基于软开关的复合电源DC/DC单元设计与仿真
摘要
近年来,能源问题和环境问题成为人们广泛关注的焦点,对新能源和清洁能源的要求越来越强烈。直流电源作为一种清洁能源无论是在军事领域还是民用领域都得到了广泛的应用,然而随着经济的发展,越来越多的设备和装置苛求中、大功率的电源。在各种化学和物理电源中,蓄电池具有高比能量(20～180Wh/Kg),但是其比功率低(50～300W/Kg),适合于提供低功率的持续能量需求,却不能满足短时高功率的需求。电化学电容器,是介于传统物理电容器和二次电池之间的一种新型储能器件,它的比能量低(1～10Wh/kg),但是其比功率较高(1000～2000W/kg)。因此,在既需要高比功率,又需要高比能量的应用中,靠单一电源不能满足需求,所以就寻求超级电容和高比能量电池的混合供电模式来解决这一问题。
本文以锂电池和超级电容器组成的复合电源为研究对象,对比分析了复合电源的各种系统结构并设计了一种改进型结构。该结构是由控制电路控制多个DC/DC转换器来实现电源的功率分配。对于DC/DC变换器,本文采用了软开关技术,与传统的硬开关DC/DC变换器相比,它在开关损耗、容性开通、感性关断以及二极管反向恢复等问题上有很大的改善。本文通过对比分析软开关技术的各种拓扑结构,把性能更优的零转换PWM变换技术和基本降压、升压DC/DC变换器相结合,设计出了适用于本复合电源的改进型ZVT-PWM Buck变换器和新型ZCT-PWM Boost变换器。在对这两种变换器的工作过程进行分析后结合实验背景对电路进行了参数选择和仿真验证。
仿真结果表明,本文设计的两种DC/DC变换器中的主、辅助开关管都能实现软开关,降低了开关管的开关损耗,提高了DC/DC变换器的转换效率,从而能提高复合电源的能量利用率。
Recently, issues of energy and environment have become the focus of people’s attention. The demand for new and clean energy is also more and more urgent. As a kind of clean energy, DC power supplies have been widely used both in the military areas and in the civilian areas. However, with the development of economy, medium and high power supplies are required by more and more equipments and devices. Among various kinds of chemical and physical power supplies, batteries with high specific energy (20 ~ 180Wh/Kg) but low specific power (50～300W/Kg) can provide the continual low power need, while it can not meet short-term high power need. Electrochemical capacitors,a new kind of energy storage device between the traditional physical capacitor and the secondary battery,has low specific energy (1 ~ 10Wh/kg) but high specific power (1000～2000W/kg). Therefore, in the application of both high specific power and high specific energy, the demands can not be satisfied by a single power supply, it is necessary to search for a hybrid power supply mode of super-capacitors and high specific energy batteries to solve the problem.
This thesis takes hybrid power supplies whose components are lithium batteries and super-capacitors as the object of the research. Various systematic structures of hybrid power supplies are analyzed and a kind of an improved structure is also designed which controls multiple DC/DC converters by control circuits to realize the power distribution. As to DC/DC converter, soft switch technology is employed in this research. Compared with the hard switch used in the traditional DC/DC converter, it has made a lot of improvements in such problems as switching losses, capacitive open, perceptual shutoff, diode reverse recovery, etc. Various topological structures of the soft switching technology are analyzed comparatively. With the combination of null transformation PWM transform technology with better performances and the basic buck and boost DC/DC converters, the improved ZVT-PWM Buck converter and new ZCT-PWM Boost converter suitable for the present hybrid power supplies are designed. After analyzing the working processes of the two converters, parameters of the circuits are chosen and the circuits are also confirmed by the simulation under the experiment background.
Simulation results show that the main and auxiliary switches in the two DC/DC converters designed in this thesis can both realize soft-switching, which reduces switching losses and enhances the conversion efficiency of DC/DC converters, thus increasing the energy utilization of hybrid power supplies.
