电场作用下液体乙醇微细尺度层流扩散燃烧的实验与数值模拟
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摘要
随着MEMS技术的迅速发展,微型动力系统的研究已成为当今研究的热点,微型动力系统在国防和经济建设中已经有了广泛的应用前景。目前微型燃烧器主要采用碳氢燃料燃烧释放热量进行电、热和功的转化。燃料在微型燃烧器中进行的是微细尺度燃烧,它与大尺度燃烧有着极大的区别,在微细尺度条件下会碰到如表面积/体积比相对增加,热损失量增加以及时间尺度缩短等难题。现阶段对微细尺度燃烧主要集中在气体碳氢燃料的研究,而对于液态碳氢燃料的研究仍然处于实验起步阶段,相比而言,液态燃料的燃烧过程较气体燃料复杂得多,但液态碳氢燃料具有密度大,体积小等优点,更适用于微型燃烧器。因此,微细尺度液体燃料燃烧的研究引起我们的关注,在前期对微细尺度下液体乙醇层流扩散燃烧特性的实验研究基础上,本文采用实验和数值模拟相结合的研究方法来分析火焰特征尺寸、火焰温度以及流动特性与管径、燃料流量和电场之间的关系,从而揭示出液态燃料微细尺度的燃烧机理,为微燃烧器研制和开发打下基础。
在实验研究过程中,选取三种不同规格的微细尺度陶瓷管作为燃烧器,陶瓷管内径分别为0.4mm、0.6mm和1.0mm。采用微型注射泵来实现微流量液体燃料的供给;体视显微镜配以数字摄像头及计算机来观测微火焰结构;S型热电偶测量微火焰温度;高压直流电源提供匀强电场。
在数值模拟过程中,采用Fluent6.3数值模拟软件建立了与实验相对应的三维数值燃烧模型。考虑到陶瓷管的微细结构,采用Tet/Hybrid类型的网格,利用TGrid方法进行网格划分;流动数学模型采用层流模型,辐射换热采用P-1辐射模型,燃烧化学反应采用层流有限速率模型,采用通用有限速率化学反应模型来计算乙醇的输送和燃烧,采用用户自定义标量处理电场问题,选择基于压力法的求解器进行数值计算。
在实验和数值模拟的基础上对液体乙醇层流扩散微火焰的外形特征、特征尺寸和温度场特性进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,实验拍摄到的淬熄极限火焰、稳定火焰和振荡火焰与数值模拟火焰外形结构相似度较高。实验和数值模拟得到的微火焰高度和宽度与液体乙醇体积流量之间为线性增加关系,数值模拟的线性斜率比实验要高,说明数值模拟模型只在小流量范围内适用;微火焰高度和宽度的数值模拟值均比实验值大,但偏差在10%以内,属于允许偏差范围内。在不同流量条件下,微火焰的温度的数值模拟值与实验值吻合较好,偏差在3%以内。以上分析结果充分证明了数值模拟的可靠性。
本文对数值模拟结果进行重点分析,揭示了陶瓷管内径、雷诺数Re和电场与微火焰结构、温度场、浓度场以及速度场之间的关系。研究结果表明,边界滑移和热扩散效应对微细尺度条件下火焰的结构和火焰温度场均产生直接影响,而且管内径越小,边界滑移和热扩散影响越大。微火焰最高温度与Re呈开口向下的抛物线关系,不同内径陶瓷管和不同外加电场条件下,微火焰最高温度最大值与对应的Re数值均不同;正向和反向电场均可提高内径1.0mm和0.6mm陶瓷管的微火焰最高温度最大值,而降低内径0.4mm陶瓷管的微火焰最高温度最大值。中轴线上火焰温度与管口距离之间呈左倾斜的开口向下抛物线,内径越小的陶瓷管,倾斜程度越大;正向和反向电场对管径较大陶瓷管中轴线上温度场分布的影响较大,对管径较小陶瓷管的影响较小。反向电场可降低内径1.0mm和0.4mm陶瓷管X轴向上火焰温度,正向电场可降低内径0.6mm陶瓷管X轴向上火焰温度。火焰无量纲高度和宽度与Re呈线性关系;无外加电场时陶瓷管内径越小,火焰无量纲高度和宽度增加幅度就越大;正向和反向电场对内径1.0mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度和宽度影响均较小;正向和反向电场对内径1.0mm和0.6mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲宽度影响较小,但可提高内径0.4mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲宽度;正向电场可提高内径0.6mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度,降低内径0.4mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度;反向电场可降低内径0.6mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度,提高内径0.4mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度。反向电场可减少内径1.0mm陶瓷管中轴线上乙醇质量分数,增加内径0.4mm和0.6mm陶瓷管中轴线上乙醇质量分数。陶瓷管内液体乙醇由于受热气化而引起了流速急剧变化,中轴线上流速与离陶瓷管入口距离之间为线性增加关系,而且内径1.0mm陶瓷管内流速线性斜率最小,内径0.4mm陶瓷管内流速线性斜率最大;反向电场可加快内径1.0mm陶瓷管内流速的变化,正向和反向电场均可加快内径0.6mm和0.4mm陶瓷管内流速的变化;X轴向流速分布曲线呈开口向下抛物线,内径越小,X轴向上流速变化越明显,反向电场可降低内径1.0mm陶瓷管中流速,正向和反向电场均可提高内径0.6mm和0.4mm陶瓷管中流速。由此可见,陶瓷管内径、雷诺数Re和电场与火焰的结构、温度场、浓度场以及速度场之间关系密切。
Along with the rapid development of MEMS technology, micro dynamic system has become the research focus of research, the micro dynamic system has the broad application prospect in national defense and economic construction. Currently micro combustor mainly adopts hydrocarbon fuels for electricity, heat and heat power transformation.Combustion in micro scale has great difference than in large scale. Combustion in micro scale will encounter problems such as surface/volume relative increase, heat loss increase and time scale shortening etc. At present micro scale combustion is mainly concentrated in gas hydrocarbon fuels, and the liquid hydrocarbon fuels are still in the experimental stage research. Liquid fuel combustion is much more complicated than gas fuel, but liquid hydrocarbon fuels has advantage of big density, small volume etc. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels are more suitable for micro combustor. Therefore, research of the liquid fuel burning in micro cause our attention. Based on experimental study of liquid ethanol lamimar disffusion characteristics, experimental and numerical simulation method combining study is used to analyze the relationship between flame characteristics size, the flame temperature and flow characteristics and tube diameter, fuel flow field. Thus reveals the liquid fuel combustion mechanism in micro scale, it will lay the foundation for micro combustor to develop.
In the process of experiment research, three different specifications of micro scale ceramic burner with inner diameter 0.6 mm、0.4 mm and 1.0mm ceramic tubeare slected as combustors.The injection pump supplies micro flow of liquid fuel. Stered microscope with digital cameras and micro computer observe flame structure.S-type thermocouple measures temperature of micro flame. High-voltage dc power provides strong electric fields.
In numerical simulation process, using numerical simulation software Fluent6.3 establishes three-dimensional numerical combustion model corresponding with the experiment.Considering the micro-structure of ceramic tube, the grid type of Tet/Hybrid and the gridding method of TGrid are slected.Selecting laminar model as flow mathematical model, P-1 radiation model as radiation heat transfer, laminar finite rate model as combustion chemical reation, general finite rate chemical reation model as liquid fuels transport and combustion, UDS as solving electric field,solver based on pressure as numerical calculation.
In the experiment and numerical simulation based on laminar diffusion flame liquid ethanol shape characteristic, characteristic size and temperature field characteristic are analyzed.The study results show that the quenching limit flame, stability flame and oscillation flame in the experiment is highly similar to the flame shape structure of numerical simulation.The relations between micro flame height and width in the experiment and numerical simulation and liquid ethanol volume flow are linear increasing and linear slopes in numerical simulation are high than in the experiment, this illustrate that numerical simulation models can be used for small flow range; the numerical simulation values of micro flame height and width are larger than experimental values, but the deviations are less than 10% and belong to allow deviation range.In different flow conditions, the numerical simulation values of the micro flame temperature agree well with experimental values,the deviations are less than 3%.The above analysis proves the reliability of numerical simulation.
