黑曲霉SL-05固态发酵苹果渣产木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、甘露聚糖酶的研究
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摘要
木聚糖、β-甘露聚糖和纤维素是植物细胞壁的主要成分,广泛而大量地存在于自然界中,是地球上最为丰富的可再生的生物聚合物。从高效和环保的角度出发,纤维素和半纤维素被彻底分解且无污染的一条有效的途径便是利用酶的水解作用。β-甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶在食品、医药、纺织、洗涤剂、造纸、饲料、石油开采等方面具有广泛的应用前景。近年来,β-甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的研究与开发已引起了人们的高度关注。本文以工农业废料苹果渣为基料,对β-甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶固态发酵工艺条件以及部分酶学性质进行了系统的研究,为我国工业用酶的开发提供新的思路与途径。主要研究结果如下:
1、以苹果渣为基础碳源,通过单因素试验和统计学试验设计,采用回归分析研究了黑曲霉SL-05固态发酵产β-甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的工艺条件,确定了菌株SL-05发酵产酶的最佳培养基:甘露聚糖酶,棉粕和苹果渣比例1:1、尿素2%、葡萄糖2%、KH2PO4 0.12%、含水率60%;木聚糖酶,棉粕和苹果渣比例1:1、尿素2%、葡萄糖2%、KH2PO4 0.06%、含水率65%;纤维素酶,棉粕和苹果渣比例1:1、尿素2%、葡萄糖2%、KH2PO4 0.09%、含水率62%。在最佳条件下,获得了酶活分别为296、6347、66032 U/g的甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶高酶活发酵干曲,比基础培养基分别提高了61%、49%、53%。
2、研究了发酵过程中,甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶的酶活、糖、总蛋白、精蛋白、pH、干重失重率、氨基酸含量随时间的变化规律。结果显示:最佳的培养时间为48 h,此时未见孢子生成,酶活值已经达到了较高水平。发酵过程中,酶的分泌阶段24-48 h是菌体旺盛生长阶段,此时还原糖、总糖随着酶的分泌而被消耗,精蛋白明显增长,培养基的pH降低,干重失重率成大幅度提高。此后,酶活上升趋势下降。发酵前后氨基酸含量比较可以得出,发酵后大部分氨基酸含量增加,特别是几种常见限制性氨基酸:赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、组氨酸,64 h时比灭菌前分别分别提高了38%、85%、69%。
3、试验对黑曲霉木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的部分酶学性质做了研究,对β-甘露聚糖酶的酶学性质做了详细研究。结果表明β-甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶均为酸性酶,最佳反应pH分别为5.0、5.0、4.5,在pH3.5-6.0范围内处理6 h和1 h残余酶活均保持在85%以上;三个酶的最适反应温度分别是80℃、55℃、75℃,β-甘露聚糖酶和纤维素酶热稳定性较好,β-甘露聚糖酶50℃处理6 h、纤维素酶60℃处理30 min后剩余酶活都保持在80%以上,而木聚糖酶60℃处理30 min后残余酶活只剩下17.35%。对甘露聚糖酶的动力学研究求得酶促反应的Km和Vmax分别是0.083μmol/mL、166.67μmol/min。试验还研究了金属离子对甘露聚糖酶的影响,结果表明,Fe2+、Fe3+、Mg2+对酶活有激活作用,Fe2+的激活作用最为显著,可达127%,Cu2+对甘露聚糖酶的酶活有明显的抑制作用(91%),Ca2+在浓度为0.5 mM时激活,在浓度为1.0 mM时抑制。
Cellulose and hemicelluloses, the main composition of the plant cell wall, exists widely in the nature and is the most abundant reproducible bio-polymer in the earth. In view of the high efficiency and the environment protection, the degradation catalysed with enzymes is the most effective way to hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose thoroughly and causes no pollution.β-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase provide obvious advantages for the applications in the processes, such as in laundry detergents, paper pulp bleaching and hydraulic fracturing of oil well. In recent years, the research forβ-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase has been extensively studied. In this thesis, the composition medium of solid-state fermentation, which used apple pomace and cottonseed meal as carbon source for Aspergillus niger SL-05 producing extracellularβ-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase, was optimized and characteristics of these three enzymes were extensively studied. The main results are as follows:
1. Medium compositions for Aspergillus niger SL-05 producing extracellularβ-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase were optimized in solid-state fermentation using single factor experiments and statistical experimental designs. The optimal medium forβ-mannanase production contained apple pomace and cottonseed meal (1:1) as carbon and nitrogen sources, 2% urea, 2% glucose, 0.12% KH2PO4 and 60% initial moisture content; the optimal medium for xylanase production contained apple pomace and cottonseed meal (1:1) as carbon and nitrogen sources, 2% urea, 2% glucose, 0.06% KH2PO4 and 65% initial moisture content; the optimal medium for cellulase production contained apple pomace and cottonseed meal (1:1) as carbon and nitrogen sources, 2% urea, 2% glucose, 0.09% KH2PO4 and 62% initial moisture content. Under optimized conditions,β-mannanase production of 296 Units/g (U/g) dw, xylanase production of 6347 U/g dw and cellulase production of 66032 U/g dw can be achieved, which were improved 61%, 49%, 53% compared with that of the initial medium, respectively.