本文以锂电池和超级电容器组成的复合电源为研究对象,对比分析了复合电源的各种系统结构并设计了一种改进型结构。该结构是由控制电路控制多个DC/DC转换器来实现电源的功率分配。对于DC/DC变换器,本文采用了软开关技术,与传统的硬开关DC/DC变换器相比,它在开关损耗、容性开通、感性关断以及二极管反向恢复等问题上有很大的改善。本文通过对比分析软开关技术的各种拓扑结构,把性能更优的零转换PWM变换技术和基本降压、升压DC/DC变换器相结合,设计出了适用于本复合电源的改进型ZVT-PWM Buck变换器和新型ZCT-PWM Boost变换器。在对这两种变换器的工作过程进行分析后结合实验背景对电路进行了参数选择和仿真验证。
仿真结果表明,本文设计的两种DC/DC变换器中的主、辅助开关管都能实现软开关,降低了开关管的开关损耗,提高了DC/DC变换器的转换效率,从而能提高复合电源的能量利用率。
Recently, issues of energy and environment have become the focus of people’s attention. The demand for new and clean energy is also more and more urgent. As a kind of clean energy, DC power supplies have been widely used both in the military areas and in the civilian areas. However, with the development of economy, medium and high power supplies are required by more and more equipments and devices. Among various kinds of chemical and physical power supplies, batteries with high specific energy (20 ~ 180Wh/Kg) but low specific power (50～300W/Kg) can provide the continual low power need, while it can not meet short-term high power need. Electrochemical capacitors,a new kind of energy storage device between the traditional physical capacitor and the secondary battery,has low specific energy (1 ~ 10Wh/kg) but high specific power (1000～2000W/kg). Therefore, in the application of both high specific power and high specific energy, the demands can not be satisfied by a single power supply, it is necessary to search for a hybrid power supply mode of super-capacitors and high specific energy batteries to solve the problem.
This thesis takes hybrid power supplies whose components are lithium batteries and super-capacitors as the object of the research. Various systematic structures of hybrid power supplies are analyzed and a kind of an improved structure is also designed which controls multiple DC/DC converters by control circuits to realize the power distribution. As to DC/DC converter, soft switch technology is employed in this research. Compared with the hard switch used in the traditional DC/DC converter, it has made a lot of improvements in such problems as switching losses, capacitive open, perceptual shutoff, diode reverse recovery, etc. Various topological structures of the soft switching technology are analyzed comparatively. With the combination of null transformation PWM transform technology with better performances and the basic buck and boost DC/DC converters, the improved ZVT-PWM Buck converter and new ZCT-PWM Boost converter suitable for the present hybrid power supplies are designed. After analyzing the working processes of the two converters, parameters of the circuits are chosen and the circuits are also confirmed by the simulation under the experiment background.
Simulation results show that the main and auxiliary switches in the two DC/DC converters designed in this thesis can both realize soft-switching, which reduces switching losses and enhances the conversion efficiency of DC/DC converters, thus increasing the energy utilization of hybrid power supplies.
引文
[1]周远.基于混合动力汽车复合电源及能量回馈研究:[硕士学位论文].江苏:江苏大学,2010
[2]张淼.混合动力电动汽车复合电源设计与控制策略的研究:[硕士学位论文].江苏:江苏大学,2009
[3]孙立清,陈伟超.超级电容系统在电动汽车中的应用.中国汽车工程学会年会论文集.北京:中国汽车工程学会,2003
[4]于远彬.车载复合电源设计理论与控制策略研究:[博士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学,2008
[5]张倩.混合动力汽车复合电源模型参数辨识及试验验证:[硕士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学,2006
[6] G.Fritz,N.Karditsas,S.Venkatesan,D.Corrigan,S.K.Dahr.and.S.R.Ovshinsky'“Ovonic NiMH Batteries:the Enablin Technology for Heavy Duty Eletric&Hybri Electric Vehicles”. Ovonic Battery Company,SAE Paper 2000-01-3108
[7] Tien Q. Duong, Raymond A. Sutula,James A. Barnes. FY 2002 Status Report on the U. S. Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage Technologies Research. EVS 1 9 2002.
