transformation of the village land-use change, researching into the village land-use change at different stages of economic development in the region, there is the important theoretical and practical significance for the extensive practical village land to intensive and rational use on China's current.
Based on the above understanding, this paper is taking the core zone of Shenyang Economic region as the study area, taking county and village-scale as the field study, an integrated space remote sensing images, aerial remote sensing images, land use, site statistics and household survey data and information and other aspects, the use of RS and GIS spatial analysis, social surveys, horizontal comparison, statistics, indices and other landscape research methods, analysis the transformation of the number, space, internal structure and properties change, and drive mechanism of the village land in the scale field of county and village, discuss the reasonable regulation and control policy of the intensive use of the village. Aim is to master the rule of transformation of village land, the deep roots of village land use explore problems, in order to provide the scientific basis for the fluctuate hook of urban-rural construction land, the objectives of the land consolidation, mode of operation, the policy-making. The main conclusions are drewn as follows:
(1) The combination of Chenery and Bell stage of economic development division of the standards, this paper will have the village land distribution in the counties (cities, districts) into the corresponding stage of economic development in Shenyang Economic Region. On this basis, select in the pre-industrial stage of Changtu County, early industrialization of Kaiyuan, industrialization of Tie Lingxian early maturity and late industrialization of Sujiatun, late industrialization of Shenbei as a unit, set up the simulation long time series to meet the transformation of village land requirements.
(2)The main features of the transformation of the village land in county scale are:With the increase of economic development, the village land which account for the proportion of urban and rural construction land is decreasing, the village land-use change rate decreases, while the village land size increases. The total percentages of the 20hm2 land size of the village is the following:Changtu County (96.71%)> Kaiyuan (96.28%)> Tie Lingxian (94.48%)> Sujiatun District (92.96%)> Shenbei (87.38%); with increasing gradually economic development phase, the village land is the development patterns of scatter to focus, the average number of administrative villages in the villages (Tun) is by the Changtu 15.01 reduced to Shenbei 4.24; with changing regularly the stage of economic development about the village land patch density, mean patch area, the average nearest neighbor index, degree of polymerization and aggregation degree of landscape pattern indices, such as the patch density was gradually decreased, the average patch size, largest patch index, mean nearest neighbor index and aggregation degree was gradually increased.
(3) the main features of transformation of the village land in villages scale are:land-use structure from the perspective of the village per household, with the increase of economic development, the village land area per household, traffic street space and rural residential land was gradually decreasing, mining warehouse land and public land management and public service facilities were increased and decreased like the inverted "U" shape, the information entropy (S) showed the overall trend of increased and decreased change; from the perspective of rural residential land structure, with economic development phase increase, residential building land base showed the trend of increasing, while agriculture and forestry land, production and warehouse space and land area of life services are rendered and the decreasing; from the residence land use characteristics, with the increase of economic development, rural homestead idle and "more than one house" rate at first decreased and then increased like the "U" shape, the proportion of buildings and residential areas increased gradually; from rural land consolidation can be achieved degree angle, choosing the government under the guidance of unified planning, the new place of residence show the lower stage of economic development select "remote village of unified planning," the higher the ratio, the higher stage of economic development options, "the town Residential" and "arrangements to the nearest urban living," the higher the ratio. The result show that the lower stage of economic development, more important farmers to relocate that "ease of cultivation" and "agricultural income".
(4) The order of importance grey correlation of driving factors of land use transition in county scale is:the proportion of primary industry output value> Land Policy> per capita revenue> per area GDP> per capita net income of farmers> the distance from the central city > the proportion of secondary industry output value> Rural Employment density. Overall, the main driving force of land use transition is the economic factors in county-scale village, and the proportion of primary industry production, per capita revenue, per area GDP, per capita net income of farmers and the proportion of secondary industry output value as the leading driving; the same as land use policy is also an important impetus for transformation in land County village; regional conditions and the rural working population is also the county village land can not be ignored.
(5) The order of importance grey correlation of driving factors of land use transition in villages scale is:planting income> migrant workers income> other workers> before1980 housing> with distance from the village centralized planning, private sector workers "proportion unified arrangement> proportion of non-agricultural workers. Overall, the main driving force of the transformation of the village land is the source of family income in the village field scale, family practitioners structure, location and village planning, the level of economic is significantly affected the characteristics of transition in the village and county land use drivers; regional conditions in the village field scale is better than the village land restructuring county scale; land policy in the county scale is obvious, but has no obvious effect on the domain scale.
(6) According to the above analysis, the results show that the village land use regulation should be based on land consolidation, the fluctuate hook of urban-rural construction land and so on, from location theory, systems theory, theories of urban centers and landscape theory, consider the production conditions and living conditions, regional conditions and realistic basis, and select the quantitative regulation of indicators to administrative village as a unit,divided into rural landscape type, urban and rural use type, urban integration of type and other three kinds of models to strengthen the Core Strip of Shenyang economy in villages in different stages of economic development of the land use regulation.
引文
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