In order to reveal that the ceramics tube inner diameter, Reynolds number and electric field are influence to micro flame structure, the temperature field, concentration field and velocity field effect, the results of numerical simulation are analyzed emphatically. The study results show that the boundary sliding and thermal diffusion have a direct impact on flame structure and flame temperature and the impact of the boundary sliding and thermal diffusion is larger when inner diameter is smaller.The relation between the higherst temperature and Re is open side down parabola,under the condition of different inner ceramic tube and different additional electric field,the maximum values of the highest temperature of the flame with corresponding Re are different; the positive and reverse electric field can improve the maximum values of the highest temperature of the inner diameter 0.6mm and 1.0mm ceramic tubes and reduce the maximum values of the highest temperature of the inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube. The relation between the flame temperature and pipe orifice distances at the central axis is left slant and open side down parabola, slant degree is larger when inner diameter is smaller; the positive and reverse electric field has a great influence on temperature field distribution of larger inner diameter ceramic tube, has less influence on themperature field distribution of small inner diameter ceramic tube.Reverse electric can reduce the flame temperature of X axis of inner diameter 1.0mm and 0.4mm ceramic tubes, positive electric field can reduce the flame temperature of X axis of inner diameter 0.6mm ceramic tube. The relation between flame dimensionless height and width and Re is linear; increasing range of flame dimensionless height and width will be larger when inner diameter ceramic tube is small without additional electric field; the positive and reverse electric field has less influence on flame dimensionless height and width of inner diameter 1.0mm ceramic tube; the positive and reverse electric field has less influence on flame dimensionless width of inner diameter 1.0mm and 0.6mm ceramic tube, but it can improve flame dimensionless width of inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube; the positive electric field can improve flame dimensionless height of inner diameter 0.6mm ceramic tube and reduce flame dimensionless height of inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube; the reverse electric field can reduce on flame dimensionless height of inner diameter 0.6mm ceramic tube and improve flame dimensionless height of inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube.The reverse electric field can reduce ethanol mass fraction of inner diameter 1.0mm cenramic tube on the central axis and improve ethanol mass fraction of inner diameter 0.4mm and 0.6mm cenramic tubes on the central axis.Fluid velocity can change rapidly because liquid ethanol is heated to gaseous ethanol in ceramic tube, the relation between fluid velocity and ceramic tube inlet distance is linearity increase.Velocity linearity slope of inner diameter 1.0mm ceramic tube is the smallest and velocity linearity slope of inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube is the largest; the positive and reverse electric field can improve fluid velocity change in cermic tube.The distribution curved shape of X axis fluid velocity is open down parabola,X axis fluid velocity is more obvious when the inner diameter is smaller, the reverse electric field can reduce fluid velocity of inner diameter 1.0mm ceramic tube, the positive and reverse electric field can improve fluid velocity of inner diameter 0.6mm and 0.4mm ceramic tubes.Clearly, there is close relation between inner diameter of ceramic tube, Reynolds number and electric field and flame structure, temperature field, concentration field and velocity field.