[8] Tony Markel, Ahmad Pesaran. Analysis of Ultracapacitor-VRLA Energy Storage Systems for Mild Hybrids. 5m Advanced Automotive Battery Confcrence Honolulu. HawaiiJune 2005:13-17
[9] Nobuyuki, Kasuga,et, a1. Ultra-capacitor and battery hybrid EV with high efficiency battery load leveling system 1 998; EVS-15
[10] T. Christen, M. Carten, C, Ohler,Proceedings of the 9”International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and similar Energy Storage Devices, Florida Educational Seminars, December 1999.
[11]邵文,杜少武,戴鹏等.高频隔离光伏网系统中DC/DC变换器的研究.电气自动化,2011,33(1):26-28
[12]董书发.特种DC/DC变换器的研究与应用:[硕士学位论文].山东:中国石油大学,2010
[13]谢应孝.Buck型DC/DC开关电源的研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].黑龙江:黑龙江大学,2010
[14]罗明.移相全桥DC/DC变换器的研究:[硕士学位论文].广东:华南理工大学,2010
[15]马俊龙.移相控制的ZVS PWM DC/DC全桥变换器的占空比丢失研究.科技信息,2011,1:123
[16]夏雪.Buck DC/DC转换器研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].陕西:西安电子科技大学,2009
[17]陈春鹏.Buck DC/DC转换器芯片的研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].陕西:西安电子科技大学,2009
[18]闫晓金,潘艳等.超级电容-蓄电池复合电源结构选型与设计.电力电子技术,2010,44(5):75-77
[19]唐西胜,齐智平.超级电容器蓄电池混合电源.电源技术,2006,30(11):933-936
[20]汪继刚.化学与物理电源.第2版.北京:国防工业出版社.2008,99-110
[21]陈英放,李媛媛,邓梅根.超级电容器的原理及应用.电子元件与材料,2008,27(4):6-9
[22]郭炳焜,李新海,杨松青.化学电源—电池原理及制造技术.湖南:中南大学出版社,2009,446
[23]胡学芝.软开关技术综述.器件也设备.2002,5:39-40
[24]冷增祥,徐以荣.电力电子技术基础.江苏:东南大学出版社,2006,236-237
[25]赵德申,胡雪梅.软开关电路的原理与分析.电气开关,2007.5:1-3
[26]侯世英,周彬,王德朝等.一种改进型ZCS PWM Buck变换器仿真研究.佳木斯大学学报(自然科学版),2008,26(2):202-205
[27] Tomokazu Mishima,Mutsuo Nakaoka.An asymmetrical ZCS--PWM half bridge DC-DC converter with active auxiliary edge—resonant snubber[C].IEEE ICIT,2008:1-7
[28] J.P.RODRIGUES,I.BARBI and A.J.PERIN,“Buck Converter with ZVS Three Level Boost Clamping,”in Proc. IEEE ISIE, 2007, pp. 673–678
[29] C.M.C.DUARTE and V.M.Fiori,“A New ZVS-PWM Active-Clamping Buck-Boost Converter,”in Proc. IEEE PESC, 2005, pp. 1429–1433
[30]张森林,刘兆愧.一种单管ZVS-ZCS-Buck-PWM变换器.中国科技信息,2009,2:112-115
[31] L.C.de Freitas,P.R.C.Gomes.A High-Power-Frequency ZCS-ZVS-PWM Buck Converter Using a Feedback Resonant Circuit. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 10, NO. I, JANUARY 1995
