渭北黄土高原林—草景观界面植被、土壤特征及其关系研究
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摘要
景观界面的研究是现代景观生态学研究的重要组成部分,也是国内外研究的热点问题。因此,开展刺槐人工林-草地景观界面的研究具有非常重要的意义。本研究通过野外观测与实验室分析相结合的方法,在陕西省咸阳市永寿县马坊林
场,调查了样带上的植物种类组成、土壤水分、土壤养分以及各种小气候因子,分析它们在草地—界面—刺槐林异质景观环境梯度上的分布与变化特征,籍以揭示植被与土壤环境因子之间的相互关系,从而为该地区林草资源管理以及土地利用方式提供合理的建议。研究结果表明:
(1)通过聚类分析,将研究区域划分为3种景观类型,即刺槐林景观、草地景观和林-草界面景观,确定了界面的影响域为20m,其中向林内为14m,向草地内为6m。3种景观中的群落类型分别为“发草+羊茅Deschampsis caespitosa (L)Beauv.+ Festuca ovina L.”、“纤毛鹅观草+羊茅Roegneria ciliaris(Trin.)Nevski.+ Festuca ovina L”和“羊茅+赖草Festuca ovina L.+Leymus secalinus(Georgi)Tzvel.”。
(2)Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数在林草景观及其界面中的大小均表现为林地>草地>界面。
(3)土壤水分在样带水平距离梯度上总的变化趋势是草地>界面>林地。但垂直剖面上有所不同,草地和林地水分变化可划分为速变层、活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层4个层次,而界面只有速变层、活跃层和次活跃层3个层次。土壤水分季节动态变化明显,在生长前期和末期含水量较高,按其季节变化划分为土壤水分相对稳定期(3-5月)、土壤水分消耗期(6-7月)和土壤水分恢复期(8-10月)。
(4)不同景观中土壤养分表现为:表层土壤有机质含量为界面>林地>草地;全氮和水解氮含量与草地相比差异显著;亚表层土壤中,有机质、全氮和水解氮沿样带水平方向的分布差异不显著。全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾在草地、界面和林地的同一土层中含量差异均不显著。在垂直方向上,有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾在草地、林地及界面中均表现为表层>亚表层;全磷仅在草地和界面中表现为表层>亚表层;PH值均为表层>亚表层,但仅在草地2个层次间差异显著;全钾在层次间差异不显著。
(5)空气温度在从草地—界面—刺槐林内部的连续过程中是逐渐升高的,温差达1.59℃。空气相对湿度表现出与此相反的变化趋势,内外相差0.77%;地温的总趋势是草地>界面>林地。
(6)相关分析表明:在草地中,植物多样性指数与水解氮和全氮显著相关;刺槐林中,植物多样性指数与土壤水分密切相关;在林草界面中,植物多样性指数与土壤水分和速效磷、全磷、全钾密切相关。
Landscape boundary is an important component of landscape and often plays indispensable roles in regulating ecological flows. By field investigation and experimental work , the gradient distribution and variation of microclimatic element, vegetation composiyion,soil water,soil nutrients were analyzed,through which the correlations of plants to soil factors were described.
The main results were summarized as following:
Ⅰ.By cluster analysis, the 25 sites were divided into 3 types of landscape: forest, grassland and forest- grassland boundary. The influential range of boundary on speciesdiversity was about 20m,ranging from 14m in forest to 6m in grassland.The main communities in the three types of landscape were“Roegneria ciliaris(Trin.)Nevski.+ Festuca ovina L”,”Deschampsis caespitosa (L)Beauv.+ Festuca ovina L.”and“Festuca ovina L.+Leymus secalinus(Georgi)Tzvel.”.
Ⅱ. Simpson Index,Shannon-Wiener Index,Margalef Index and Pielou Index for the three types of landscape appeared consistent in variations,with highest number for forest,followed by that of grassland and boundary respectively.
III.Soil water at the horizontal dimension across the sample plot appears most in content in grassland,then in landscape boundary followed by forest. Across the soil profiles of grassland and forest, 0-210cm depth can be divided into four layers: rapid change layer, active layer, sub-active layer and relatively stable layer. Landscape boundary only has three layers observed: rapid layer, active layer and sub-active layer. Seasonal variations of soil water are significant and higher at early phase and last phase of growth. Three stages of soil water variation have been observed: relatively stable stage ( March—May), exhaustion stage ( June—July) and recovery stage (August—October).
IV. Soil nutrients across the horizontal and vertical dimensions of sample plot were significantly different. On the horizontal dimension, highest OM goes to landscape boundary, followed by forest and grassland respectively. TN and AN contents were not significantly different between forest and boundary but significantly different compared to grassland. In the sub-surface layer, OM, TN and AN were not significantly distributed across the horizontal level of sample plot. TP, AP TK and AK of same soil layer with grassland, boundary and forest were not significantly different in contents but in the vertical direction for grassland, boundary and forest, OM, TN, AN, AP and AK in surface layer were all higher than those in sub-surface layer, significant difference indeed. Only with grassland and boundary, TP in surface layer was higher than that in sub-surface layer. PH value with surface layer was higher than that of sub-surface layer but significantly different among grassland. TK contents were not significantly different among layers.
V. Temperatures were increasing along grassland-boundary-forest gradients, with temperature difference amounting to 1.59℃. A reverse variation happened to relative humidity, with a interior-exterior difference of 0.77%. Soil temperature tendency was following the order of grassland>boundary >forest.