在实验研究过程中,选取三种不同规格的微细尺度陶瓷管作为燃烧器,陶瓷管内径分别为0.4mm、0.6mm和1.0mm。采用微型注射泵来实现微流量液体燃料的供给;体视显微镜配以数字摄像头及计算机来观测微火焰结构;S型热电偶测量微火焰温度;高压直流电源提供匀强电场。
在数值模拟过程中,采用Fluent6.3数值模拟软件建立了与实验相对应的三维数值燃烧模型。考虑到陶瓷管的微细结构,采用Tet/Hybrid类型的网格,利用TGrid方法进行网格划分;流动数学模型采用层流模型,辐射换热采用P-1辐射模型,燃烧化学反应采用层流有限速率模型,采用通用有限速率化学反应模型来计算乙醇的输送和燃烧,采用用户自定义标量处理电场问题,选择基于压力法的求解器进行数值计算。
在实验和数值模拟的基础上对液体乙醇层流扩散微火焰的外形特征、特征尺寸和温度场特性进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,实验拍摄到的淬熄极限火焰、稳定火焰和振荡火焰与数值模拟火焰外形结构相似度较高。实验和数值模拟得到的微火焰高度和宽度与液体乙醇体积流量之间为线性增加关系,数值模拟的线性斜率比实验要高,说明数值模拟模型只在小流量范围内适用;微火焰高度和宽度的数值模拟值均比实验值大,但偏差在10%以内,属于允许偏差范围内。在不同流量条件下,微火焰的温度的数值模拟值与实验值吻合较好,偏差在3%以内。以上分析结果充分证明了数值模拟的可靠性。
本文对数值模拟结果进行重点分析,揭示了陶瓷管内径、雷诺数Re和电场与微火焰结构、温度场、浓度场以及速度场之间的关系。研究结果表明,边界滑移和热扩散效应对微细尺度条件下火焰的结构和火焰温度场均产生直接影响,而且管内径越小,边界滑移和热扩散影响越大。微火焰最高温度与Re呈开口向下的抛物线关系,不同内径陶瓷管和不同外加电场条件下,微火焰最高温度最大值与对应的Re数值均不同;正向和反向电场均可提高内径1.0mm和0.6mm陶瓷管的微火焰最高温度最大值,而降低内径0.4mm陶瓷管的微火焰最高温度最大值。中轴线上火焰温度与管口距离之间呈左倾斜的开口向下抛物线,内径越小的陶瓷管,倾斜程度越大;正向和反向电场对管径较大陶瓷管中轴线上温度场分布的影响较大,对管径较小陶瓷管的影响较小。反向电场可降低内径1.0mm和0.4mm陶瓷管X轴向上火焰温度,正向电场可降低内径0.6mm陶瓷管X轴向上火焰温度。火焰无量纲高度和宽度与Re呈线性关系;无外加电场时陶瓷管内径越小,火焰无量纲高度和宽度增加幅度就越大;正向和反向电场对内径1.0mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度和宽度影响均较小;正向和反向电场对内径1.0mm和0.6mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲宽度影响较小,但可提高内径0.4mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲宽度;正向电场可提高内径0.6mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度,降低内径0.4mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度;反向电场可降低内径0.6mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度,提高内径0.4mm陶瓷管火焰无量纲高度。反向电场可减少内径1.0mm陶瓷管中轴线上乙醇质量分数,增加内径0.4mm和0.6mm陶瓷管中轴线上乙醇质量分数。陶瓷管内液体乙醇由于受热气化而引起了流速急剧变化,中轴线上流速与离陶瓷管入口距离之间为线性增加关系,而且内径1.0mm陶瓷管内流速线性斜率最小,内径0.4mm陶瓷管内流速线性斜率最大;反向电场可加快内径1.0mm陶瓷管内流速的变化,正向和反向电场均可加快内径0.6mm和0.4mm陶瓷管内流速的变化;X轴向流速分布曲线呈开口向下抛物线,内径越小,X轴向上流速变化越明显,反向电场可降低内径1.0mm陶瓷管中流速,正向和反向电场均可提高内径0.6mm和0.4mm陶瓷管中流速。由此可见,陶瓷管内径、雷诺数Re和电场与火焰的结构、温度场、浓度场以及速度场之间关系密切。
Along with the rapid development of MEMS technology, micro dynamic system has become the research focus of research, the micro dynamic system has the broad application prospect in national defense and economic construction. Currently micro combustor mainly adopts hydrocarbon fuels for electricity, heat and heat power transformation.Combustion in micro scale has great difference than in large scale. Combustion in micro scale will encounter problems such as surface/volume relative increase, heat loss increase and time scale shortening etc. At present micro scale combustion is mainly concentrated in gas hydrocarbon fuels, and the liquid hydrocarbon fuels are still in the experimental stage research. Liquid fuel combustion is much more complicated than gas fuel, but liquid hydrocarbon fuels has advantage of big density, small volume etc. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels are more suitable for micro combustor. Therefore, research of the liquid fuel burning in micro cause our attention. Based on experimental study of liquid ethanol lamimar disffusion characteristics, experimental and numerical simulation method combining study is used to analyze the relationship between flame characteristics size, the flame temperature and flow characteristics and tube diameter, fuel flow field. Thus reveals the liquid fuel combustion mechanism in micro scale, it will lay the foundation for micro combustor to develop.
In the process of experiment research, three different specifications of micro scale ceramic burner with inner diameter 0.6 mm、0.4 mm and 1.0mm ceramic tubeare slected as combustors.The injection pump supplies micro flow of liquid fuel. Stered microscope with digital cameras and micro computer observe flame structure.S-type thermocouple measures temperature of micro flame. High-voltage dc power provides strong electric fields.