[32]姜久红,朱若燕,姜久春.一种新型控制的ZCT-PWM变换器的分析、设计与实现.微计算机信息,2004,20(5):84-87
[33]苏盈.改进软开关Buck ZCT-PWM开关电路设计及其Pspice仿真.通信电源技术,2010,27(4):13-16
[34]孙慧贤,王群,杨卫新.ZVT-PWM Buck变换器的改进.电器应用,2005,24(7):81-84
[35]台建建,李良光,钟声.ZVT-PWM Buck变换器的改进电路仿真研究.煤矿机械,2006,27(3):500-502
[36]孙燕霞,王志和.改进型ZCS-PWM Boost变换器的仿真研究.电气自动化,2009,31(4):37-38
[37]郑晓兰,伊林林,李瑞平.Boost ZCT-PWM变换器的改进及仿真分析.现代电子技术,2007.20:137-139
[38]褚恩辉,卢伟玉,金升等.基于辅助谐振换流器的新型ZVS-PWM升压变换器.仪器仪表学报,2009,30(12):2524-2529
[39]付光杰,冉璇,邢建华.基于软开关的Boost变换器研究.电力电子技术,2010,4(410):57-58
[40]郑晓兰,伊林林,李瑞平.Boost ZCT-PWM变换器的改进及仿真分析.现代电子技术,2007.20:137-139
[41]陆冬良,张代润,黄念慈.全软开关Boost ZCT-PWM变换器.电力电子技术,2006,40(2):43-44
[42]刘万强,张代润,黄念慈.全软开关Boost ZVT-PWM变换器.四川大学学报(工程科学版),2002,34(3):124-126
[43] Phattanasak, M. A ZVT Boost Converter using an Auxiliary Resonant Circuit. IEEE Trails.on Power Electronics, 2006, 15(12): 1-6.
[44]王天福,刘强,李志强.一种新型软开关Boost变换器.通信电源技术,2010.27(5):24-27
[2]张淼.混合动力电动汽车复合电源设计与控制策略的研究:[硕士学位论文].江苏:江苏大学,2009
[3]孙立清,陈伟超.超级电容系统在电动汽车中的应用.中国汽车工程学会年会论文集.北京:中国汽车工程学会,2003
[4]于远彬.车载复合电源设计理论与控制策略研究:[博士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学,2008
[5]张倩.混合动力汽车复合电源模型参数辨识及试验验证:[硕士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学,2006
[6] G.Fritz,N.Karditsas,S.Venkatesan,D.Corrigan,S.K.Dahr.and.S.R.Ovshinsky'“Ovonic NiMH Batteries:the Enablin Technology for Heavy Duty Eletric&Hybri Electric Vehicles”. Ovonic Battery Company,SAE Paper 2000-01-3108
[7] Tien Q. Duong, Raymond A. Sutula,James A. Barnes. FY 2002 Status Report on the U. S. Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage Technologies Research. EVS 1 9 2002.
[8] Tony Markel, Ahmad Pesaran. Analysis of Ultracapacitor-VRLA Energy Storage Systems for Mild Hybrids. 5m Advanced Automotive Battery Confcrence Honolulu. HawaiiJune 2005:13-17
[9] Nobuyuki, Kasuga,et, a1. Ultra-capacitor and battery hybrid EV with high efficiency battery load leveling system 1 998; EVS-15
[10] T. Christen, M. Carten, C, Ohler,Proceedings of the 9”International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and similar Energy Storage Devices, Florida Educational Seminars, December 1999.
