董志塬地下水系统动态及水资源合理利用
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摘要
以董志塬为研究区,采用时间序列分析方法就该区水文气象要素的变化趋势和周期进行分析；根据水量平衡原理,采用水文模型方法和遥感反演等手段量化台塬区土壤水库动态,采用GIS和地下水动力学方法计算泉水溢出量；根据地区地下水开采量化人类活动对台塬区地下水月、年尺度的影响。在土壤水库和地下水库补排计算的基础上,构建降水、土壤水和地下水之间的“三水”转化关系。并以2010年为基准年,以2015、2020和2030年为规划年,以水资源持续利用和缺水量最小目标,由三种主要影响因素构造八种水资源供应预案,基于WEAP模型模拟和预测董志塬2011～2030年的水资源供需平衡。主要结论如下：
(1)过去60年,董志塬地区气温呈上升趋势,上升速率为0.36℃／10a；降水呈下降趋势,下降速率为9.58mm/10a;M-K检验结果表明,气温在整个研究时段呈显著的上升趋势,降水则无显著变化趋势；小波分析结果表明气温年际变化存在33年、9年和4年等三个主周期,年降水量存在3年、13年和8年、20年等四个主周期。
(2)董志塬地区降水入渗主要发生在6-9月(雨季,占全年66.88%)；陆表蒸发量发生在4-10月份(植被生长期,占全年93.20%)。董志塬地区降水入渗补给增加速率(1.55%)远低于陆表蒸散发增加速率(19.89%)。董志塬土壤水库动态主要表现为负均衡。其中,5、6月份土壤水分亏缺明显。
(3)过去30年,地下水库垂向补给量锐减,2000s较1980s减少34%；开采量递增,2000s较1980s增加了49.38%；两者共同作用,致使该区地下水位连续下降(平均累计下降15.7m)；地下水位下降导致泉水衰减,2000s的泉水溢出量比1980s累计减少36.50%。
(4)基于董志塬经济社会发展规划对社会水资源系统水资源供需进行量化,根据董志塬地区影响水资源利用的三个主要因素构造八种供需预案,基于WEAP模型进行模拟,基于供需关系对比确定推荐预案。推荐预案下,各规划年水资源供需矛盾得到较好的缓解,表明所遴选预案对董志塬水资源合理利用具有一定实践意义。
研究可为黄土台塬区地下水系统综合研究和水资源合理利用及优化配置提供模式借鉴。
The purpose of this paper is to detect the dynamics of underground water system in a typical Loess Tableland named Dongzhi (DLT) and analyze local water demand and supply by using a systematically trained WEAP model. Meteorological Time series in the DLT was tested by M-K approach and wavelet analysis method for a general illustration of the hydrometeorology in the study area. According to the hydrogeological characteristics of the DLT, the underground water system was conceptually divided into two parts as the upper soil water reservoir (SWR) and the deeper groundwater reservoir (GWR). The monthly dynamic of the SWR was defined by a hydrologic model named SWAT combined with remote sensed methods while the GWR was quantified by groundwater dynamics method for the spring overflow combined with the survey data of well abstraction. Studies above helped to clarify the transfer mechanism among water from atmosphere, in the SWR and the GWR. Based on which, the WEAP model was parameterized and trained for the regional water utilization analysis, according to that, a best water allocation scenario was defined from eight scenarios from combinations of three dramatic influential factors on water utilization in the DLT. Main conclusion are followed as:
(1) It is found that the air temperature increased with a decadal ratio of0.36℃/10a while the regional precipitation decreased with a decadal ration of9.58mm/10a. M-K test suggested the air temperature catastrophe appeared in1993while it was unclear for the trend analysis of the precipitation. Wavelet analysis resulted main periods orderly of33,9and4years for the air temperature and3,13,8and20years for the precipitation.
(2) According to the results from SWAT modeling and remote sensed methods, supply from precipitation to the SWR mainly occurred during the time period of June to September (rainy season in the DLT, precipitation supply in the period occupied92.25%to the annual total) while the land surface evapotranspiration (ETc) occurred mainly from April to October (growing season in the DLT, ETc in this period occupied93.20%to the annual total). It was found that ratio of increase of the precipitation supply (1.55%) was much less than that (19.89%) of the land surface ETc. The SWR experienced mainly a negative balance especially in May and June over the past30years.
(3) Vertical recharge including SWR transfer and rainfall percolation to the deeper GWR maintained decrease, with a reduction of34%in2000s when compared with that in1980s, while well abstractions increased by49.38%, both negatively drove the groundwater level an accumulative drawdown of15.7m and also, the spring overflow declined by an overall36.50%in the past30years.