VI. Correlation analysis revealed that in grassland, the indices of phyto-biodiversity were correlated with AN and TN; in forest, indices of speciesdiversity were significantly correlated with soil water; and in forest-grassland boundary, indices of speciesdiversity were significantly correlated with soil water, AP, TP and TK.
场,调查了样带上的植物种类组成、土壤水分、土壤养分以及各种小气候因子,分析它们在草地—界面—刺槐林异质景观环境梯度上的分布与变化特征,籍以揭示植被与土壤环境因子之间的相互关系,从而为该地区林草资源管理以及土地利用方式提供合理的建议。研究结果表明:
(1)通过聚类分析,将研究区域划分为3种景观类型,即刺槐林景观、草地景观和林-草界面景观,确定了界面的影响域为20m,其中向林内为14m,向草地内为6m。3种景观中的群落类型分别为“发草+羊茅Deschampsis caespitosa (L)Beauv.+ Festuca ovina L.”、“纤毛鹅观草+羊茅Roegneria ciliaris(Trin.)Nevski.+ Festuca ovina L”和“羊茅+赖草Festuca ovina L.+Leymus secalinus(Georgi)Tzvel.”。
(2)Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数在林草景观及其界面中的大小均表现为林地>草地>界面。
(3)土壤水分在样带水平距离梯度上总的变化趋势是草地>界面>林地。但垂直剖面上有所不同,草地和林地水分变化可划分为速变层、活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层4个层次,而界面只有速变层、活跃层和次活跃层3个层次。土壤水分季节动态变化明显,在生长前期和末期含水量较高,按其季节变化划分为土壤水分相对稳定期(3-5月)、土壤水分消耗期(6-7月)和土壤水分恢复期(8-10月)。
(4)不同景观中土壤养分表现为:表层土壤有机质含量为界面>林地>草地;全氮和水解氮含量与草地相比差异显著;亚表层土壤中,有机质、全氮和水解氮沿样带水平方向的分布差异不显著。全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾在草地、界面和林地的同一土层中含量差异均不显著。在垂直方向上,有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾在草地、林地及界面中均表现为表层>亚表层;全磷仅在草地和界面中表现为表层>亚表层;PH值均为表层>亚表层,但仅在草地2个层次间差异显著;全钾在层次间差异不显著。
(5)空气温度在从草地—界面—刺槐林内部的连续过程中是逐渐升高的,温差达1.59℃。空气相对湿度表现出与此相反的变化趋势,内外相差0.77%;地温的总趋势是草地>界面>林地。
(6)相关分析表明:在草地中,植物多样性指数与水解氮和全氮显著相关;刺槐林中,植物多样性指数与土壤水分密切相关;在林草界面中,植物多样性指数与土壤水分和速效磷、全磷、全钾密切相关。
Landscape boundary is an important component of landscape and often plays indispensable roles in regulating ecological flows. By field investigation and experimental work , the gradient distribution and variation of microclimatic element, vegetation composiyion,soil water,soil nutrients were analyzed,through which the correlations of plants to soil factors were described.
The main results were summarized as following:
Ⅰ.By cluster analysis, the 25 sites were divided into 3 types of landscape: forest, grassland and forest- grassland boundary. The influential range of boundary on speciesdiversity was about 20m,ranging from 14m in forest to 6m in grassland.The main communities in the three types of landscape were“Roegneria ciliaris(Trin.)Nevski.+ Festuca ovina L”,”Deschampsis caespitosa (L)Beauv.+ Festuca ovina L.”and“Festuca ovina L.+Leymus secalinus(Georgi)Tzvel.”.
Ⅱ. Simpson Index,Shannon-Wiener Index,Margalef Index and Pielou Index for the three types of landscape appeared consistent in variations,with highest number for forest,followed by that of grassland and boundary respectively.
III.Soil water at the horizontal dimension across the sample plot appears most in content in grassland,then in landscape boundary followed by forest. Across the soil profiles of grassland and forest, 0-210cm depth can be divided into four layers: rapid change layer, active layer, sub-active layer and relatively stable layer. Landscape boundary only has three layers observed: rapid layer, active layer and sub-active layer. Seasonal variations of soil water are significant and higher at early phase and last phase of growth. Three stages of soil water variation have been observed: relatively stable stage ( March—May), exhaustion stage ( June—July) and recovery stage (August—October).
IV. Soil nutrients across the horizontal and vertical dimensions of sample plot were significantly different. On the horizontal dimension, highest OM goes to landscape boundary, followed by forest and grassland respectively. TN and AN contents were not significantly different between forest and boundary but significantly different compared to grassland. In the sub-surface layer, OM, TN and AN were not significantly distributed across the horizontal level of sample plot. TP, AP TK and AK of same soil layer with grassland, boundary and forest were not significantly different in contents but in the vertical direction for grassland, boundary and forest, OM, TN, AN, AP and AK in surface layer were all higher than those in sub-surface layer, significant difference indeed. Only with grassland and boundary, TP in surface layer was higher than that in sub-surface layer. PH value with surface layer was higher than that of sub-surface layer but significantly different among grassland. TK contents were not significantly different among layers.
V. Temperatures were increasing along grassland-boundary-forest gradients, with temperature difference amounting to 1.59℃. A reverse variation happened to relative humidity, with a interior-exterior difference of 0.77%. Soil temperature tendency was following the order of grassland>boundary >forest.
VI. Correlation analysis revealed that in grassland, the indices of phyto-biodiversity were correlated with AN and TN; in forest, indices of speciesdiversity were significantly correlated with soil water; and in forest-grassland boundary, indices of speciesdiversity were significantly correlated with soil water, AP, TP and TK.
引文
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