[11]邵文,杜少武,戴鹏等.高频隔离光伏网系统中DC/DC变换器的研究.电气自动化,2011,33(1):26-28
[12]董书发.特种DC/DC变换器的研究与应用:[硕士学位论文].山东:中国石油大学,2010
[13]谢应孝.Buck型DC/DC开关电源的研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].黑龙江:黑龙江大学,2010
[14]罗明.移相全桥DC/DC变换器的研究:[硕士学位论文].广东:华南理工大学,2010
[15]马俊龙.移相控制的ZVS PWM DC/DC全桥变换器的占空比丢失研究.科技信息,2011,1:123
[16]夏雪.Buck DC/DC转换器研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].陕西:西安电子科技大学,2009
[17]陈春鹏.Buck DC/DC转换器芯片的研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].陕西:西安电子科技大学,2009
[18]闫晓金,潘艳等.超级电容-蓄电池复合电源结构选型与设计.电力电子技术,2010,44(5):75-77
[19]唐西胜,齐智平.超级电容器蓄电池混合电源.电源技术,2006,30(11):933-936
[20]汪继刚.化学与物理电源.第2版.北京:国防工业出版社.2008,99-110
[21]陈英放,李媛媛,邓梅根.超级电容器的原理及应用.电子元件与材料,2008,27(4):6-9
[22]郭炳焜,李新海,杨松青.化学电源—电池原理及制造技术.湖南:中南大学出版社,2009,446
[23]胡学芝.软开关技术综述.器件也设备.2002,5:39-40
[24]冷增祥,徐以荣.电力电子技术基础.江苏:东南大学出版社,2006,236-237
[25]赵德申,胡雪梅.软开关电路的原理与分析.电气开关,2007.5:1-3
[26]侯世英,周彬,王德朝等.一种改进型ZCS PWM Buck变换器仿真研究.佳木斯大学学报(自然科学版),2008,26(2):202-205
[27] Tomokazu Mishima,Mutsuo Nakaoka.An asymmetrical ZCS--PWM half bridge DC-DC converter with active auxiliary edge—resonant snubber[C].IEEE ICIT,2008:1-7
[28] J.P.RODRIGUES,I.BARBI and A.J.PERIN,“Buck Converter with ZVS Three Level Boost Clamping,”in Proc. IEEE ISIE, 2007, pp. 673–678
[29] C.M.C.DUARTE and V.M.Fiori,“A New ZVS-PWM Active-Clamping Buck-Boost Converter,”in Proc. IEEE PESC, 2005, pp. 1429–1433
[30]张森林,刘兆愧.一种单管ZVS-ZCS-Buck-PWM变换器.中国科技信息,2009,2:112-115
[31] L.C.de Freitas,P.R.C.Gomes.A High-Power-Frequency ZCS-ZVS-PWM Buck Converter Using a Feedback Resonant Circuit. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 10, NO. I, JANUARY 1995
[32]姜久红,朱若燕,姜久春.一种新型控制的ZCT-PWM变换器的分析、设计与实现.微计算机信息,2004,20(5):84-87
[33]苏盈.改进软开关Buck ZCT-PWM开关电路设计及其Pspice仿真.通信电源技术,2010,27(4):13-16
[34]孙慧贤,王群,杨卫新.ZVT-PWM Buck变换器的改进.电器应用,2005,24(7):81-84
[35]台建建,李良光,钟声.ZVT-PWM Buck变换器的改进电路仿真研究.煤矿机械,2006,27(3):500-502
[36]孙燕霞,王志和.改进型ZCS-PWM Boost变换器的仿真研究.电气自动化,2009,31(4):37-38
[37]郑晓兰,伊林林,李瑞平.Boost ZCT-PWM变换器的改进及仿真分析.现代电子技术,2007.20:137-139
[38]褚恩辉,卢伟玉,金升等.基于辅助谐振换流器的新型ZVS-PWM升压变换器.仪器仪表学报,2009,30(12):2524-2529
[39]付光杰,冉璇,邢建华.基于软开关的Boost变换器研究.电力电子技术,2010,4(410):57-58
[40]郑晓兰,伊林林,李瑞平.Boost ZCT-PWM变换器的改进及仿真分析.现代电子技术,2007.20:137-139
[41]陆冬良,张代润,黄念慈.全软开关Boost ZCT-PWM变换器.电力电子技术,2006,40(2):43-44
[42]刘万强,张代润,黄念慈.全软开关Boost ZVT-PWM变换器.四川大学学报(工程科学版),2002,34(3):124-126
[43] Phattanasak, M. A ZVT Boost Converter using an Auxiliary Resonant Circuit. IEEE Trails.on Power Electronics, 2006, 15(12): 1-6.
[44]王天福,刘强,李志强.一种新型软开关Boost变换器.通信电源技术,2010.27(5):24-27