弄岗喀斯特森林下层鸟类研究
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摘要
2006年5月～2007年2月，对弄岗喀斯特森林的结构和下层鸟类区系、群落、混合群以及适应进化进行了研究。结果如下：
1．在弄岗喀斯特森林的不同演替阶段，森林结构差别很大。灌木林中乔木、枯木、倒木和树冠层覆盖面积平均值最小，而成熟林中这四种因子平均值最高。灌木林的下层植被体积平均值最高，但成熟林中下层植被体积平均值最小。由于森林结构的不同，对鸟类的生活产生重要的影响。
2．在研究期间，共记录森林下层鸟类66种，分属9目22科。雀形目鸟类57种，约占73.1％。下层鸟类主要以留鸟为主，共46种，约占69.7％；纬度迁徙鸟类19种，约占28.8％；海拔迁徙鸟类1种，约占1.5％。下层鸟类以食虫鸟类为主，共51种，约占77.4％；食果鸟类6种，约占9.1％；在66种下层鸟类中，共有55种下层鸟类在本地区繁殖，占弄岗喀斯特森林下层鸟类种数的83.3％。
3．在弄岗喀斯特森林中共捕获鸟类39种320只，隶属于4目17科。其中雨季网捕到鸟类19种109只，旱季网捕到鸟类31种211只。在这些下层鸟类中，雀形目鸟类34种308只，约占整个网捕鸟类种数的87.2％，数量的96.3％。捕获鸟类以体重小于25g的为主。弄岗喀斯特森林下层鸟类可分成如下4种主要集团：地面活动集团、下层植被活动集团、多层植被集团和大树使用集团。
4．在研究期间，共记录到鸟类混合群102群，34种鸟类出现在混合群中，另外还有2种哺乳动物(赤腹松鼠和中缅树鼬)也经常跟在鸟类混合群后面活动。混合群中鸟类全部为食虫鸟类。混合群中大部分鸟类为留鸟，共24种1511只，纬度迁徙鸟类9种185只，海拔迁徙鸟类仅白喉扇尾鹟1种17只。弄岗喀斯特森林鸟类混合群大部分包含4～9种鸟类，平均大小为5.97±2.08(n=74)种。混合群鸟类个体主要在11～40只之间，平均群个体数为24.81±10.52(n=74)只。灰眶雀鹛为弄岗喀斯特森林下层鸟类混合群的核心种。从灌木林、幼年林到成熟林，随着演替的不断进行，混合群的种数和混合群的大小都有所增加。
5．对弄岗喀斯特森林19种食虫下层鸟类的形体、食物组成和取食进行聚类分析发现：这些鸟类在生态位上存在分离，生态位的分离能使这些食虫鸟类共存。少数生态位比较接近的种类在旱季时通过增加食物种类和取食地来避免竞争。
文中还对喀斯特森林下层鸟类存在的威胁因素进行了分析，并提出保护森林的结构对维持下层鸟类生存非常有利。
A study of understory birds in Nonggang karst forst was conducted fromMay 2006 to February 2007. The Forest structure and the Avifauna, community,mixed-species flock and adaptive syndromes of understory birds were studied inthis paper.
Forest stand differed markedly in the availability of structural components.The density of trees, logs, snags and the canopy cover was lowest in shrub forest,but it was maximal in mature forest. The understory volume was lowest inmature forest, but it was maximal in shrub forest. The structural elements wasvery important for birds habitat in karst forest.
66 species belonging to 22 families and 9 orders was detected in this study.And the Passeriformes were 57 species which about 73.1% of total birds.Among this birds, 46 species about 69.7% of total birds was resident bird, 19species about 28.8% of total birds was latitudinal migrant, only one speciesabout 1.5% of total birds was elevational migrant. 51 species about 77.4% oftotal birds was insectivore, 6 species about 9.1% of total birds was frugivore.And 55 species about 83.3% of total birds was bred in Nonggang karst forest.
39 species belonging to 17 families and 4 orders were represented in 320captures: 19 species in 109 captures in rainy season; 31 species in 211 capturesin dry season; Among these birds, 34 species and 308 individuals werePasseriformes, about 96.3% of the total captures and 87.2% of the total species.The captures less than 25g in mass constituted the largest component. Theunderstory birds were grouped into four habitat-use guilds: ground species,understory species, large-tree users and the vertical-profile generalists.
34 bird species and two mammal species were detected in 102 flocks inNonggang karst forest. All the participants were insectivore. Most participantswere resident species (24 species and 1511 individuals), some were latitudinalmigrants (9 species and 185 individuals) and only one species was elevationalmigrant (17 individuals). There often were four to nine bird species inmixed-species flocks, and eleven to forty individuals were often foraging inflocks. Flocks averaged (±se) 5.97±2.08 species and 24.81±10.52 birds. TheGrey-cheeked Fulvetta plays a core species in the Nonggang karst forestmixed-species flocks. The bird species and individuals will increase from shrubto mature forest.
The morphological characteristics, component of food and forage of 19understory insectivorous birds was analysed by clustering analysis. It showedthat all this birds use resources efficiently in different dimension at theecological niches level. Some birds which use similar resources will enhancefood and new forage space to avoid competition.