2. The growth kinetics of Aspergillus niger SL-05 were investigated. The results showed that the optimal fermentation time for xylanase production under the optimized conditions would be 48 h. As spores were produced after 48 h, the enzymes production tended to be slower. The major enzymes secretion was observed during 24-48 h of inoculation with high cellular metabolism activities. In this period, the amount of total sugar and reducing sugar decreased dramatically, the pure protein increased rapidly, the pH value of the medium decreased, and the dry weight loss rate increased distinctly. Then, small increase in enzyme secretion was found. Compared with the amino acid content before fermentation, the content of most amino acid increased after fermentation, especially limiting amino acids: Lys, Met and His, which were improved 38%, 85%, 69% compared with that of the initial medium, respectively.
3. The effects of the optimal temperature, pH, thermal stability, stability of acid and alkali, common metal ions to enzymes were researched. The results showed that theβ-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase were acidic enzymes and the optimal pH were 5.0, 5.0, and 4.5, respectively. Three enzymes all remained above 85% of the initial activity after incubated at pH3.5-6.0. The optimal reaction temperature were 80℃, 55℃, 75℃, respectively. Thermal stabilities ofβ-mannanase and cellulase were high. They remained above 80% of initial activity afterβ-mannanase incubated for 5 h at 50℃and cellulase incubated for 30 min at 60℃. But xylanase remained only 17.35% after incubated for 30min at 60℃. The Km and Vmax of theβ-mannanase were obtained, which were 0.083μmol/mL and 166.67μmol/min, respectively. The activity of the mannanase was inhibited greatly by Cu2+(91%) and was activated by Fe2+, Fe3+ and Mg2+, especially Fe2+(127%). The activity of mannanase was inhibited by 0.5 mM Ca2+; however it was activated at 1.0 mM Ca2+.
1、以苹果渣为基础碳源,通过单因素试验和统计学试验设计,采用回归分析研究了黑曲霉SL-05固态发酵产β-甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的工艺条件,确定了菌株SL-05发酵产酶的最佳培养基:甘露聚糖酶,棉粕和苹果渣比例1:1、尿素2%、葡萄糖2%、KH2PO4 0.12%、含水率60%;木聚糖酶,棉粕和苹果渣比例1:1、尿素2%、葡萄糖2%、KH2PO4 0.06%、含水率65%;纤维素酶,棉粕和苹果渣比例1:1、尿素2%、葡萄糖2%、KH2PO4 0.09%、含水率62%。在最佳条件下,获得了酶活分别为296、6347、66032 U/g的甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶高酶活发酵干曲,比基础培养基分别提高了61%、49%、53%。
2、研究了发酵过程中,甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶的酶活、糖、总蛋白、精蛋白、pH、干重失重率、氨基酸含量随时间的变化规律。结果显示:最佳的培养时间为48 h,此时未见孢子生成,酶活值已经达到了较高水平。发酵过程中,酶的分泌阶段24-48 h是菌体旺盛生长阶段,此时还原糖、总糖随着酶的分泌而被消耗,精蛋白明显增长,培养基的pH降低,干重失重率成大幅度提高。此后,酶活上升趋势下降。发酵前后氨基酸含量比较可以得出,发酵后大部分氨基酸含量增加,特别是几种常见限制性氨基酸:赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、组氨酸,64 h时比灭菌前分别分别提高了38%、85%、69%。
3、试验对黑曲霉木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的部分酶学性质做了研究,对β-甘露聚糖酶的酶学性质做了详细研究。结果表明β-甘露聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶均为酸性酶,最佳反应pH分别为5.0、5.0、4.5,在pH3.5-6.0范围内处理6 h和1 h残余酶活均保持在85%以上;三个酶的最适反应温度分别是80℃、55℃、75℃,β-甘露聚糖酶和纤维素酶热稳定性较好,β-甘露聚糖酶50℃处理6 h、纤维素酶60℃处理30 min后剩余酶活都保持在80%以上,而木聚糖酶60℃处理30 min后残余酶活只剩下17.35%。对甘露聚糖酶的动力学研究求得酶促反应的Km和Vmax分别是0.083μmol/mL、166.67μmol/min。试验还研究了金属离子对甘露聚糖酶的影响,结果表明,Fe2+、Fe3+、Mg2+对酶活有激活作用,Fe2+的激活作用最为显著,可达127%,Cu2+对甘露聚糖酶的酶活有明显的抑制作用(91%),Ca2+在浓度为0.5 mM时激活,在浓度为1.0 mM时抑制。