(4) Along with the social economy survey and forecasting, the WEAP model was parameterized and trained for the scenarios analysis of water utilization in the DLT. The best water demand and supply strategy was defined based on eight scenarios comparison which identify the three main factors influencing future water allocation. The best water use framework makes water supply and demand balance in most of the planning years, meant a satisfactory practice to the social water utilization.
The study is probably a case example for underground water system quantification and rational utilization of water resources in the area of semi-arid loess tableland.
(1)过去60年,董志塬地区气温呈上升趋势,上升速率为0.36℃／10a；降水呈下降趋势,下降速率为9.58mm/10a;M-K检验结果表明,气温在整个研究时段呈显著的上升趋势,降水则无显著变化趋势；小波分析结果表明气温年际变化存在33年、9年和4年等三个主周期,年降水量存在3年、13年和8年、20年等四个主周期。
(2)董志塬地区降水入渗主要发生在6-9月(雨季,占全年66.88%)；陆表蒸发量发生在4-10月份(植被生长期,占全年93.20%)。董志塬地区降水入渗补给增加速率(1.55%)远低于陆表蒸散发增加速率(19.89%)。董志塬土壤水库动态主要表现为负均衡。其中,5、6月份土壤水分亏缺明显。
(3)过去30年,地下水库垂向补给量锐减,2000s较1980s减少34%；开采量递增,2000s较1980s增加了49.38%；两者共同作用,致使该区地下水位连续下降(平均累计下降15.7m)；地下水位下降导致泉水衰减,2000s的泉水溢出量比1980s累计减少36.50%。
(4)基于董志塬经济社会发展规划对社会水资源系统水资源供需进行量化,根据董志塬地区影响水资源利用的三个主要因素构造八种供需预案,基于WEAP模型进行模拟,基于供需关系对比确定推荐预案。推荐预案下,各规划年水资源供需矛盾得到较好的缓解,表明所遴选预案对董志塬水资源合理利用具有一定实践意义。
研究可为黄土台塬区地下水系统综合研究和水资源合理利用及优化配置提供模式借鉴。
The purpose of this paper is to detect the dynamics of underground water system in a typical Loess Tableland named Dongzhi (DLT) and analyze local water demand and supply by using a systematically trained WEAP model. Meteorological Time series in the DLT was tested by M-K approach and wavelet analysis method for a general illustration of the hydrometeorology in the study area. According to the hydrogeological characteristics of the DLT, the underground water system was conceptually divided into two parts as the upper soil water reservoir (SWR) and the deeper groundwater reservoir (GWR). The monthly dynamic of the SWR was defined by a hydrologic model named SWAT combined with remote sensed methods while the GWR was quantified by groundwater dynamics method for the spring overflow combined with the survey data of well abstraction. Studies above helped to clarify the transfer mechanism among water from atmosphere, in the SWR and the GWR. Based on which, the WEAP model was parameterized and trained for the regional water utilization analysis, according to that, a best water allocation scenario was defined from eight scenarios from combinations of three dramatic influential factors on water utilization in the DLT. Main conclusion are followed as:
(1) It is found that the air temperature increased with a decadal ratio of0.36℃/10a while the regional precipitation decreased with a decadal ration of9.58mm/10a. M-K test suggested the air temperature catastrophe appeared in1993while it was unclear for the trend analysis of the precipitation. Wavelet analysis resulted main periods orderly of33,9and4years for the air temperature and3,13,8and20years for the precipitation.
(2) According to the results from SWAT modeling and remote sensed methods, supply from precipitation to the SWR mainly occurred during the time period of June to September (rainy season in the DLT, precipitation supply in the period occupied92.25%to the annual total) while the land surface evapotranspiration (ETc) occurred mainly from April to October (growing season in the DLT, ETc in this period occupied93.20%to the annual total). It was found that ratio of increase of the precipitation supply (1.55%) was much less than that (19.89%) of the land surface ETc. The SWR experienced mainly a negative balance especially in May and June over the past30years.
(3) Vertical recharge including SWR transfer and rainfall percolation to the deeper GWR maintained decrease, with a reduction of34%in2000s when compared with that in1980s, while well abstractions increased by49.38%, both negatively drove the groundwater level an accumulative drawdown of15.7m and also, the spring overflow declined by an overall36.50%in the past30years.
(4) Along with the social economy survey and forecasting, the WEAP model was parameterized and trained for the scenarios analysis of water utilization in the DLT. The best water demand and supply strategy was defined based on eight scenarios comparison which identify the three main factors influencing future water allocation. The best water use framework makes water supply and demand balance in most of the planning years, meant a satisfactory practice to the social water utilization.
The study is probably a case example for underground water system quantification and rational utilization of water resources in the area of semi-arid loess tableland.
引文
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