This paper also concluded some threats for Nonggang karst understorybirds. It suggested that it was necessary for the conservation of understory birdshabitat to protect the forest structural components.
1．在弄岗喀斯特森林的不同演替阶段，森林结构差别很大。灌木林中乔木、枯木、倒木和树冠层覆盖面积平均值最小，而成熟林中这四种因子平均值最高。灌木林的下层植被体积平均值最高，但成熟林中下层植被体积平均值最小。由于森林结构的不同，对鸟类的生活产生重要的影响。
2．在研究期间，共记录森林下层鸟类66种，分属9目22科。雀形目鸟类57种，约占73.1％。下层鸟类主要以留鸟为主，共46种，约占69.7％；纬度迁徙鸟类19种，约占28.8％；海拔迁徙鸟类1种，约占1.5％。下层鸟类以食虫鸟类为主，共51种，约占77.4％；食果鸟类6种，约占9.1％；在66种下层鸟类中，共有55种下层鸟类在本地区繁殖，占弄岗喀斯特森林下层鸟类种数的83.3％。
3．在弄岗喀斯特森林中共捕获鸟类39种320只，隶属于4目17科。其中雨季网捕到鸟类19种109只，旱季网捕到鸟类31种211只。在这些下层鸟类中，雀形目鸟类34种308只，约占整个网捕鸟类种数的87.2％，数量的96.3％。捕获鸟类以体重小于25g的为主。弄岗喀斯特森林下层鸟类可分成如下4种主要集团：地面活动集团、下层植被活动集团、多层植被集团和大树使用集团。
4．在研究期间，共记录到鸟类混合群102群，34种鸟类出现在混合群中，另外还有2种哺乳动物(赤腹松鼠和中缅树鼬)也经常跟在鸟类混合群后面活动。混合群中鸟类全部为食虫鸟类。混合群中大部分鸟类为留鸟，共24种1511只，纬度迁徙鸟类9种185只，海拔迁徙鸟类仅白喉扇尾鹟1种17只。弄岗喀斯特森林鸟类混合群大部分包含4～9种鸟类，平均大小为5.97±2.08(n=74)种。混合群鸟类个体主要在11～40只之间，平均群个体数为24.81±10.52(n=74)只。灰眶雀鹛为弄岗喀斯特森林下层鸟类混合群的核心种。从灌木林、幼年林到成熟林，随着演替的不断进行，混合群的种数和混合群的大小都有所增加。
5．对弄岗喀斯特森林19种食虫下层鸟类的形体、食物组成和取食进行聚类分析发现：这些鸟类在生态位上存在分离，生态位的分离能使这些食虫鸟类共存。少数生态位比较接近的种类在旱季时通过增加食物种类和取食地来避免竞争。
文中还对喀斯特森林下层鸟类存在的威胁因素进行了分析，并提出保护森林的结构对维持下层鸟类生存非常有利。
A study of understory birds in Nonggang karst forst was conducted fromMay 2006 to February 2007. The Forest structure and the Avifauna, community,mixed-species flock and adaptive syndromes of understory birds were studied inthis paper.
Forest stand differed markedly in the availability of structural components.The density of trees, logs, snags and the canopy cover was lowest in shrub forest,but it was maximal in mature forest. The understory volume was lowest inmature forest, but it was maximal in shrub forest. The structural elements wasvery important for birds habitat in karst forest.
66 species belonging to 22 families and 9 orders was detected in this study.And the Passeriformes were 57 species which about 73.1% of total birds.Among this birds, 46 species about 69.7% of total birds was resident bird, 19species about 28.8% of total birds was latitudinal migrant, only one speciesabout 1.5% of total birds was elevational migrant. 51 species about 77.4% oftotal birds was insectivore, 6 species about 9.1% of total birds was frugivore.And 55 species about 83.3% of total birds was bred in Nonggang karst forest.
39 species belonging to 17 families and 4 orders were represented in 320captures: 19 species in 109 captures in rainy season; 31 species in 211 capturesin dry season; Among these birds, 34 species and 308 individuals werePasseriformes, about 96.3% of the total captures and 87.2% of the total species.The captures less than 25g in mass constituted the largest component. Theunderstory birds were grouped into four habitat-use guilds: ground species,understory species, large-tree users and the vertical-profile generalists.
34 bird species and two mammal species were detected in 102 flocks inNonggang karst forest. All the participants were insectivore. Most participantswere resident species (24 species and 1511 individuals), some were latitudinalmigrants (9 species and 185 individuals) and only one species was elevationalmigrant (17 individuals). There often were four to nine bird species inmixed-species flocks, and eleven to forty individuals were often foraging inflocks. Flocks averaged (±se) 5.97±2.08 species and 24.81±10.52 birds. TheGrey-cheeked Fulvetta plays a core species in the Nonggang karst forestmixed-species flocks. The bird species and individuals will increase from shrubto mature forest.
The morphological characteristics, component of food and forage of 19understory insectivorous birds was analysed by clustering analysis. It showedthat all this birds use resources efficiently in different dimension at theecological niches level. Some birds which use similar resources will enhancefood and new forage space to avoid competition.
This paper also concluded some threats for Nonggang karst understorybirds. It suggested that it was necessary for the conservation of understory birdshabitat to protect the forest structural components.
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