Cellulose and hemicelluloses, the main composition of the plant cell wall, exists widely in the nature and is the most abundant reproducible bio-polymer in the earth. In view of the high efficiency and the environment protection, the degradation catalysed with enzymes is the most effective way to hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose thoroughly and causes no pollution.β-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase provide obvious advantages for the applications in the processes, such as in laundry detergents, paper pulp bleaching and hydraulic fracturing of oil well. In recent years, the research forβ-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase has been extensively studied. In this thesis, the composition medium of solid-state fermentation, which used apple pomace and cottonseed meal as carbon source for Aspergillus niger SL-05 producing extracellularβ-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase, was optimized and characteristics of these three enzymes were extensively studied. The main results are as follows:
1. Medium compositions for Aspergillus niger SL-05 producing extracellularβ-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase were optimized in solid-state fermentation using single factor experiments and statistical experimental designs. The optimal medium forβ-mannanase production contained apple pomace and cottonseed meal (1:1) as carbon and nitrogen sources, 2% urea, 2% glucose, 0.12% KH2PO4 and 60% initial moisture content; the optimal medium for xylanase production contained apple pomace and cottonseed meal (1:1) as carbon and nitrogen sources, 2% urea, 2% glucose, 0.06% KH2PO4 and 65% initial moisture content; the optimal medium for cellulase production contained apple pomace and cottonseed meal (1:1) as carbon and nitrogen sources, 2% urea, 2% glucose, 0.09% KH2PO4 and 62% initial moisture content. Under optimized conditions,β-mannanase production of 296 Units/g (U/g) dw, xylanase production of 6347 U/g dw and cellulase production of 66032 U/g dw can be achieved, which were improved 61%, 49%, 53% compared with that of the initial medium, respectively.
2. The growth kinetics of Aspergillus niger SL-05 were investigated. The results showed that the optimal fermentation time for xylanase production under the optimized conditions would be 48 h. As spores were produced after 48 h, the enzymes production tended to be slower. The major enzymes secretion was observed during 24-48 h of inoculation with high cellular metabolism activities. In this period, the amount of total sugar and reducing sugar decreased dramatically, the pure protein increased rapidly, the pH value of the medium decreased, and the dry weight loss rate increased distinctly. Then, small increase in enzyme secretion was found. Compared with the amino acid content before fermentation, the content of most amino acid increased after fermentation, especially limiting amino acids: Lys, Met and His, which were improved 38%, 85%, 69% compared with that of the initial medium, respectively.
3. The effects of the optimal temperature, pH, thermal stability, stability of acid and alkali, common metal ions to enzymes were researched. The results showed that theβ-mannanase, xylanase and cellulase were acidic enzymes and the optimal pH were 5.0, 5.0, and 4.5, respectively. Three enzymes all remained above 85% of the initial activity after incubated at pH3.5-6.0. The optimal reaction temperature were 80℃, 55℃, 75℃, respectively. Thermal stabilities ofβ-mannanase and cellulase were high. They remained above 80% of initial activity afterβ-mannanase incubated for 5 h at 50℃and cellulase incubated for 30 min at 60℃. But xylanase remained only 17.35% after incubated for 30min at 60℃. The Km and Vmax of theβ-mannanase were obtained, which were 0.083μmol/mL and 166.67μmol/min, respectively. The activity of the mannanase was inhibited greatly by Cu2+(91%) and was activated by Fe2+, Fe3+ and Mg2+, especially Fe2+(127%). The activity of mannanase was inhibited by 0.5 mM Ca2+; however it was activated at 1.0 mM Ca2+.
引文
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