In numerical simulation process, using numerical simulation software Fluent6.3 establishes three-dimensional numerical combustion model corresponding with the experiment.Considering the micro-structure of ceramic tube, the grid type of Tet/Hybrid and the gridding method of TGrid are slected.Selecting laminar model as flow mathematical model, P-1 radiation model as radiation heat transfer, laminar finite rate model as combustion chemical reation, general finite rate chemical reation model as liquid fuels transport and combustion, UDS as solving electric field,solver based on pressure as numerical calculation.
In the experiment and numerical simulation based on laminar diffusion flame liquid ethanol shape characteristic, characteristic size and temperature field characteristic are analyzed.The study results show that the quenching limit flame, stability flame and oscillation flame in the experiment is highly similar to the flame shape structure of numerical simulation.The relations between micro flame height and width in the experiment and numerical simulation and liquid ethanol volume flow are linear increasing and linear slopes in numerical simulation are high than in the experiment, this illustrate that numerical simulation models can be used for small flow range; the numerical simulation values of micro flame height and width are larger than experimental values, but the deviations are less than 10% and belong to allow deviation range.In different flow conditions, the numerical simulation values of the micro flame temperature agree well with experimental values,the deviations are less than 3%.The above analysis proves the reliability of numerical simulation.
In order to reveal that the ceramics tube inner diameter, Reynolds number and electric field are influence to micro flame structure, the temperature field, concentration field and velocity field effect, the results of numerical simulation are analyzed emphatically. The study results show that the boundary sliding and thermal diffusion have a direct impact on flame structure and flame temperature and the impact of the boundary sliding and thermal diffusion is larger when inner diameter is smaller.The relation between the higherst temperature and Re is open side down parabola,under the condition of different inner ceramic tube and different additional electric field,the maximum values of the highest temperature of the flame with corresponding Re are different; the positive and reverse electric field can improve the maximum values of the highest temperature of the inner diameter 0.6mm and 1.0mm ceramic tubes and reduce the maximum values of the highest temperature of the inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube. The relation between the flame temperature and pipe orifice distances at the central axis is left slant and open side down parabola, slant degree is larger when inner diameter is smaller; the positive and reverse electric field has a great influence on temperature field distribution of larger inner diameter ceramic tube, has less influence on themperature field distribution of small inner diameter ceramic tube.Reverse electric can reduce the flame temperature of X axis of inner diameter 1.0mm and 0.4mm ceramic tubes, positive electric field can reduce the flame temperature of X axis of inner diameter 0.6mm ceramic tube. The relation between flame dimensionless height and width and Re is linear; increasing range of flame dimensionless height and width will be larger when inner diameter ceramic tube is small without additional electric field; the positive and reverse electric field has less influence on flame dimensionless height and width of inner diameter 1.0mm ceramic tube; the positive and reverse electric field has less influence on flame dimensionless width of inner diameter 1.0mm and 0.6mm ceramic tube, but it can improve flame dimensionless width of inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube; the positive electric field can improve flame dimensionless height of inner diameter 0.6mm ceramic tube and reduce flame dimensionless height of inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube; the reverse electric field can reduce on flame dimensionless height of inner diameter 0.6mm ceramic tube and improve flame dimensionless height of inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube.The reverse electric field can reduce ethanol mass fraction of inner diameter 1.0mm cenramic tube on the central axis and improve ethanol mass fraction of inner diameter 0.4mm and 0.6mm cenramic tubes on the central axis.Fluid velocity can change rapidly because liquid ethanol is heated to gaseous ethanol in ceramic tube, the relation between fluid velocity and ceramic tube inlet distance is linearity increase.Velocity linearity slope of inner diameter 1.0mm ceramic tube is the smallest and velocity linearity slope of inner diameter 0.4mm ceramic tube is the largest; the positive and reverse electric field can improve fluid velocity change in cermic tube.The distribution curved shape of X axis fluid velocity is open down parabola,X axis fluid velocity is more obvious when the inner diameter is smaller, the reverse electric field can reduce fluid velocity of inner diameter 1.0mm ceramic tube, the positive and reverse electric field can improve fluid velocity of inner diameter 0.6mm and 0.4mm ceramic tubes.Clearly, there is close relation between inner diameter of ceramic tube, Reynolds number and electric field and flame structure, temperature field, concentration field and velocity field.
引文
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